Effect of soil properties on the seismic damage assessment of historical masonry minaret–soil interaction systems

The interaction between soil and structure plays a crucial role on accurate determination of structures' seismic behavior. The assumption of fixed base structure has been commonly used in traditional design works, and the interaction between soil and structure is thus often neglected. In addition, historical masonry structures particularly built on elastic soil media may be significantly affected seismic behavior of the structure under earthquakes. In this research, the damage distribution on a historical masonry minaret is numerically investigated under horizontal earthquake ground motion. Alaca Mosque minaret was built in 1271 in Bolvadin district of Afyon province. The historical masonry minaret was chosen as the subject of the study. Nonlinear seismic time history analyses were conducted for fixed‐based and different soil properties under horizontal earthquake ground motion. The horizontal (East–West) component acceleration records of Dinar earthquake (Mw = 6.1) that took place on October 10, 1995, were used during the analyses. Maximum displacement, maximum/minimum principal stresses, and damage ratios were determined by nonlinear analyses performed considering fixed base and soil–structure interaction. The analysis results showed that soil–structure interaction had significant effect on the structural behavior of the minaret, such that, the minaret that was expected to get damage in the case of fixed base did not get any damage when soil–structure interaction was considered.     

Comparison of earthquake behavior of reinforced concrete minarets using fiber‐reinforced polymer composite

This paper presents the comparison of the earthquake behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) minarets using fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composite. A Turkish‐style RC minaret with two balconies of a mosque located in Trabzon, Turkey, was selected as an application. A 3D finite element model of the minaret was created using ansys finite element program to determine the earthquake behavior. The earthquake behavior of the minaret was investigated using the 1992 Erzincan earthquake ground motion record. Also, the cylindrical body of the minaret (below the first balcony, between two balconies and above the second balcony) was wrapped by four layers of FRP, and earthquake behavior was determined. Total thickness of the FRP was selected as 6.0 mm. At the end of the study, earthquake responses of the RC minaret such as displacements and maximum–minimum principal stresses before and after using FRP composite were compared with each other. It was seen from the earthquake analyses that using FRP is very effective on the earthquake responses of the minaret. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基岩地震动随机特性有限元反分析算法

从有限元动力分析的基本原理出发,将地面地震运动看作一个随机过程,利用脉冲响应函数、随机振动理论和傅立叶变换原理,推导了由地面地震运动统计特性反算基岩地震运动统计特性的有限元反分析计算公式,提出了一种用于由地面地震动统计特性计算基岩地震动统计随机特性的二维有限元反分析法。该方法可由已知的地面地震动模型方便地计算出基岩地震动统计参数。算例表明:地层改变了地震动的频率组成,同时对基岩地震动有一定的放大作用,在地下结构抗震计算时,应以基岩地震运动作为地震动输入。     

Earthquake analysis of reinorced concrete minarets using ambient vibration test results

This paper describes a Turkish style reinforced concrete minaret, its finite element model, modal testing, finite element model updating and earthquake behaviour, before and after model updating. The minaret of a mosque located in Trabzon, Turkey is selected as an application. A three‐dimensional (3D) model of the minaret and its modal analysis is performed to obtain analytical frequencies and mode shapes using ANSYS finite element program. The ambient vibration tests are conducted on the minaret under natural excitations such as wind effects and human movement. The output‐only modal parameter identification is carried out by Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods in Operational Modal Analysis software and in doing so, dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) are determined. A 3D finite element model of the minaret is updated to minimize the differences between analytical and experimental modal properties by changing some uncertain modelling parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions. The earthquake behaviour of the minaret is investigated using 1992 Erzincan earthquake before and after finite element model updating. Maximum differences in the natural frequencies are reduced from 21% to 8%, and good agreement is found between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. In addition to this, it is realized that finite element model updating is effective on the earthquake behaviour of the minaret. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic seismic collapse and reliability assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete structures

