基于遥感的塔里木河植被变化规律研究

随着2000年以来塔里木河下游生态输水的实施,塔里木河下游的河岸植被得到了一定程度的恢复。基于MODIS遥感数据的NDVI值,对塔里木河英苏断面2000-2012年的植被变化规律进行了分析。借助这个数据集的高空间分辨率的优势,选择了离河岸1 500 m内相邻的6个点进行研究。使用数据集内的质量控制字段从2000-2012年间的296景中筛选出有效数据用于分析。NDVI的序列分析显示,距河岸1 000 m以内的C3、C5、C6、C7等4个点的NDVI呈显著的增长趋势,C3点NDVI的平均增长率达到5.34×10-6/d。在远离河道的方向上,从C3到C7的NDVI年平均值逐渐减小。C3、C5、C6和C7点的年NDVI相对增长率平均值在3.33%～1.36%。在分别离河岸1 150 m和1 500 m的C8和C9点,NDVI没有显著的变化。生态输水能够对植被有补偿作用的河岸两侧的范围很有限,生态输水显著改善植被的范围是距离河岸约1 000 m以内。     

含植物河道曼宁阻力系数的研究

含植物河道的水流阻力不仅仅来源于边壁,传统的曼宁公式不能够直接用来计算这种河道的糙率。本文基于水流阻力等效原则,首次提出了一系列等效水力参数的概念,建立了等效综合曼宁糙率系数和等效植物附加曼宁系数的计算公式,并给出了能否使用水深代替水力半径的判别参数。使用刚性圆柱棒进行水槽试验,对植物在非淹没和淹没条件下的曼宁系数进行了计算和比较。试验结果验证了理论分析提出的关于判别参数的结论,并且表明使用水深计算的糙率在植物非淹没条件下可以用来表示植物引起的附加阻力。本文提出的等效综合曼宁糙率系数计算公式包含了植物的物理特性,因此具有普遍的应用价值,可以用来进行实际工程中糙率的计算。     

Impact of a 100‐year flood on vegetation,benthic invertebrates,riparian fauna and large woody debris standing stock in an alpine floodplain

This paper investigates the impact of a 100‐year flood in May 1999 on community composition and large woody debris standing stock in an alpine floodplain (Isar, Germany). Detailed pre‐flood data sampled from 1993 to 1998 are compared with the situation directly after the flood. In those parts of the Isar floodplain mainly covered with pioneer vegetation prior to flooding, the coverage of unvegetated gravel bars increased by 22% following the flood. However, the flood did not remove larger amounts of older successional vegetation stages (willow thickets, floodplain forest). No significant changes in the benthic invertebrate fauna were recorded. The lowest densities of riparian ground beetles (Carabidae) within the study were recorded one month after the flood. Two months later, the ground beetle densities increased to the highest values ever recorded, indicating the ground beetle's high potential for recolonization. These results highlight the degree of resilience of both the aquatic and the riparian invertebrate fauna. The flood also caused a significant increase in large woody debris standing stock; in one section the number of logs increased tenfold and the volume increased by a factor of 20, leading to the assumption that most woody debris in alluvial flood‐plains is provided by catastrophic events. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling reach‐scale variability in sediment mobility: An approach for within‐reach prioritization of river rehabilitation works

Many Australian river ecosystems have been, and continue to be, adversely affected by increased channel dimensions and sediment supplies occurring in the period since European settlement. One of the key aims of river rehabilitation in these rivers is to help reduce sediment yield by preventing ongoing bank erosion and remobilization of instream bed material stores. While various tools have been developed to help identify sediment sources at the catchment scale, this is often at a resolution that is too coarse to be translated directly to on‐ground rehabilitation works, as most riverworks programs are designed and implemented at the reach or within‐reach scale. This paper provides a method of prioritizing rehabilitation at the within‐reach scale by using a high‐resolution reach‐scale modelling approach to examine the relative entrainment potential of sediment stores. The method has been developed for a 10 km reach of the upper Hunter River, NSW, Australia. Shear stress distribution is examined using the widely available model HEC‐RAS, and incorporating a detailed, LiDAR‐derived, representation of the in‐channel vegetation into a spatially distributed Manning's roughness layer. At the geomorphic unit scale, the results highlight that the elevated ‘bench’ units, which represent significant stores of sand and silt, are much more vulnerable to remobilization than the lower elevation gravel bar units. At the sub‐reach scale (500–2000 m) shear stresses are greatest in the most confined sections. While instream geomorphic heterogeneity has been significantly reduced in these locations, ongoing erosion is limited by bedrock and buried coarse gravel terrace material in the bed and banks. These results highlight the need for targeted rehabilitation strategies that account for within‐reach variability in entrainment potential as well as on‐the‐ground knowledge of sediment supply and geological controls. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.