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1.
Stream faunal assemblage structure is tied closely to hydrology and associated physiochemical properties. By altering natural flows, dams and their impoundments impact faunal assemblages over long distances. Although numerous studies have assessed the effect of dams on stream fauna, information is lacking for crayfishes. In this study, we characterized the effects of relatively large storage dams on crayfish assemblage structures. Over 2 years, we sampled three impounded and two unimpounded streams across two drainages in Alabama, United States, to identify biotic and abiotic factors correlated with crayfish assemblage metrics. Compared to impounded streams, unimpounded streams had greater habitat complexity (e.g., aquatic vegetation and woody debris), fewer predator fishes, lower minimum temperatures, and more variable discharges. These characteristics correlated with a higher density and diversity of crayfishes and smaller adults in impounded compared to unimpounded streams. Crayfish species assemblages differed between drainages, as did the biotic and abiotic factors affecting crayfish assemblages in each drainage, suggesting that these factors were species-specific in their effects. Additionally, analysis of land uses suggested that factors other than dams may have also contributed to the observed differences in assemblage structures between impounded and unimpounded streams. For instance, in the more urbanized drainage, crayfish assemblages were more similar between up and downstream sections in all streams, regardless of impoundment. Our results indicate that large dams alter stream crayfish assemblage structure, with potentially cascading effects in trophic and organic matter dynamics both up and downstream. 相似文献
2.
Nonwadeable rivers are unique ecosystems that support high levels of aquatic biodiversity, yet they have been greatly altered by human activities. Although riverine fish assemblages have been studied in the past, we still have an incomplete understanding of how fish assemblages respond to both natural and anthropogenic influences in large rivers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between fish assemblage structure and reach‐scale habitat, dam, and watershed land use characteristics. In the summers of 2011 and 2012, comprehensive fish and environmental data were collected from 33 reaches in the Iowa and Cedar rivers of eastern‐central Iowa. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate environmental relationships with species relative abundance, functional trait abundance (e.g. catch rate of tolerant species), and functional trait composition (e.g. percentage of tolerant species). On the basis of partial CCAs, reach‐scale habitat, dam characteristics, and watershed land use features explained 25.0–81.1%, 6.2–25.1%, and 5.8–47.2% of fish assemblage variation, respectively. Although reach‐scale, dam, and land use factors contributed to overall assemblage structure, the majority of fish assemblage variation was constrained by reach‐scale habitat factors. Specifically, mean annual discharge was consistently selected in nine of the 11 CCA models and accounted for the majority of explained fish assemblage variance by reach‐scale habitat. This study provides important insight on the influence of anthropogenic disturbances across multiple spatial scales on fish assemblages in large river systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
The reinstatement of natural flow regimes is a rapidly emerging issue in river restoration worldwide. In northern Victoria, Australia, efforts are presently underway to restore a natural, intermittent flow regime to several streams which have received perennial diversions for both irrigation and stock and domestic water‐supplies for over 100 years. A pipeline to deliver water to landholders will significantly reduce transmission losses throughout the system allowing irrigation canals and diversion weirs to be decommissioned. The motivation for flow alteration in this system lies primarily in reducing inefficiencies in water delivery which, in turn, will be used to meet escalating demands on water resources. The ecological impact of the flow regime shift on these streams is likely to be substantial. This study utilized an existing artificial hydrological gradient (from perennial to intermittent) in two creek systems, to explore relationships between flow regime and a range of ecological variables. These data provide a benchmark against which to assess ecological changes once flow has been altered and form the basis for predicting changes that can assist future management decisions. Data collected from 10 sites across a strong hydrological gradient detected clear differences in geomorphology, water quality and biotic assemblages (macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish). By examining the relationship between flow regime and the distribution of biota we identify both the positive and negative outcomes of restoring naturally intermittent flow regimes within artificially perennial lowland streams. The reinstatement of intermittent flow regimes in artificially perennial streams will continue in many parts of the world as water delivery via these systems becomes increasingly uneconomical. While flow restoration may in principle be regarded as a positive step, these findings emphasize the need to consider fully the ecological consequences of restoring historical hydrological regimes to streams within the context of other human induced catchment disturbances. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Recent water reform in Australia has focused on seeking to balance the needs of the environment and consumptive users through improved flow regimes. This is in response to declining ecological conditions, exacerbated by drought and the threat of climate change particularly in the Murray-Darling Basin. A programme of environmental flows integrated through multiple governance layers and managed by an independent federal-government entity operating in the water market on behalf of the environment has been established to help rectify the decline. While a challenge for this new entity involves determining when to release, trade or carry over water in storage so as to maximize environmental outcomes, early results point to real environmental gains within a highly regulated and diverse river system. 相似文献
5.