To provide knowledge beyond the conventional engineering insights, attention in this work is focused on a comprehensive framework for the stochastic seismic collapse analysis and reliability assessment of large complex reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Three key notions are emphasized: the refined finite element modeling and analysis approach towards structural collapse, a physical random ground motion model, and an energy‐based structural collapse criterion. First, the softening of concrete material, which substantially contributes to the collapse of RC structures, is modeled by the stochastic damage constitutive model. Second, the physical random ground motion model is introduced to quantitatively describe the stochastic properties of the earthquake ground motions. And then the collapse‐resistance performance of a certain RC structure can be systematically evaluated on the basis of the probability density evolution method combining with the proposed structural collapse criterion. Numerical results regarding a prototype RC frame‐shear wall structure indicate that the randomness from ground motions dramatically affects the collapse behaviors of the structure and even leads to entirely different collapse modes. The proposed methodology is applicable in better understanding of the anti‐collapse design and collapse prediction of large complex RC buildings.     

框架式地铁车站结构大地震近场地震反应特性的三维精细化非线性分析

基于 ABAQUS 软件的 32CPU 显式有限元并行计算集群平台,建立了深软地基土–框架式地铁地下车站结构体系三维精细化非线性地震反应分析的有限元模型,数值模拟了汶川大地震清平波、卧龙波和 100 a 超越概率 3% 的南京人工地震波作用下深软地基上三层三跨框架式地铁地下车站结构地震反应特性的差异。结果表明：大地震近场强地震动将对深软地基上地下车站结构造成严重损伤,甚至发生塑性破坏或坍塌,柱、楼板、侧墙的结合部位是抗震的不利位置,中柱为抗震最薄弱构件,输入近场地震动的峰值加速度和频谱特性对地下车站结构的地震反应均有很大影响;地下车站结构的地震反应具有明显的空间效应,且在大地震近场强地震动作用下地下结构会产生单向累积的永久位移;清平波、卧龙波作用下地下车站结构的地震反应远大于 100 a 超越概率 3% 的南京人工地震波作用下的地震反应;结构浅埋部分的地震损伤比深埋部分更大。     

Response surface‐based finite‐element model updating of a historic masonry minaret for operational modal analysis

This study aimed to use the response surface (RS) method for finite element (FE) model updating, using operational modal analysis (OMA). The RS method was utilized to achieve better agreement between the numerical and field‐measured structure response. The OMA technique for the field study was utilized to obtain modal parameters of the selected historic masonry minaret. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were experimentally determined by the enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD) method. The optimum results between the experimental and numerical analyses were found by using the optimization method. The central composite design was used to construct the design of experiments, and the genetic aggregation approach was performed to generate the RS models. After obtaining the RS models, an attempt was made to converge the natural frequency values corresponding to the five‐mode shapes with the frequency values identified by the experimental analysis. ANSYS software was used to perform 3D finite element (FE) modeling of the historic masonry minaret and to numerically identify the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the minaret. The results of the experimental, initial, and updated FE model were compared with each other. Significant differences can be seen when comparing the experimental and analytical results with the initial conditions.     

多年冻土区场地地震动随机特性研究

利用随机振动理论和动力分析的有限元方法,对青藏铁路多年冻土区场地进行了随机地震反应分析,分析了多年冻土区场地随机地震特性,研究了冻土层厚度的变化对场地随机地震特性的影响,获得了场地卓越频率及地震响应峰值。研究结果表明,随着冻土层厚度的增加,场地卓越频率呈增大趋势,但变化不大,场地地震反应呈减小趋势。     

