Effect of different size of joint enlargement on seismic behavior of gravity load designed RC beam‐column connections

Effect of different size of planer joint enlargement as a noninvasive and practical strategy for seismic retrofit of gravity load designed external reinforced concrete beam‐column connections was experimentally investigated. The joint region was enlarged using steel angles that are mounted using prestressed cross‐ties. Reverse cyclic load tests on five half‐scale control and retrofitted external RC beam‐column connections were conducted. Three different size of planer joint enlargement being 180, 140, and 90 mm were considered for retrofitted specimens. The performance of the retrofitted specimens is compared with that of the control gravity load designed beam‐column connections, in terms of load–displacement hysteresis curve, energy dissipation and ductility capacities, and global strength and stiffness degradation behavior. The experimental results showed that increasing the size of planer joint enlargement significantly enhances the seismic capacity of the retrofitted connections, in terms of strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, and ductility capacity and also planer joint enlargement can relocate beam plastic hinges to outside the joint panel.     

Bracing configuration and seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame with brace

Brace has been used to improve structural seismic performance in reinforced concrete (hereafter called RC) frame extensively. However, the reasonable bracing configurations were not highlighted. And the brace buckling was not considered. Bracing configurations and seismic performance of RC frame with brace are studied in this paper. First, optimized bracing configurations of entire structures and 1‐story 1‐span structures are derived by topology optimization using truss‐like material model. Next, the structure models are simulated in OpenSees. Moreover, different bracing configurations are employed. Last, seismic performance and seismic response of RC frame structures with brace are discussed using static nonlinear analysis and dynamic time–history analysis, and brace buckling is considered. The numerical results indicate that more details for manufacturing or constructing can be presented by bracing configuration using truss‐like model. Further, the increase of structural strength and stiffness is more advisable in bracing configuration using topology optimization (hereafter called TPB), which corresponds to optimized result using entire structure than other configurations. The optimized bracing configuration based on 1‐story 1‐span structure is also beneficial within the prescribed conditions. Moreover, the brace buckling can decrease both strength and stiffness, and the buckling can also aggravate the damage extent than the brace without buckling.     

Seismic retrofitting of damaged exterior beam–column joints using fibre reinforced plastic composite–steel plate combined technique

A conventional gravity load design philosophy for reinforced concrete (RC) structures has been slowly replaced by seismic design since the 1970s. But, till recently, capacity design and ductile detailing were not strictly implemented in practice in many developing countries which are prone to seismic hazard. In the present study, performance of exterior beam–column joints designed based on ductile and non-ductile philosophy has been studied under cyclic load. It is found that although the incorporation of ductile detailing has considerably improved the seismic behaviour of the structural component, it could not assure the damage propagation in a safe zone. Moreover, in both specimens, the main damage has been concentrated in the joint zone irrespective of ductile detailing. Further, the damaged specimens were adequately repaired and suitably retrofitted using fibre reinforced plastic and steel plate and tested again under the same cyclic load. The retrofitted ‘NonDuctile’ specimen, as proposed in this study, could not only be able to regain its original performance (in terms of strength deterioration, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation), but has also shown improved performance in comparison to the original ones which is ideally desirable as well. Further, the retrofitted ‘Ductile’ specimen has shown a promising aspect of the proposed retrofitting strategy for seismically damaged components.     

扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器加固RC框架的抗震性能试验研究

针对钢筋混凝土框架结构梁柱节点震害严重的抗震问题,提出采用扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器加固框架结构的 方法,结合扇形阻尼器型式提出外包箱形钢板和外包U形钢板两种不同的加固连接方式。为研究扇形铅黏弹性阻 尼器加固框架的抗震性能,设计并制作了3榀框架试件,分别为空框架和两榀不同连接的扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器加 固框架,通过低周反复加载试验分析了其滞回性能、承载能力、刚度退化、耗能能力等参数。试验结果表明：采 用扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器加固的框架滞回曲线饱满、耗能能力强、加固效果良好;扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器为框架提供 了一定的抗侧刚度,提高了框架的水平承载能力,延缓了框架塑性铰的产生,使框架具有良好的耗能能力;外包 U形钢板和外包箱形钢板用于扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器与主体结构的连接都是有效的,这两种不同的连接方式对加固 框架的整体抗震性能影响不大。     

扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器综合设计及加固框架抗震性能分析

为研究扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器与加固框架结构之间的匹配关系及其对加固框架抗震性能的影响规律,用ABAQUS软件建立了对比空框架和加固框架的精细化有限元模型,结合试验试件骨架曲线及破坏形态验证了其合理性。提出扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器加固框架的综合设计原则,设定阻尼器扇形有效半径与框架柱净高之比为设计尺寸比,在此基础上,对不同设计尺寸比的加固框架进行对比分析。分析结果表明,合理设置的扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器可以显著提高加固框架的抗震性能,保护梁柱节点核心区;当设计尺寸比取值超过0.24时,会导致加固试件较早达到峰值荷载,但其后承载力又急剧衰减;建议扇形铅黏弹性阻尼器加固框架的设计尺寸比宜控制在0.1~0.2之间,实际设计中应依据不同加固需求选取相应的设计尺寸比。     

预制自保温钢筋混凝土墙板加固震损框架试验研究

为了达到震后快速加固修复和建筑节能改造等综合加固改造目的,提出采用三明治式预制自保温钢筋混凝土墙板（PISW）对震损钢筋混凝土框架进行快速加固的方法。开展了4榀采用预制自保温钢筋混凝土墙板加固震损框架模型的低周往复加载试验,研究了预制自保温钢筋混凝土墙板与损伤框架之间的连接构造以及墙板配筋率对加固效果的影响,分析了试件的破坏特征、滞回性能、骨架曲线、耗能能力等。结果表明：采用预制自保温钢筋混凝土墙板加固方法可大幅度提高震损框架的承载能力;预制自保温钢筋混凝土墙板与损伤框架之间的界面强度是影响加固试件承载能力的主要因素;由于墙板破坏不充分,墙板配筋率的变化并未对承载力产生明显影响。基于试验研究结果提出了预制自保温钢筋混凝土墙板加固震损框架受剪承载力计算方法。     

Bracing systems for seismic retrofitting of steel frames

The present study assesses the seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) retrofitted with different bracing systems. Three structural configurations were utilized: special concentrically braces (SCBFs), buckling-restrained braces (BRBFs) and mega-braces (MBFs). A 9-storey steel perimeter MRF was designed with lateral stiffness insufficient to satisfy code drift limitations in zones with high seismic hazard. The frame was then retrofitted with SCBFs, BRBFs and MBFs. Inelastic time-history analyses were carried out to assess the structural performance under earthquake ground motions. Local (member rotations) and global (interstorey and roof drifts) deformations were employed to compare the inelastic response of the retrofitted frames. It is shown that MBFs are the most cost-effective bracing systems. Maximum storey drifts of MBFs are 70% lower than MRFs and about 50% lower than SCBFs. The lateral drift reductions are, however, function of the characteristics of earthquake ground motions, especially frequency content. Configurations with buckling-restrained mega-braces possess seismic performance marginally superior to MBFs despite their greater weight. The amount of steel for structural elements and their connections in configurations with mega-braces is 20% lower than in SCBFs. This reduces the cost of construction and renders MBFs attractive for seismic retrofitting applications.     

高轴压比钢管混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为研究约束边缘构件内配置圆钢管的钢管混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能、探讨钢管混凝土剪力墙的轴压比限值及其约束边缘构件的配箍要求,完成了6个剪跨比大于2.0的高轴压比钢管混凝土剪力墙试件和1个钢筋混凝土剪力墙试件的拟静力试验。试验结果表明：剪力墙的破坏形态为压弯破坏及底部混凝土压溃而丧失竖向承载能力;钢管混凝土剪力墙的开裂水平力、名义屈服水平力、正截面受弯承载力和变形能力均比相同参数的钢筋混凝土剪力墙大;配置双钢管剪力墙的变形能力大于配置单钢管的剪力墙,约束边缘构件为端柱的剪力墙的变形能力大于约束边缘构件为暗柱的剪力墙;正截面受弯承载力试验值大于计算值。根据试验结果,提出了钢管混凝土剪力墙的设计建议。图9表7参13     

Inelastic seismic response of steel bracing members

A survey of past experimental studies on the inelastic response of diagonal steel bracing members subjected to cyclic inelastic loading was carried out to collect data for the seismic design of concentrically braced steel frames for which a ductile response is required under earthquakes. The parameters that were examined are the buckling strength of the bracing members, the brace post-buckling compressive resistance at various ductility levels, the brace maximum tensile strength including strain hardening effects, and the lateral deformations of the braces upon buckling. Equations are proposed for each of these parameters. In addition, the maximum ductility that can be achieved by rectangular hollow bracing members is examined.     

