Effect of Magnetic Field Intensity on Abnormal Microstructure in Fe–1.1%C Alloy

The features of the abnormal microstructure during the austenitic decomposition in Fe–1.1%C alloy under different magnetic field intensity have been investigated by optical microscopy. It was found that the high magnetic field considerably affects the abnormal microstructure in Fe–1.1%C alloy. The high magnetic field increases the area fraction and width of the abnormal microstructure through remarkably decreasing the Gibbs energy needed for the ferrite transformation. Simultaneously, due to the fact that the Ae1 line shifts to high temperature side with the increase of magnetic field intensity, the abnormal microstructure transformation is imposed to stop and the pearlite transformation begins. Therefore, the area fraction of the abnormal microstructure firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of the magnetic field intensity.     

微合金钢磁场处理后的珠光体形貌

用磁场处理微合金钢的过程中,由于磁场对形核驱动力的作用,外加磁场不仅影响铁素体的转变温度,也影响珠光体的转变温度。外加磁场改变了渗碳体片层的分叉形成过程,随磁通密度的增加,珠光体晶粒内部的渗碳体片层趋向于平行排列。     

Enhancement of Pearlite Nucleation by Deformation of Austenite Matrix in an Fe–12Mn–0.8C Alloy

The effect of plastic deformation of austenite on the nucleation of pearlite was investigated using an Fe–12Mn–0.8C (mass%) alloy. Slight warm deformation of austenite prior to pearlite transformation effectively accelerates the intragranular nucleation of pearlite although intragranular pearlite is hardly formed without deformation. Formation of pearlite at annealing twin boundaries is promoted in the warm‐rolled specimens. Additionally MnS particles are activated as intragranular nucleation sites of pearlite. Cold rolling of austenite introduces many deformation twins in the alloy used. Subsequent isothermal transformation heat treatments result in nucleation of pearlite at intersections of the deformation twins. It is concluded that incoherent portions introduced by deformation onto the annealing or deformation twin boundaries are effective nucleation sites in the pearlite transformation.     

稳恒磁场对低碳锰铌钢晶粒细化的影响

了在低碳锰铌钢的奥氏体向铁素体和珠光体墨迹的过程中外加稳恒磁场的晶粒细化作用。实验结果表明：稳恒磁场对相变过程中的晶粒细化有影响。在本的实验条件下,随上加磁场磁通密度的增大,昌粒尺寸减小。在磁通密度为１．５Ｔ时,昌粒尺寸为不加磁场时线性尺寸的６０％。强磁场作用于相变时引起的高温钢辐射散热 加是导致晶粒细化的主要原因之一。由于在稳恒磁场中低碳钢的磁导率较大,磁场的产董的晶粒细化作用使试样组织的均匀     

On the application of the additivity rule in pearlitic transformation in low alloy steels

It is considered that the transformed fraction of pearlite from the decomposition of austenite contains contributions from both nucleation and growth transformed fraction and that they can be calculated using classic nucleation theory and the diffusional growth equation. The present study demonstrated that for the pearlite transformation in low alloy steels, the fraction of pearlite formed from nucleation is additive and that from growth is not. This suggests that additivity from isothermal data is not always valid in continuous cooling transformation. Only in special cases, i.e., when the ratio of rate of nucleation and rate of growth remains constant, does the pearlite transformation obey the additivity rule.     

不同磁场作用对AZ31镁合金的凝固组织的影响

镁合金是具有优越性能的金属材料,镁合金的加工是目前国内外正在深入进行研究的新课题.实验发现在镁合金的凝固过程中施加低频或静态磁场都能细化晶粒,但静磁场得到的细化效果要优于低频交流磁场,同时随磁感应强度的增加,静磁场细化晶粒的效果明显提高;在静磁场条件下晶界共晶体组织的厚度明显减小,同时在晶内出现了大量细小块状化合物,这有利于改善镁合金的综合性能.     

稀土对60CrVA钢组织和性能的影响

用兴澄特钢生产的φ18 mm 60CrVA圆钢做原料,在25 kg真空感应炉中,进行了三炉添加稀土的试验.对钢的化学成分、气体含量、金相以及硬度、横向韧性、塑性等性能进行检验.稀土改变了钢中夹杂物形态和细化了珠光体片间距,提高了钢的韧性和冲击性能,有利于延长产品的使用寿命.     

The effect of alloying elements and microstructure on the strength and fracture resistance of pearlitic steel

The processes of ductile and brittle fracture in fully pearlitic steel and their relation to both the scale of the microstructure and the presence of substitutional alloy elements have been investigated at room temperature using smooth tensile and over a range of temperatures using V-notched Charpy impact specimens. The results show that the early stages of cracking, revealed in both types of specimen, are largely the result of shear cracking of the pearlite lamellae. These cracks grow and can reach a size when they impinge upon the prior austenite boundary; afterward the character of fracture can be either microvoid coalescence or cleavage, depending on test conditions and metallurgical variables. Further, the carbide plates of the pearlite lamellae can act as barriers to the movement of dislocations as is the case normally with grain boundaries. For pearlite an optimum spacing of approximately 0.2 μm resulting from a balance between carbide plate thickness and interlamellar spacing was found to enhance toughness, although such changes are much smaller than corresponding changes due to varying alloy elements. Specific alloy elements used herein strengthened the lamellar ferrite in pearlite, inhibiting the movement of dislocations while also usually decreasing the lamellar cementite plate thickness for the same spacing. This dual behavior results in enhanced resistance to the initiation and propagation of microcracks leading to an improvement in strength, ductility, and toughness. The most effective alloy elements for the composition ranges studied in fully pearlitic steels are Si and Ni for strength improvement, and Ni and Mn for toughness.     