The Clean Water Act of 1972 is credited with improving water quality across the USA, although few long‐term studies tracking hydrologic, chemical, and biological responses to cleanup efforts exist. The Trinity River of Texas was plagued by poor water quality for more than a century before passage of legislation to reduce point source pollution from the Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW) Metroplex. We tracked changes in components of flow regime; concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); and fish assemblage composition in three mainstem reaches during a 40‐year period (1968–2008) following implementation of a large‐scale cleanup initiative. Results suggest little change in flow regime components such as magnitude, timing, and rate of change among the three reaches during 1968–2008. Concentrations of water quality parameters declined through time and with greater distance from DFW, including the lowest concentrations in the reach downstream of a mainstem reservoir (Lake Livingston). Fish assemblage composition shifts correlated with attenuated nutrient and BOD concentrations, and species richness generally increased among all reaches. Native and intolerant fishes consistently increased through time among all three reaches, although lentic and non‐native species also increased downstream of Lake Livingston. Our findings suggest a revitalization of the Trinity River fish assemblage associated with reduced nutrient pollution in DFW (even among distant reaches) and also illustrate potential confounding factors such as stream impoundment and continued nutrient deposition that likely preclude complete recovery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
A holistic approach using multiple modules is used to recommend the environmental flow for fish in the lower Yellow River. The basic steps are as follows: (1) acquire the flow-related information on selected fish in the lower Yellow River, including fish species composition, abundance and habitat use in relation to flow conditions; (2) link the selected fish to key aspects of the flow regime using a conceptual model; (3) identify the environmental flow objectives; and (4) use hydraulic and hydrologic models to determine the magnitude, duration, frequency and timing of flows required to meet these objectives. 相似文献
7.
In the Goulburn River, located in Victoria (Australia), dams and diversions for irrigation have modified streamflows and water temperature, and contributed to environmental degradation that includes declining native fish populations. With the passage of a new Water Act in 1989, the Victorian Government proposed to address environmental and water allocation issues through the development of tradeable water entitlements. Initially, these had a strong environmental focus and were to be allocated within an adaptive management framework that involved monitoring and evaluation to refine the total allowable diversion to sustainable levels. The actual specification of tradeable water entitlements for the Goulburn River, undertaken in 1995, differed substantially from those early proposals. Entitlements were largely based on historical use with limited and ineffective allocation of water to the environment because water temperature was not considered. A water market has been established but market failure is likely to result in an under‐allocation of water to the environment. Access to the market is restricted except to irrigation authorities and water users, and transaction costs and uncertainties in environmental requirements reinforce the status quo in water allocation which is dominated by production values. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
High‐resolution velocity profile measurements were taken over a series of riffles on a gravel‐bed stream using a Pulse Coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler (PCADP) to quantify the fluid structure of riffles and nests (redds) where brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spawned. Velocity profiles were obtained on a highly discretized planometric scale ranging between 20 and 40 cm grid spacings, with vertical observations occurring every 1.6 cm. From the velocity profiles, between 15 000 and 38 000 velocity measurements were obtained over each riffle on any given day of measurement. Velocity profiles were converted to streamwise velocity magnitude, flow depth, Reynolds number, Froude number, shear stress, vertical velocity components and turbulent kinetic energy per unit area to evaluate the spatial structure of the riffles and the spatial structure of redds (pits and tailspills) relative to the surrounding riffle structure. Semi‐variograms were employed to evaluate the persistence of the fluid structure based upon the metrics evaluated. Results showed that discrete velocity observations poorly described the spatial structure of the flow system and poorly correlated with redd locations. Reynolds number analysis identified a relatively consistent fluid property for distances typically 2–3 times the longitudinal length of redds. Turbulent kinetic energy per unit area consistently identified common regions on all riffles studied that corresponded with the location selections for redds where flow was identified as essentially uni‐directional. Froude number was found to be insensitive in predicting the fluid spatial structure in wadeable flow depths and relating it to the fluid structure of redds. Results indicated that a series of metrics at varying spatial scales of turbulence may be necessary to understand the spatial complexity of redd selection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
Early attempts to gauge streams were used by George Baxter in 1961 to propose a pioneering scheme for deriving and allocating water for what today may be recognized as environmental flows in the United Kingdom, but the approach was not accepted into practice. A fundamental concern was the quality of river flow data. Stream gauging was advanced by the 1963 Water Resources Act, and prior to this, the allocation of water resources to compensation flows below dams was based on the basic principle of one third of the reliable yield, estimated using rainfall data. Despite the increased availability of river flow data since the 1970s, it is suggested that low‐flow data quality has severely constrained the management and allocation of water resources and remains so today. Today, pressures and demands on water resources are increasing, but the accuracy of low‐flow measurement is still hindering the operational determination and implementation of environmentally robust, seasonally variable environmental flows. Successful river regulation and restoration relate to a complex suite of public policy questions and given uncertainty over the quality of low‐flow data, transparent, pragmatic decisions about societal allocations of water need to be made. 相似文献
10.