Linear and nonlinear seismic response of a 52‐storey steel frame building

This paper presents the results of a study on the seismic behaviour of a well‐instrumented 52‐storey steel frame building in Los Angeles, California. This building has been subjected to ground motions from several earthquakes among which the records obtained during the 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake were selected for this study. Detailed time and frequency domain analyses of the recorded motions from these two earthquakes were conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of the structure. This information was used to calibrate a three dimensional dynamic computer model of the building. Nonlinear dynamic computer analyses were then employed to investigate the response of the structure during severe ground shaking. The results of this study showed that by performing a linear three‐dimensional analysis, the response of the building during past earthquakes can be reproduced with confidence. The results also show that because of the torsional response of this high‐rise building is not negligible, two‐dimensional analysis is not feasible for reliably predicting its nonlinear response during earthquakes. By further performing a nonlinear three‐dimensional analysis, the state and sequence of damage could also be predicted. The study also included an investigation of the effectiveness of pushover analysis for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of the building. This type of analysis has the deficiency of excluding the participation of higher modes, which is obvious for high‐rise buildings, especially for shaking from near‐field type ground motions. Improvements to the pushover analysis for such a type of shaking were explored. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic seismic response analysis of offshore wind turbine including fluid‐structure‐soil interaction

This paper presents the stochastic seismic response analysis of offshore wind turbines subjected to multi‐support seismic excitation by using a three‐dimensional numerical finite element model considering viscous boundaries. The seawater‐offshore wind turbine‐soil interaction system is modelled by the Lagrangian (displacement‐based) fluid and solid‐quadrilateral‐isoparametric finite elements. The random seismic excitation is described by the filtered white noise model and applied to each support point of the three‐dimensional finite element model of the coupled interaction system. The research conducts a parametric study to estimate the effects of variable seawater level, different foundation soil types and support site conditions on the stochastic behaviour of the offshore wind turbine coupled interaction system. The finite element model of coupled interaction system was also analyzed to examine the effect of the surrounding ice sheet on the stochastic response of the coupled system with and without ice sheet. The results obtained for different cases are compared with each other. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An area‐based intensity measure for incremental dynamic analysis under two‐dimensional ground motion input

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is a useful method in performance‐based earthquake engineering. IDA curves combine the intensity measure (IM) of ground motions with structural responses (as measured by engineering demand parameter) from nonlinear dynamic analysis. However, the curves display large record‐to‐record variability. And various IMs can lead to different results. Therefore, it is important to find a desirable IM to reduce the discreteness of the IDA results. So far, the studies on IM for IDA have been carried out by many scholars from scalar‐valued to vector‐valued, but few were based on 2‐dimensional ground motion input. To make the analysis more reasonable and practical as well as investigate the desirable IM under 2‐dimensional ground motion input, incremental dynamic analyses when ground motions are inputted in 2 directions should be investigated. In this paper, 2 combinational types of area‐based IM incorporating the influence of ground motion record components in secondary directions were proposed. To investigate the applicability, efficiency and desirable combinational form of the area‐based IM under 2‐dimensional ground motion input, incremental dynamic analysis were carried out using 2 reinforced concrete frames. Then the efficiency of the IMs was measured by the residual sum of squares and R². It is concluded that the area‐based IM with a combination by the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) method is the most efficient for IDA under 2‐dimensional ground motion input. The methods and conclusions will provide significant reference for studying IMs under 2‐dimensional ground motion input. Further research will focus on the applicability of the area‐based IM for tall buildings whose higher modes need to be considered.     

地震动力作用下有限元土石坝边坡稳定性分析

基于地震动力时程反应和随机地震反应，用有限元边坡稳定性分析方法，分析了正弦波作用下模型坝边坡的稳定性，以此作为该方法的数值验证；而后，通过对地震动力作用下土石坝边坡稳定性的分析，对地震动力作用下影响坝体边坡最危险滑裂面位置及稳定性的动力影响因素进行了有益的探讨，并指出，地震动力作用下土石坝边坡与正弦波作用下模型坝边坡的最危险滑动面位置有所不同。     