高轴压比钢骨混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为研究高轴压比钢骨混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能,完成了6片剪跨比为2.43、轴压比试验值为0.33~0.35的钢筋、钢骨和钢管混凝土剪力墙试件的往复水平力加载试验。试验表明:试件的纵筋和钢骨(钢管)受压屈服先于受拉屈服。试件的破坏形态为底部混凝土压碎剥落,约束边缘构件内的纵筋和钢骨(钢管)压曲,试件丧失竖向承载力。钢骨和钢管提高了试件的正截面承载力,且随位移增大试件能稳定地保持最大承载力。配置工字钢、槽钢和方钢管的试件的极限位移角为1/73~1/59,与钢筋混凝土试件基本相同;配置圆钢管的试件的极限位移角达1/44,墙端约束边缘构件配置圆钢管对提高高轴压比剪力墙的变形能力有显著作用。根据试验结果,提出了高轴压比钢骨混凝土剪力墙屈服、承载力极限状态和变形极限状态的截面应变、应力分布,建立了正截面承载力的计算式和顶点水平位移计算式,计算结果与试验结果符合较好。     

Performance of alternative CFRP retrofitting schemes used in infilled RC frames

A number of experimental studies have been reported in recent literature about the beneficial effects of infill walls on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) frames. The experimental study presented in this paper mainly focuses on the behavior of bare and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFPR)-retrofitted infilled RC frames with different bracing configurations. Quasi-static experimental results are presented and discussed on six 1/3-scaled infilled RC frames that were retrofitted using CFRP material in various schemes. The test results showed a significant increase in the yield and ultimate strength capacities of the frames with a decrease in relative story drifts, especially in the cross-braced and the cross diamond-braced type of retrofitting schemes. The energy dissipation capacities of the retrofitted frames turned out to be more than those of the bare infilled frame, thus reducing the seismic demand imposed on the frames. The cross diamond-braced type of retrofitting scheme, which was positioned on the infill wall and outside the beam–column connection regions of RC frame, showed the best behavior among the other schemes. This scheme not only prevented brittle shear failures of the infill wall, but also prevented the transfer of additional forces to the weak and brittle beam–column connections.     

T形截面钢管混凝土组合柱－钢筋混凝土梁加强环筋连接节点抗震性能试验研究

在传统外加强环节点的基础上,提出一种T形截面钢管混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁加强环筋节点。以牛腿长度、环筋直径和环筋设置方式为主要参数,设计了7个节点试件,并通过静力和拟静力试验,探讨了试件的破坏特征、受力和抗震性能。研究结果表明：设置环筋的试件表现出典型混凝土梁端塑性铰破坏,未设置环筋的试件破坏源于牛腿翼缘与管壁间焊缝撕裂,呈脆性破坏;屈服前梁端纵筋承担了绝大部分弯矩,并通过环筋和牛腿实现了弯矩和剪力在梁柱间的可靠传递;带环筋试件滞回曲线呈饱满的弓形,而无环筋试件滞回环捏拢严重,呈耗能能力很差的Z形;各试件承载力退化趋势基本一致,且均出现明显刚度退化,具有相似的割线变化规律;节点域剪切变形对结构变形的影响几乎可以忽略不计;加大牛腿长度能显著提高节点初始刚度与极限荷载,小直径环筋在往复荷载作用下能够达到屈服,减少节点域环筋数量虽对初始刚度及耗能性能影响较小,但承载力却出现了一定幅度的降低。钢管混凝土组合柱 钢筋混凝土梁加强环筋节点抗震性能良好,能够实现“强节点弱构件”的抗震设计目的。     

Analytical investigation of the seismic performance of RC frames rehabilitated using different rehabilitation techniques