The aim of this study was to identify whether environmental flows released into two lowland rivers (the Glenelg and Wimmera Rivers, western Victoria, Australia) during the spring to autumn period had successfully ameliorated the negative effects of multiple human impacts. Macroinvertebrates and a range of physico‐chemical variables were sampled from three reaches in each river. Both rivers were sampled during three environmental release seasons with average‐sized releases (1997–1998, 1998–1999 and 2001–2002) and two drought seasons with limited releases (1999–2000 and 2000–2001). The effects of releasing average‐sized environmental flows on macroinvertebrates and physico‐chemical variables were assessed by comparison with data from the two drought seasons. For the Glenelg River, data from a reference season prior to the release of environmental flows (1995–1996) was also compared to data from the five environmental flow seasons. Multivariate analyses revealed four pieces of evidence indicating that the release of environmental flows effectively slowed the process of environmental degradation in the Glenelg River but not in the Wimmera River: (1) the magnitude of the river discharge was dependent on the size of environmental flow releases; (2) in the Wimmera River, water quality deteriorated markedly during the two drought seasons and correlated strongly with macroinvertebrate assemblage structure, but this was not observed in the Glenelg River; (3) the taxonomic composition of the macroinvertebrate assemblages among contrasting flow release seasons reflected the severe deterioration in water quality of the Wimmera River; (4) despite two drought seasons with minimal environmental flow releases, the macroinvertebrate assemblage in the Glenelg River did not differ from the average‐release seasons, nor did it return to a pre‐environmental flows condition. Therefore, it appears that environmental flow releases did sustain the macroinvertebrate assemblage and maintain reasonable water quality in the Glenelg River. However, in the Wimmera River, release volumes were too small to maintain low salinities and were associated with marked changes in the macroinvertebrate assemblage. Therefore, there are multiple lines of evidence that environmental flow releases of sufficient magnitude may slow the process of degradation in a regulated lowland river. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Determination of water resources management thresholds, such as conservation releases, passby flows, and water availability limits, is a contemporary challenge facing water resources managers. With recent advancements in environmental flow science, including the ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA) framework, environmental flow standards can be developed for a variety of stream types throughout a particular region or watershed. Environmental flow standards typically cover the entire natural flow regime, including low‐flow, seasonal‐flow (medium), and high‐flow components. However, it can be difficult for water resources managers to directly apply these standards to establish practical management thresholds. This study proposes a novel approach to assessing water capacity based on ELOHA environmental flow standards. The procedure entails iterative simulations to identify withdrawal limits for gaged streams and regional regression analysis to predict withdrawal limits for ungaged streams. The approach was applied for 63 reference gages with long‐term, continuous, minimally altered, daily streamflow records within the Susquehanna River basin. The results of the investigation demonstrate that the approach can be used to assess water capacity from gaged and ungaged streams via iterative withdrawal simulations and regional regression analysis respectively. The regression equation developed through analysis of the reference gages has an adjusted R‐square value of 0.96 and a standard error of 27%. Determination of a water capacity value, based on a suite of environmental flow standards, provides water resources managers with a valuable tool for informing the establishment of water resources management thresholds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
阿坝壤塘县大骨节病区环境地质分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大骨节病在我国分布范围非常广泛,呈条带状分布,涉及的省份众多,已经引起了我国政府的高度重视,并拨调专项资金进行病因和发病机理的实验研究。但是,由于其发病机理复杂,病因多样,一直以来都没有得到合理解释。在南水北调西线水文地质调查过程中,我们对大骨节病高发区的地表水、地下水进行了取样及水化学分析,结合当地的区域水文地质和水化学组分,考察了病区的环境地质情况。从水化学分析中寻找发病原因,达到评价壤塘地区的水环境特征的目的。 相似文献
13.