近断层速度脉冲地震动对边坡滑移的影响分析

 采用基于小波变换的多向地震动速度脉冲特性鉴定方法,从NGA(next generation attenuation)数据库及汶川地震动记录中选取196条速度脉冲地震动;基于Newmark非耦合滑动模型,考虑土体动力非线性,通过对比近断层脉冲及非脉冲地震动引起的不同参数边坡的滑移特征,分析近断层地震动速度脉冲特性及边坡本身参数对滑动位移值的影响;同时对近断层速度脉冲地震动参数与边坡滑移量的相关性做了对比分析。结果表明：(1) 近断层速度脉冲地震动引起的边坡滑动位移值远大于近断层非脉冲地震动,对长周期边坡影响尤为明显;(2) 相比非脉冲地震动,脉冲地震动引起的边坡滑动时间较短,且主要发生在地震动起始阶段的较短时间内(速度脉冲段),滑移的坡体具有更大的滑移速度,携带更高的能量,从而对周边环境产生更强的破坏作用;(3) 近断层速度脉冲地震动引起的边坡滑移特征与其速度脉冲特性(持时短、周期长、速度峰值大)密切相关,且峰值地震动速度PGV与边坡滑移量具有高度相关性。最后,通过比较原始速度脉冲地震动及相应的等效脉冲作用下不同参数边坡的滑动位移值,对提取出的等效脉冲预测原始地震动引起的滑动位移的有效性进行分析,并基于此建立脉冲参数–滑动位移曲面。     

Stochastic seismic analysis of Kömürhan Highway Bridge with varying material properties

Stochastic seismic finite element analyses of the Kömürhan Bridge, the material properties of which are described by random fields, are presented in this paper. The stochastic perturbation technique and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method are used in the analyses. A summary of MCS and perturbation-based stochastic finite element dynamic analysis formulation of the structural system is given. The Kömürhan Bridge, located on the 51st km of Elaz??-Malatya highway in the east of Turkey, was chosen as a numerical example. The Erzincan earthquake in 1992 was considered a ground motion, since it took place in the vicinity of the bridge. The material properties were considered to be random variables. During the stochastic analysis, displacements and internal forces of the bridge under consideration were obtained using the perturbation-based stochastic finite element method (SFEM), as well as the MCS method. The selected random variables were elastic modulus and mass density. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed SFEM algorithm were validated through comparison with results of the MCS method.     

非平整场地上输电塔-线体系在多点激励下的地震反应

在以往的大地震中输电塔的破坏时有发生,输电塔倒塌的部分原因是由于相邻塔在地震动多点激励下异相振动产生的导线拉力引起。本文考虑导线的几何非线性,建立了输电塔-线体系三维有限元模型,分析了非平整场地上的结构体系在地震动纵向多点激励下的反应。基于经验相干函数和修正金井清功率谱密度函数模型模拟了空间变化地震动,分别考察了地震波视波速和相干损失对于结构体系地震反应的影响。结果表明,假定地震动一致激励不能准确评估结构体系的反应,地震动空间变化效应放大了输电塔和导线的地震反应,在强震作用下,忽略地震动的空间变化会严重低估输电塔-线体系的反应。     

近断层/远场地震动作用下控制性岩体结构对地下洞室地震稳定性影响研究

 当前地下岩石工程地震响应研究中,缺乏对近断层地震动的影响机制的研究,也较少考虑地下岩石工程赋存环境中的地质结构。采用一种非线性节理本构模型模拟不利地质结构面,结合从NGA-West2数据库中选取的近断层脉冲型、近断层无脉冲型、及远场地震记录,分析近断层地震动对不利地质结构地震破坏现象的影响机制,并讨论、提出不利地质结构的地震动潜在破坏势,最后针对受层间错动带C2切割控制的白鹤滩水电站左岸尾水系统1#尾调室,揭示其在近断层脉冲型、无脉冲型、远场地震动作用下的动力响应与稳定性的差异。初步研究结果表明：(1) 仅有近断层脉冲型地震动才具有较大的速度、位移峰值和反应谱长周期值的特点,而近断层无脉冲型地震动特性与远场地震动近似;(2) 相对于近断层的大幅值,速度脉冲才是导致近断层地震动具有较大破坏能力的根本原因,速度脉冲使得岩体结构面两盘产生不可接受的剪切位移,成为洞室在近断层地震动作用下独特的失稳机制;(3) 对于地下工程中的不利地质结构而言,相比最常用的地震动强度参数PGA,PGV,PGD和PGV/PGA是为更理想的地震动潜在破坏势,且近断层/远场地震动可适用一种破坏势;(4) 提出的潜在破坏势参数在白鹤滩尾水系统1#尾调室的地震响应分析中得到了较好的验证,若受近断层脉冲型地震动的影响,洞室可能处于不稳定状态,可能需要针对性的抗震支护措施。结论可供地下洞室的抗震设计与分析参考。     

