The Effect of Reduction Parameters on Iron Nugget Production From Composite Pellets

Composite pellets which contain a reducing agent and are produced only by cold bonding process are improved instead of traditionally hardened pellets by sintering. The new ironmaking technologies that are able to utilize these pellets have been developed from pilot plant to commercial scale. Iron nuggets which have a similar composition to pig iron can be produced by using composite pellets at high temperatures (1350–1400°C) and in a short reduction time (15–20 min) by smelting reduction process. In this study, the effect of reduction parameters and basicity of composite pellets on the reduction properties and product quality are investigated. Composite pellets containing magnetite concentrate with a reducing agent (coke) and a flux are processed at different temperature and at times by smelting reduction process. The increasing temperature and time has a positive effect on reduction and melting of the pellets. Excessive carbon prevents the metal droplets from coalescing. The iron nugget that is produced from the sample with the basicity (CaO/SiO₂) of 0.68 has the optimal physical and chemical properties. It is also determined that a decrease or increase of basicity has a negative effect on the properties of the iron nuggets.     

Mass Loss and Direct Reduction Characteristics of Iron Ore-coal Composite Pellets

Mass loss and direct reduction characteristics of iron ore-coal composite pellets under different technological parameters were investigated. Meanwhile, changes of iron phase at different temperatures were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and characteristics of crushed products were studied by using a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results showed that heating rate had little influence on the reduction, but the temperature played an important role in the reduction process. The mass loss rate increased rapidly from 800 to 1 100 ℃. The reduction process can be divided into three steps which correspond to different temperature ranges. Fe2 03 began to transform into Fe304 below 500 ℃, and FeO was reduced into Fe from 900 ℃. At 900 ℃, the reduction product showed a clear porous structure, which promoted the reduction progress. At 1000 ℃, the metallic Fe dominated the sample, and the reduction reached a very high degree.     

Study on Direct Reduction Characteristics of Iron Ore Coal Mixed Pellets

Ｉｒｏｎｏｒｅｃｏａｌｍｉｘｅｄｐｅｌｌｅｔｓａｒｅｃａｐａｂｌｅｏｆｑｕｉｃｋｌｙｓｅｌｆ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｎｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓｏｆｓｉｘｔｉｅｓ ,ｔｈｅＩｎｍｅｔｃｏｐｒｏｃｅｓｓａｎｄＭｉｄｒｅｘＦａｓｔｍｅｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｆｏｒｍａｋｉｎｇｃｏａｌｍｉｘｅｄｐｅｌｌｅｔｓｔｏｄｅａｌｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙｄｕｓｔｉｎｉｒｏｎａｎｄｓｔｅｅｌｐｌａｎｔｏｒｔｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｅＤＲＩ[1- 3] ｗｅｒｅｄｅｖｅｌ ｏｐｅｄ .Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ ,ａｌｏｔｏｆｂａｓｉｃｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏ…     

白云鄂博铁矿球团富氢还原动力学研究

针对气固直接还原工艺中存在着气体利用率低和还原供热不足等问题,利用恒温热重分析(TG)法,研究了氢/碳比率对白云鄂博铁精矿还原速度的影响。结果表明,在还原试验开始后40 min内,还原速率随wH2/wCO比增加而增大,使得Fe2O3→Fe3O4反应时间缩短。基于气相内扩散和界面反应的球团还原速度方程均能较好地处理本研究的数据,得到了反应速度常数与wH2/wCO的关系为:k界面=-0.1975+0.3 575wH2/wCO,k扩散=0.171 01+0.269 7wH2/wCO。根据Arrhenius方程计算出界面反应和气相内扩散活化能分别为26 k J/mol和44 k J/mol,因此本研究条件下限制性环节为气体内扩散控制。     

Reduction Kinetics of Metal Oxides by Hydrogen

In this paper, a new kinetic model has been developed for reduction of metal oxides with hydrogen under both isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions. This model describes the kinetics of single reductive reaction and double reductive reactions by considering the diffusion and chemical reaction controlling mechanisms. In particular, the model is in the analytic form of expressing the reduction extent as an explicit function of time, temperature, radius of the particle, and hydrogen partial pressure, which is convenient for using and theoretical analysis. The reduction kinetics of nickel oxide, natural ilmenite, and Fe₂MoO₄ agree well with the theoretical results by the present model.     