根据1915～2005年的长系列数据，对泰晤士河口水温和水化学特性对鱼类的影响进行了评价。结果表明，20世纪60年代之前河口上中游水温持续上升，此后下游水温开始上升而上中游水温下降，河口地区的温度变化模式受电厂热排水影响。水温与鱼类平均数量和水体溶解氧呈负相关，其Spearman相关系数分别为-0.468和-0.607（P〈0.05）。BOD、氨氮和溶解氧与鱼类消失和重现存在对应关系，说明污染是影响鱼类长期变化的一个主要因素。气候变化也可能通过径流和潮汐的改变对鱼类产生影响。由于河口环境复杂以及各因子间的协同作用，泰晤士河口生态改善的影响因子还有待进一步深入研究。 相似文献
14.
1 IntroductionThe Tidal Thames is a well mixed estuary stretching some140 km from Teddington to the North Sea , which provideshabitats for both resident and migrant fish species . With tidalwater enteringfromthe ocean and fresh water flowingfromtheland ,t… 相似文献
15.
Diversity and community structure of fishes were studied in three neighbouring tributaries of the Mekong River in Thailand, namely the Mun, Songkhram and Gam Rivers. The rivers are located in the same ecoregion but have contrasting levels of both hydrological regulations and mitigation measures; the Mun River has a hydropower dam with a fish ladder and sluice gates that are opened during the wet season each year, the Gam River has several irrigation dams with a fish ladder at each dam site, and the Songkhram River has no dams along its river course. A total of 124 freshwater fish species were sampled in these rivers from August 2009 to June 2010. Overall species richness was highest in the Songkhram River (112), followed by the Mun (97) and Gam (54) Rivers. Average per site species richness was also significantly different among rivers but not among sampling months. Abundance–biomass comparison plots revealed considerably overlapping distributions of these two metrics from the dry to early rainy seasons in the Songkhram River and, to a lesser extent, in the Mun River. Fish assemblage data were classified into six clusters with similar community structure. Fish assemblages in the Gam River constituted a single cluster, while those in the other two rivers formed multiple clusters depending on the sampling season. The results of the cluster analysis are discussed in relation to the dominance of the three migration guilds (white, black, and grey fishes) of the Mekong River fishes. The effectiveness of the mitigation measures was determined to be limited in alleviating adverse impacts of dams in these tributaries of the Mekong River. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
泰晤士河口水温和水化学特性对鱼类的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据1915~2005年的长系列数据,对泰晤士河口水温和水化学特性对鱼类的影响进行了评价。结果表明,20世纪60年代之前河口上中游水温持续上升,此后下游水温开始上升而上中游水温下降,河口地区的温度变化模式受电厂热排水影响。水温与鱼类平均数量和水体溶解氧呈负相关,其Spearman相关系数分别为-0.468和-0.607(p<0.05)。BOD、氨氮和溶解氧与鱼类消失和重现存在对应关系,说明污染是影响鱼类长期变化的一个主要因素。气候变化也可能通过径流和潮汐的改变对鱼类产生影响。由于河口环境复杂以及各因子间的协同作用,泰晤士河口生态改善的影响因子还有待进一步深入研究。 相似文献
17.
Large-scale agricultural land investments in Africa are often considered solely from the land perspective. Yet land, water and other natural resources are closely interlinked in agricultural production and in sustaining rural livelihoods. Such investments involving irrigation will potentially have implications for water availability and utilization by other users, making it imperative to regard water as an economic rather than a free good. Focusing on a vast irrigable area in Mali with recent large-scale investments, a bio-economic model was used to demonstrate that an improved water valuation system is needed to balance different water users’ needs while ensuring adequate environmental flow. 相似文献
18.