Wavelet-Based Generation of Energy- and Spectrum-Compatible Earthquake Time Histories

Abstract:  A method of modifying earthquake ground motion based on the wavelet transform is proposed, to take into account the effects of linear/nonlinear response spectra, frequency content, and ground motion energy. A wavelet-based procedure has been used to decompose recorded ground motion into finite wavelet coefficients, and then, with matrix processing, the coefficients have been suitably substituted and scaled to match the response spectra and total energy of earthquake ground motions. The proposed method has been verified by modifying five recorded accelerograms such that they are compatible with the same linear/nonlinear and energy spectra.     

跨倾滑正断层桥梁地震响应数值模拟

为揭示跨倾滑正断层桥梁的地震响应规律，以海文大桥跨断层引桥为研究对象，根据地震震级和断层参数间的关系构建了铺前-清澜断层的物理模型，并基于空间随机场模型生成该断层滑动的空间非均匀分布；采用基于断层破裂物理过程的地震动混合模拟方法生成断层两侧可能发生的最大永久位移地震动；同时，采用OpenSees建立了全桥三维动力有限元模型，分析了永久位移地震动频带、桥梁与断层相对位置、竖向地震动及减隔震方法对该桥地震响应的影响规律。研究结果表明：所采用的地震动模拟方法可以合理考虑断层断裂的复杂性，生成地震动的反应谱在短周期段和设计反应谱吻合良好，在长周期段具有显著的滑冲效应特征，可有效模拟断层两侧的永久位移地震动;在跨断层桥梁地震响应分析方面，断层错位和高频带地震动对跨断层桥梁地震响应均有较大的贡献，跨断层桥梁地震响应分析须采用具有永久位移的宽频带地震动作为地震动输入，仅采用高频带地震动或者采用断层错位进行静力分析均会低估桥墩的地震响应；而位于断层同侧的桥梁主要受高频地震动的影响，跨断层桥梁的地震响应远大于断层同侧桥梁的响应；不考虑竖向地震动会低估跨倾滑断层桥梁纵桥向的地震响应，且跨径越小竖向地震动的影响越大，在进行跨倾滑断层桥梁抗震设计时，应选取较大跨径的简支梁桥来减轻竖向地震动的影响。同时，合理的限位拉索设计可利用桥墩的抗震能力明显改善跨断层桥梁的支座变形，减小因断层错位引起的桥梁损伤。     

考虑岩土介质随机特性的工程场地地震动随机场分析

将随机结构正交展开理论和随机振动分析的虚拟激励原理运用于场地波动有限元分析,形成了一种可以考虑岩土介质随机特性对工程场地地震动相干函数影响的分析方法。实例分析表明,场地介质随机特性将在场地卓越频率附近显著降低迟滞相干函数值,在进行工程场地地震动随机场研究时应当考虑场地介质随机特性的影响。     

建筑结构弹塑性时程分析中地震动记录选取方法的比较研究

选择合适的地震动记录是采用弹塑性时程分析预测建筑结构地震响应的基础。列举了现有针对不同分析目的的三种地震动记录选取方法,比较了按不同方法建立的地震动记录选择集的地面运动峰值和反应谱特性,并通过分析两个不同初始周期框架结构的弹塑性地震响应,对不同地震动记录选取方法的分析结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,基于设计反应谱和基于最不利地震动的选取方法均与结构的初始周期相关,当结构在地震作用下刚度退化比较明显时,这些方法有可能难以达到预期的目标;而当地震动强度指标恰当、且选取的地震动记录数量较多时,基于台站和地震信息的选取方法不会造成过大的结构弹塑性地震响应的离散性,同时这种方法不依赖于结构的动力特性,操作简便,适用性强,适于在研究不同结构类型和不同动力特性建筑结构的抗震性能时应用。