The objective of this study is to investigate analytically the effectiveness of different rehabilitation patterns in upgrading the seismic performance of existing non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. The study investigates the performance of two RC frames (with different heights representing low- and high-rise buildings) with or without masonry infill when rehabilitated and subjected to three types of ground motion records. The ground motion records represent earthquakes with low, medium and high frequency contents. Three models were considered for the RC frames; bare frame, masonry-infilled frame with soft infill, and masonry-infilled frame with stiff infill. Four rehabilitation patterns were studied, namely: (1) introducing a RC shear wall, (2) using steel bracing, (3) using diagonal FRP strips (FRP bracings) in the case of masonry-infilled frames, and (4) wrapping or partially wrapping the frame members (columns and beams) using FRP composites. Incremental Dynamic Analysis was conducted for the studied cases. The seismic performance enhancement of the studied frames is evaluated in terms of the maximum applied peak ground acceleration resisted by the frames, maximum inter-storey drift ratio, maximum storey shear-to-weight ratio and energy dissipation capacity.     

Effects of eccentric steel bracing systems on seismic fragility curves of mid-rise R/C buildings: A case study

In this study, the seismic reliability of a mid-rise reinforced concrete (R/C) building retrofitted using eccentric steel braces is investigated through fragility analysis. As a case study, a six storey mid-rise R/C building was selected. The design of selected sample building was made with reference to 1975 version of the Turkish Seismic Code. The effectiveness of using different types of eccentric steel braces in retrofitting the building was examined. The effect of distributing the steel bracing over the height of the R/C frame on the seismic performance of the retrofitted building was studied. For the strengthening of the original structure, D, K, and V type eccentric bracing systems were utilized and each of these bracing systems was applied with four different spatial distributions in the structure. For fragility analysis, the study employed a set of 200 generated earthquake acceleration records compatible with the elastic code design spectrum. Nonlinear time history analysis was used to analyze the structures subjected to this set of earthquake accelerations generated in terms of peak ground accelerations (PGA), whilst monitoring four performance limit states. The fragility curves were developed in terms of PGA for these limit states; namely: slight, moderate, major, and collapse with lognormal distribution assumption. The improvement of seismic reliability achieved through the use of D, K, and V type eccentric braces was evaluated by comparing the median values of the fragility curves of the existing building before and after retrofits. As a result of this study, the improvement in seismic performance of this type of mid-rise R/C building resulting from retrofits by different types of eccentric steel braces was obtained by formulation of the fragility reduction.     

Simplified seismic axial collapse capacity prediction model for moderately compressed reinforced concrete shear walls adjacent to transfer structure in tall buildings

Nonseismically detailed reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls adjacent to transfer structure in tall buildings are found to have short shear spans and designed to hold considerable axial load. In a previous paper, a Modified Mohr's Axial Capacity Model was developed by the authors to estimate the axial collapse of these RC walls in seismic events, which is expressed as an axial load ratio devised based on classical Mohr's circle framework. It was noted that the previous model can be complicated and appears not suitable for direct adoption in engineering design check. Hence, in this paper, a new simplified seismic axial collapse capacity prediction model is formulated to improvise the previous model. This simplified model typifies the practical range of shear wall geometry, concrete strength, steel reinforcement stress and strain and reinforcement ratio. Simplified charts to estimate maximum shear stress are presented for quicker design check. The complex inelastic buckling stress calculation is simplified into graphs and design equations. A knife‐edge feasible solutions zone is defined, expressed as an inequality function of axial‐to‐shear capacity ratio and additional axial stress induced by lateral shear. Recommendations are made based on results obtained from Genetic Algorithm search and further justified by parametric studies.     

Investigating the vulnerability of nonductile reinforced concrete columns in moderate seismic regions to gravity load collapse

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are important components of the lateral load‐resisting structural system of RC buildings. In moderate seismic regions, where stringent seismic reinforcement detailing requirements are usually not considered, RC columns are categorized as nonductile. Postearthquake studies have shown that gravity load collapse of RC columns can trigger the progressive collapse of RC buildings. The current study presents the seismic response behavior of nonductile RC columns in moderate seismic regions, with a particular focus on gravity load collapse. Six RC columns, three with lap splices and three without lap splices with variable aspect ratios, were tested under reversed cyclic loading. Experimental results show that the column failing in shear could tolerate the maximum drift in order of 2.7–3.5%, whereas the columns failed in flexural mode could achieve the maximum drift of 4.5%. For the columns with lap splice, the lateral strength was significantly degraded, but all spliced columns could sustain gravity load even when their displacements were more than 4% drift. This very large drift without axial collapse, observed in the current study, is associated with the splice slip causing the large rotation just above the splice region.     