磁场作用下合金元素在AZ31镁合金中的分布

研究了镁合金AZ31分别在无磁场及磁场作用条件下凝固的微观结构及合金元素的分布；对凝固过程中磁场的分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明，与无磁场处理凝固的镁合金组织比较，镁合金AZ31的凝固过程在磁场作用条件下合金元素在晶界上和晶内的分布有较大的变化，在较强静磁场作用下聚集在晶界上的共晶体组织明显减少，共晶组织形成的网络变得不连续，同时在晶内和晶界附近出现了大量近似球状的共晶质点，提高了合金元素在晶内的固溶度，有利于改善镁合金的综合性能。     

磁场退火对Fe80Si9B11非晶合金的磁致伸缩特性影响

摘要：利用激光多普勒法测量50Hz下非晶合金带材的磁致伸缩曲线,研究了磁场退火对Fe80Si9B11非晶合金带材的磁致伸缩特性的影响。结果显示,在相同的磁场强度下非晶带材经横磁退火后磁致伸缩最大,无磁场退火次之,纵磁退火时最小。然后,采用Kerr方法观察了非晶合金带材的磁畴形貌,从微观结构上解释了经不同磁场退火后磁致伸缩大小不同的机理。最后,对无磁场退火、横磁退火和纵磁退火后的Fe80Si9B11铁基非晶合金铁芯进行了噪音测试。结果显示,在相同的频率和磁通密度下,非晶合金铁芯经横磁退火后噪音最大,无磁场退火次之,纵磁退火时噪音最小,与非晶合金带材经不同磁场热处理后磁致伸缩大小的规律一致。为解决非晶合金铁芯在实际应用中的噪音问题提供了参考。     

热处理温度对铝钢复合板界面组织和性能的影响

摘要：利用激光多普勒法测量50Hz下非晶合金带材的磁致伸缩曲线,研究了磁场退火对Fe80Si9B11非晶合金带材的磁致伸缩特性的影响。结果显示,在相同的磁场强度下非晶带材经横磁退火后磁致伸缩最大,无磁场退火次之,纵磁退火时最小。然后,采用Kerr方法观察了非晶合金带材的磁畴形貌,从微观结构上解释了经不同磁场退火后磁致伸缩大小不同的机理。最后,对无磁场退火、横磁退火和纵磁退火后的Fe80Si9B11铁基非晶合金铁芯进行了噪音测试。结果显示,在相同的频率和磁通密度下,非晶合金铁芯经横磁退火后噪音最大,无磁场退火次之,纵磁退火时噪音最小,与非晶合金带材经不同磁场热处理后磁致伸缩大小的规律一致。为解决非晶合金铁芯在实际应用中的噪音问题提供了参考。     

碳钢盘条中珠光体类型组织的区分和判定

在光学显微镜的视场中,片状珠光体与索氏体是否可以共存;同时,是否可以简单地根据是否能够区分层片状结构来划分片状珠光体与索氏体值得探讨。分析可知,在实际生产中,盘条钢截面上一个显微镜视场内的组织一般应当是属于同一种类型的珠光体组织,根据实际生产条件的差异而造成层片间距不同而形成了截面观察时可分辨层片部分与不可分辨层片部分组织比例上的波动。     

轴承钢珠光体球化的研究现状及发展趋势

概述了轴承钢球化退火在轴承生产中的作用,分析了珠光体由片层状转变为颗粒状的变化规律,讨论了片层渗碳体的打断、短棒状向颗粒状转变以及颗粒状熟化长大的热力学机制。结果认为珠光体球化工艺的不足,一是存在碳化物分布不均匀、尺寸大小存在差异等问题;二是退火工艺固定化、格式化等问题,未能适应轴承钢的发展;三是球化退火后的组织检验粗糙化、不够细致。球化工艺的发展趋势,一是要在轧钢或锻压生产阶段通过引入塑性变形或增大冷却过冷度等方法来保证片层组织更加均匀、细化,无网状渗碳体;二是要开发新的球化工艺,例如在有可能的条件内引入电场、磁场以及高温高压应力场等方法来改善球化工艺;三是要将球化组织的定量化检验标准化。     

Influence of Forced/Natural Convection on Segregation During the Directional Solidification of Al-Based Binary Alloys