含碳球团的还原熔分行为

通过高温电阻炉对含碳球团还原熔分的行为进行热态模拟研究,考察温度、配碳比、化学成分等因素对球团还原熔分的影响程度.结果表明,温度、配碳比和球团传热方向上的尺寸是控制球团还原熔分的关键;化学成分对还原速率影响不明显,但是通过改变渣的组成可对渣铁熔分起促进或抑制作用.     

煤种对含煤球团还原速度的影响

研究了在１２２３￣１４７３Ｋ的氮气氛中３种不同挥发分煤粉的粒度、铁精矿粉粒度、温度及碳－氧摩尔比对含煤球团还原速度的影响。发现降低煤粉或铁精矿粉粒度，提高温度或碳－氧摩尔比可提高含煤球团的还原速度，且这４种因素对还原速度的影响程度随煤种挥发分的降低而增大。分别采用以碳气化反应、气相内扩散、界面反应为控制环节而得出的表达含煤球团反应过程的速度方程处理本研究数据，发现３种速度方程（４种表达形式）均能较     

煤中氢对含碳球团还原的影响

针对含碳球团还原过程中的煤种选择问题,研究了烟煤和无烟煤挥发分中氢对含碳球团还原的作用以及温度、加热速度对氢还原过程的影响。结果表明,含碳球团中煤热解产生的氢对铁氧化物有还原作用。由于煤中挥发分的热解析出温度与氢还原铁氧化物的还原温度不一致,氢在还原初期迅速放出,导致氢的还原作用率低;提高温度和加热速度可提高煤中氢的还原作用率和挥发分的利用率。综合考虑,含碳球团实际生产选择煤种时,应选择反应性好的无烟煤。     

Swelling Behavior of Iron Ore Pellets during Reduction in H2 and N2/H2 Atmospheres at Different Temperatures

The need to develop green steelmaking techniques has led to the replacement of reducing agents such as CO with H₂. H₂ and N₂/H₂ mixtures can be used for the carbothermal reduction of iron ore. Herein, the reduction swelling index (RSI) of iron ore pellets in a forming gas (N₂/H₂) atmosphere at temperatures of 700–1000 °C is investigated and it is compared with that in pure H₂. It is showed in the experimental results that the RSI increases with increasing temperature for both the H₂ and N₂/H₂ atmospheres. The maximum swelling is reached approximately 5 min into the H₂ reduction process, while in the N₂/H₂ atmosphere, it is reached after 25–45 min of reduction, depending on the temperature. When the reduction temperature exceeds 900 °C, the RSI is greater than 20%. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is performed to detect the changes in the microstructure and chemical composition of the samples. The nonreduced areas in the reduced pellets during the N₂/H₂ reduction process are analyzed using light optical microscopy.     

Effect of CaO and CaCO3 on Reduction Rate of Iron Ore Pellets Containing Carbon

Ｔｈｅｃａｒｂｏｎｇａｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｈａｓａｇｒｅａｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｒｅ ｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｏｆｉｒｏｎｏｒｅｐｅｌｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｃａｒｂｏｎ ,ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｉｎｎｅｕｔｒａｌａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ .Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ ,ａｄｄｉｎｇａｎｙａｄｄｉｔｉｖｅｓ ,ｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｃａｒｂｏｎｇａｓｉ ｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ ,ｃａｎｅｎｈａｎｃｅｔｈｅｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆｉｒｏｎｏｒｅｐｅｌｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｃａ…     

氢气还原铁氧化物反应表观活化能的评估

搜集并评估了氢气还原铁氧化物反应的表观活化能。分析了反应动力学条件与反应机理和表观活化能的关系。得出：气体内扩散控速和铁离子固态扩散控速时,还原过程的表观活化能分别为８．０～２８．０ ｋＪ／ｍ ｏｌ和＞ ９０ ｋＪ／ｍ ｏｌ;界面化学反应控速时,将Ｆｅ２Ｏ３,Ｆｅ３Ｏ４ 和‘ＦｅＯ’还原为Ｆｅ的表观活化能分别为４０．０～７０．０ ｋＪ／ｍ ｏｌ,５５．０～６５．０ ｋＪ／ｍ ｏｌ和４２．０～５２．０ ｋＪ／ｍ ｏｌ;两个环节混合控速时,表观活化能介于每个环节单独控速的表观活化能范围之间。     