不同方式连接下钢柱-一体式预制混凝土墙组合构件抗震性能试验研究

钢框架与内部混凝土墙形成的组合构件具有优越的抗震性能。为进一步分析钢柱-一体式预制混凝土墙不同方式连接（梁柱刚接与柱边焊接、梁柱刚接与柱边不焊、梁柱铰接与柱边焊接、梁柱铰接与柱边不焊）时的抗震性能,分别对4个不同连接形式的钢柱-一体式预制混凝土墙的1/2缩尺模型进行了低周往复加载试验。得到了该类构件的滞回曲线及骨架曲线,并通过分析各构件的试验现象、承载力、刚度、耗能能力、延性及应变和变形,得出了不同连接形式对该类构件抗震性能及受力机理的影响。试验结果表明：钢柱 一体式预制混凝土墙体呈现三道防线特征,其中混凝土墙板为第一道防线,内斜撑为第二道防线,边框为第三道防线。柱边焊接对构件的承载力、刚度及边框与内墙组合作用的影响最为明显;内支撑对构件的刚度贡献最为显著且对边框与内部墙板组合作用的发挥具有关键作用。节点铰接且柱边不焊的构件位移延性系数可达2.83,可按1/20作为其弹塑性最大层间位移角限值,其他连接方式的构件位移延性系数在1.22～1.53之间,建议按1/100作为其弹塑性层间位移角限值。按位移控制进行设计的结构推荐采用节点铰接且柱边不焊的构件,而按承载力控制进行设计的结构推荐采用节点刚接且柱边焊接的构件。     

设计性能目标下RC框架结构抗倒塌能力研究

针对小震丙类、小震乙类、中震不屈服和中震弹性4个性能目标,采用增量动力时程分析方法（IDA）对钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗倒塌能力进行了分析。以小震丙类建筑为基准,研究结果表明：抗震措施和地震作用是影响结构抗震性能的重要因素;严格按照抗震规范设计的框架结构,具有较高的安全储备,基本上能够达到“大震不倒”的性能目标;6度设防时,按乙类建筑提高抗震措施或按中震性能目标提高设计地震作用,对结构的抗倒塌能力影响不大;7度设防时,按中震性能目标设计能显著提高结构的抗倒塌能力;8度设防时,提高抗震措施等级和提高设计地震作用都能够大幅提高结构的抗倒塌能力,尤其按中震设计的钢筋混凝土框架结构能够抵御加速度峰值1000gal以上的地震作用。     

预应力高强钢绞线网-聚合物砂浆加固剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

通过对9片预应力高强钢绞线网-聚合物砂浆加固的钢筋混凝土剪力墙和1片未加固对比墙试件进行低周往复加载试验,研究了轴压比、单双面加固、预应力水平对抗震加固效果的影响。试验结果表明：经预应力高强钢绞线网-聚合物砂浆技术加固后,较未加固试件,剪力墙试件的开裂荷载提高83%、屈服荷载提高100%、极限荷载提高9.5%;双面加固试件的滞回性能要优于单面加固试件;在轴压比n=0.4下,较未加固试件,单面加固试件的延性最大增幅为27.7%,耗能能力最大增幅为66.07%;双面加固试件的延性最大增幅为72.8%,耗能能力最大增幅为96.60%。此外,加固后试件的刚度显著提高,刚度退化减缓;预应力水平的提高对试件的耗能能力和刚度退化影响不大,但对延性的影响较明显。     

Displacement-restraint bracing for seismic retrofit of steel moment frames

This paper presents a seismic retrofit method using wire rope (cable) bracing for steel moment-resisting frames. The retrofitted frame using the proposed bracing system exhibits ductile behavior and maintains seismic energy dissipation capacity to the same extent as the original bare frame. The bracing member does not act for small and medium vibration amplitudes. For large vibration amplitudes, the bracing member acts and restrains unacceptably large story drift. This retrofit method prevents an increase in the column compression force resulting from the brace action. Cyclic loading test results of the portal frames reveal fundamental characteristics of the proposed bracing system. Seismic response analyses are also conducted for the three-story moment-resisting frames. The effectiveness of the retrofit method is discussed in light of these test and analysis results.