We analyzed the columnar solidification of a binary alloy under the influence of an electromagnetic forced convection of various types and investigated the influence of a rotating magnetic field on segregation during directional solidification of Al-Si alloy as well as the influence of a travelling magnetic field on segregation during solidification of Al-Ni alloy through directional solidification experiments and numerical modeling of macrosegregation. The numerical model is capable of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, solute concentration field, and columnar solidification and takes into account the existence of a mushy zone. Fluid flows are created by both natural convection as well as electromagnetic body forces. Both the experiments and the numerical modeling, which were achieved in axisymmetric geometry, show that the forced-flow configuration changes the segregation pattern. The change is a result of the coupling between the liquid flow and the top of the mushy zone via the pressure distribution along the solidification front. In a forced flow, the pressure difference along the front drives a mush flow that transports the solute within the mushy region. The channel forms at the junction of two meridional vortices in the liquid zone where the fluid leaves the front. The latter phenomenon is observed for both the rotating magnetic field (RMF) and traveling magnetic field (TMF) cases. The liquid enrichment in the segregated channel is strong enough that the local solute concentration may reach the eutectic composition.     

Magnetic Field-Induced Precipitation Behaviors of Alloy Carbides M2C,M3C,and M6C in a Molybdenum-Containing Steel

The effect of a 12-T high magnetic field on alloy carbide precipitation in an Fe-C-Mo alloy during tempering at an intermediate temperature was investigated. Thin foils and carbon extraction replicas of the treated specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the applied high field effectively promoted the precipitation of (Fe,Mo)₆C alloy carbide. The concentration of Fe atom in Fe_6?x Mo _x C carbide is increased whereas that of Mo atom decreased when the high magnetic field was applied. However, the high magnetic field almost had no detectable influence on the atom concentration in (Fe,Mo)₂C and (Fe,Mo)₃C carbides. First principle calculations have been performed to calculate the magnetic moment per iron atom of the carbides to explore the origin of the effect of the magnetic field. The influence of the high magnetic field on the precipitation behaviors of alloy carbides was closely related to the magnetic moment of (Fe,Mo)₂C, (Fe,Mo)₃C, and (Fe,Mo)₆C. The magnetic field promotes the formation of the carbides with high total magnetic moment. The effect of the high magnetic field on the substitutional solute atom (Fe and Mo) concentration change in the three alloy carbides was attributed to their magnetization differences per Fe atom.     

Low-temperature magnetic properties of amorphous metal alloys

The magnetic properties of amorphous metal alloys based on iron, silicon, and boron, with additions of other elements, are investigated at liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The magnetization and saturation magnetic field (magnetic hardness) of the alloy depend on the element added (carbon, phosphorus, or nickel). The maximum saturation magnetization is observed for the alloy with carbon, and the maximum saturation magnetic field for the alloy with phosphorus.     

The kinetics of isothermal and isovelocity pearlite growth in Cu-Al eutectoid alloy

Measurements of pearlite growth rate and inter lamellar spacing have been made on isothermally transformed specimens of Cu-11.8 wt pct Al eutectoid alloy. Growth rates which have been calculated on the assumption that volume diffusion in the parent β phase is the rate-controlling process show excellent agreement with the measured values. Directional control of eutectoid growth by translating specimens through steep temperature gradients resulted in the formation of aligned lamellar structures, and the effect of variations in imposed velocity and temperature gradient on alignment has been examined. A comparison of the kinetics of the two modes of transformation has shown that isothermal and isovelocity pearlite growth in this alloy may be readily interrelated. Analysis of the isovelocity growth data supports the conclusion that growth is controlled by volume diffusion. Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Metallurgy, University of Manchester     

磁场对镍基Ni-Mn-Ga铁磁合金相变温度影响的热力学分析

通过测量磁化曲线、电阻-温度关系和热分析等手段,研究了磁场对镍基铁磁合金试样Ni-Mn-Ga相变的影响.结果表明：在磁场作用下相变温度升高了约1.5 K,具有明显的磁场影响特征.利用马氏体相变热力学理论,研究了磁场对镍基铁磁合金化学自由能和非化学自由能与温度的变化关系,建立了其作用的数理模型,并与实验结果比较后基本吻合.     

Microstructural Refinement and Strain Hardening Behavior in Low-Density Ultrafine Pearlite Steel

Advanced low-density steels that meet energy shortages and high safety requirements have become a hot research topic in materials science. The addition of light elements with medium-Al content (5 wt%) to ultrahigh-strength pearlite cable steel alloy reduces the material density and causes a microstructural change from traditional θ-pearlite (ferrite + cementite) to θ-pearlite and κ-pearlite (ferrite + cementite + κ-carbide). The results show that the moderate addition of Al and Mn (5 wt%) promotes the formation of κ-carbide, which inhibits the diffusion of C and significantly delays the eutectoid transformation process of pearlite. Meanwhile, the transformation free energy of pearlite increases and obviously refines the lamellar spacing of the ultrafine pearlite by κ-carbide. Simultaneously, the interaction between κ-carbides and dislocations is initiated, which increases the strain hardening rate of ultrafine pearlitic steel.