A good understanding of the natural flow regime plays an important role in many hydrological studies. Also important in such studies is the quantification of environmental flows. This study focuses on flow metrics that best describe the natural flow regime and the hydrological characteristics for rivers in New Brunswick (Canada) as well as quantifying environment flows for these rivers. New Brunswick rivers have a mean annual flow (MAF) of approximately 23 L s?1 km?2, which is also reflective of the water availability. The frequency analysis showed that low flows (T = 2–50 years, where T is the recurrence interval) were all below the 10% MAF. Environmental flow methods based on the MAF and flow duration analysis (median flow) showed good regional regression equations. However, flow duration methods showed high variability especially at flows between Q80 and Q100. Flow targets based on the 25% MAF, Q50 and 70% Q50 were used to estimate environmental flows, particularly during low‐flow periods (winter and summer). Results showed that the 70% Q50 method should be used with caution in summer as this method provided flows in the range of 15–16% of MAF. Other methods provided environmental flows higher than 15% MAF, thus, providing better flow protection for aquatic habitat. When comparing water availability for off‐stream use (river flow–environmental flow), different parts of New Brunswick were found to be deficient in flows (i.e., river flows less than environment flows—no extractable water) during the summer and winter low‐flow periods. 相似文献
19.
Elizabeth P. Anderson Sue Jackson Rebecca E. Tharme Michael Douglas Joseph E. Flotemersch Margreet Zwarteveen Chicu Lokgariwar Mariana Montoya Alaka Wali Gail T. Tipa Timothy D. Jardine Julian D. Olden Lin Cheng John Conallin Barbara Cosens Chris Dickens Dustin Garrick David Groenfeldt Jane Kabogo Dirk J. Roux Albert Ruhi Angela H. Arthington 《Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water》2019,6(6)
River flows connect people, places, and other forms of life, inspiring and sustaining diverse cultural beliefs, values, and ways of life. The concept of environmental flows provides a framework for improving understanding of relationships between river flows and people, and for supporting those that are mutually beneficial. Nevertheless, most approaches to determining environmental flows remain grounded in the biophysical sciences. The newly revised Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018) represents a new phase in environmental flow science and an opportunity to better consider the co‐constitution of river flows, ecosystems, and society, and to more explicitly incorporate these relationships into river management. We synthesize understanding of relationships between people and rivers as conceived under the renewed definition of environmental flows. We present case studies from Honduras, India, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia that illustrate multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts where recognizing and meeting diverse flow needs of human populations was central to establishing environmental flow recommendations. We also review a small body of literature to highlight examples of the diversity and interdependencies of human‐flow relationships—such as the linkages between river flow and human well‐being, spiritual needs, cultural identity, and sense of place—that are typically overlooked when environmental flows are assessed and negotiated. Finally, we call for scientists and water managers to recognize the diversity of ways of knowing, relating to, and utilizing rivers, and to place this recognition at the center of future environmental flow assessments. This article is categorized under:
- Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
- Human Water > Water Governance
- Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
20.
Benjamin J. Clemens;C. Michael Wagner; 《河流研究与利用》2024,40(8):1447-1468
Organisms have adapted to dynamic river flows as part of the natural flow regime. However, climate change and humans' use of fresh water are associated with decreases in the quality and quantity of surface waters. In addition, river impoundments and water withdrawals for human use regulate and dampen the dynamism of flow in many rivers. These changes to the natural flow regime can impact the spawning migrations of lampreys (Petromyzontiformes). Here, our goal is to review the ecology of lamprey spawning migrations associated with river flows, with considerations for controlling invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and conserving native lampreys (including native, anadromous sea lamprey). We identify five common themes: (1) natural flow regimes provide a competitive edge to native fishes over non-native fishes; (2) high flows (up to a threshold) attract adult lamprey and large streams attract large numbers of lamprey; (3) larval lamprey pheromones attract adult lampreys; (4) behavioral responses by adult lamprey to flow (including localized hydraulics) can inform dam passage and trapping methods; and (5) changes to rivers induced by climate change have been implicated in changing the phenology of run timing and spawning location. Controlling invasive sea lamprey and conserving native lampreys can be done with pheromones and flow management. Pheromones may be of more use under focused management efforts to control invasive sea lamprey, whereas flow management can provide a foundation for conservation of native lampreys. 相似文献