氧化铁矿微粉气相还原机理研究

 应用失重技术研究了450~600 ℃下氢气还原超细氧化铁粉过程。采用扫描电镜和X射线来分析还原过程中的结构及物相变化。研究结果表明,由于纳米颗粒的尺寸效应,反应初始速率增加。不同温度下,还原速率随着还原程度增加而减小。还原过程的速率控制过程通过反应过程中的部分结构变化、活化能及气固反应数学模型确定。结果表明,H2还原超细氧化铁的初始阶段由化学反应过程控制,在反应后期阶段,反应过程是受化学动力学和内扩散的混合控制。     

氧化物型杂质或添加剂对铁氧化物还原动力学的影响

系统地评估了铁氧化物还原动力学中氧化物型杂质或添加剂的影响,进行了必要的量化分析.其影响的特点与杂质含量,杂质存在形式和加入方法,样品的初始化学组成和物理性状,还原剂的种类,反应温度,还原分数等多种因素有关.     

钒钛铁精矿内配碳球团直接还原的动力学

采用等温还原试验并结合热力学反应数据,对钒钛铁精矿内配碳球团直接还原的还原反应进行了分析.以还原反应发生10min为边界点,将反应过程分为前期和后期两个阶段,建立了还原过程的动力学模型.结果表明,钒钛铁精矿内配碳球团直接还原的还原度随反应温度的升高而增大.温度越高,球团在反应前期还原度的增加速率越大,达到的最终还原度越...     

Reduction of Oxide Scale with Hydrogen

During hot rolling process metals will inevitably oxidize because of high temperature and air condition.In order to guarantee the surface quality,acid pickling is applied to remove the oxide scale while waste acid will do harm to the environment.Faced with the problem,by means of reduction process of hot-rolled plates,the oxide scale will be reduced to iron,so that acid pickling is unnecessary.One pass cold rolling procedure was applied.The compression ratios of hot-rolled plates with oxide scale were 10%,18%,26%and 31%,respectively.After that,samples mentioned above including a sample without deformation were separately reduced under hydrogen atmosphere condition(5% H2 +95% Ar in volume percent)at 600-1 000℃.The thermal gravimetric apparatus(TGA)was used to establish accurate experimental condition and obtain complete mass loss data.Field emission electron probe microanalysis(EPMA)was applied to analyze scale morphology change and composition distribution through the oxide scale.It was found that the sample with 26%compression ratio could be reduced completely at 900℃ which was favorable to galvanization.     

Effects of Binder on the Properties of Iron Ore-Coal Composite Pellets

Large amounts of fines and superfines are generated in Indian iron ore and coal mines due to mechanized mining and mineral dressing operations. Utilization of these fines for extracting metal is of vital concern for resource utilization and pollution control. For agglomeration of these fines, a suitable binder is required. Iron ore-coal composite pellets were prepared by cold bonding. Various binders such as lime, Ca(OH)₂, slaked lime, dextrose, molasses, and sodium polyacrylate (SPA), alone or in combination, were employed for making composite briquettes. The slaked lime–dextrose combination produced the highest strength among the various binders employed for producing composite briquettes and was therefore selected for producing composite pellets for the smelting reduction. In cold bonding, the composite pellets attain the requisite properties due to physico-chemical changes of the binder in ambient conditions. It was possible to obtain a dry strength of more than 300 N per pellet in some cases and more than 200 N per pellet in many trials. Drop strength and shatter index values of composite pellets were also measured. In the present paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the mechanical properties of cold-bonded composite pellets so as to throw some light on the capacity of these pellets to withstand stresses during handling and transportation.     

白云鄂博铁精矿氢气流化还原试验

通过可视流化床研究不同温度和氢气流速下对还原白云鄂博铁精矿的影响。试验表明,同一温度下,氢气流速的增加有利于提高流化还原反应的还原效率,但这种作用在低温下更为明显。随温度的升高,流化还原效率提高,但高温下流化效率增长幅度小于低温。应用热重分析研究了不同温度下氢气还原白云鄂博铁精矿的还原动力学,结果表明:其反应的限制性环节为内扩散,活化能随还原时间呈现先下降后上升的现象,而表观活化能的降低更有利于反应的加速进行。在试验条件下,5~10 min时的还原反应速度较快。