An algorithm for multiple fault diagnosis in analogue circuits

The paper deals with multiple fault diagnosis of analogue AC or DC circuits with limited accessible terminals for excitation and measurement and brings an algorithm for identificating faulty elements and evaluating their parameters. The main achievement is a method enabling us to efficiently identify faulty elements. For this purpose some testing equations are derived playing a key role in identification of possibly faulty elements which are next verified using a test of acceptance. The proposed approach is described in detail for double fault diagnosis. Also extension to triple fault diagnosis is given. Although the method pertains to linear circuits, some aspects of multiple fault diagnosis of non‐linear circuits can be also performed using the small signal approach. Two numerical examples illustrate the proposed method and show its efficiency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

容差条件下的模拟电路多故障诊断

针对容差模拟电路多故障诊断问题,提出了包括故障状态检测、故障粗糙集生成和故障元件定位的分步诊断方法。将有限测点的故障状态检测转化为容差约束下的线性规划问题;推导得到故障特征等式并生成故障粗糙集,证明了在容差条件下的故障特征等式中可选用标称参数电路的节点电压;对故障粗糙集中元件参数的偏差限值进行修正,对修正后的电路进行状态检测,实现故障元件定位,并估算故障参数偏差。仿真实例表明,该方法具有较高的诊断准确度和参数辨识精度。     

Fault Location for Single-Circuit Line Based on Bus-Impedance Matrix Utilizing Voltage Measurements

Diverse transmission line fault location algorithms have been proposed in the past depending on measurements available. Existing algorithms usually require measurements captured from buses of a faulted line. By taking advantage of the bus-impedance matrix technique, this paper presents a possible fault location approach for single-circuit lines utilizing only voltage measurements from one or two buses, which may be distant from the faulted line. With the addition of a fictitious bus where the fault occurs, the transfer impedances of this bus and other buses are revealed as a function of the fault location. Based on the relationship between the bus voltage change due to fault and the transfer impedance, the fault location can be derived. Shunt capacitance of the line is ignored first and then fully considered based on distributed parameter line model. Electromagnetic transients program simulation studies have shown quite encouraging results.     

Calculation of Transients in Transformer Winding and Determination of Winding Parameters

This paper presents a new numerical method for transient calculation in transformer winding due to step excitation. The transformer winding is represented by a lumped parameter network. The differential equations for the equivalent network are formulated using state-space approach. A numerical solution of the state-space equations is applied in order to obtain a step response of the transformer winding. The method can be used for an accurate representation of transformer winding by a transfer function. A new method for determination of winding high frequency parameters based on transformer response to the voltage surge tests is developed. The computed and measured voltage distribution when voltage surge is applied to the three phase 30 kVA power transformer is compared.     

Dynamic response analysis and output voltage control of asymmetric half bridge DC–DC converter for low voltage applications

Asymmetric control scheme is an approach to achieve Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) for half bridge isolated DC–DC converters. Due to the switching property included in their structure, DC–DC converters have a nonlinear behavior and their controller design is accompanied with complexities. But by employing the average method it is possible to approximate the system into a linear system and then linear control methods can be used. Dynamic performance of half bridge converters output voltage can be controlled by Pole placement and PID controllers. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the system to achieve the optimum dynamic response. Matrix coefficients and dominant poles of closed loop transfer function is selected based on Genetic Algorithm. The results show an improvement in voltage control response in a short time.     

A method for fault diagnosis in linear electronic circuits

A method for fault location and parameter identification in linear AC and DC circuits with limited accessible terminals for excitation and measurement is developed in this paper. Fault location is based on a derived relationship having a general meaning. It requires analyses of the circuit with nominal parameters and distinct excitations as well as measurements of some node voltages in the circuit with perturbed parameters. The fault parameter is identified using a formula obtained on the basis of the Woodbury expression. A decomposition technique is suggested enabling us to apply the method for multiple fault diagnosis. Several numerical examples illustrate the proposed approach and show its effectiveness. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PWM开关DC-DC变换器的低频波动

为了揭示PWM开关变换器输出电压出现低频波动的规律，基于电感电流和输出电压包络的波动频率远低于变换器的开关频率的假设，建立了变换器中电感电流和输出电压包络的微分方程，并在s域进行分析，得出了变换器的闭环输出—输入电压传递函数，采用胡尔维茨稳定判据得出了变换器的稳定条件，分析结果表明：反馈环节的滞后是造成变换器输出电压出现低频波动的原因。采用零极点分析的方法确定了变换器低频波动的频率，利用变换器拓扑结构的约束关系，得出了变换器低频波动的幅值。采用SPICE仿真和实验的方法验证了理论分析结果的正确性。     

以特征值为判据的异步发电机自激建压过程分析

为研究自激电容对异步发电机空载暂态建压过程的影响并确定最小建压电容值,采用了以状态方程矩阵特征值计算为基础的分析方法。从自激异步发电机ab坐标系下的等值电路出发,推导了异步发电机空载建压时的状态方程,通过对状态方程进行局部线性化,进而计算出线性状态矩阵的特征值。根据不同自激电容值所对应特征值实部的符号并应用系统稳定性理论,以此判断电容为该值时电压是否得以建立,空载暂态建压过程的仿真波形与实验波形较为一致,说明了分析方法的有效性。把特征值实部绝对值选为目标函数并结合一维优化方法计算了异步发电机空载最小建压电容值,此值与传统方法计算结果相吻合,进一步证实了分析方法的正确性。     

接地网腐蚀故障诊断的可测性研究

为研究接地网故障诊断的可测性,提出了一种利用接地网拓扑变换的分析方法。将接地网分解为若干以可及节点为边界的元版块,根据电路网络理论削去不可及节点后得到对应的元网络,对所有元网络进行网络综合得到只含可及节点的可及接地网,进一步约简得到可及节点间最多只含一条支路的本征接地网。根据支路电阻的唯一确定性,将支路分为明晰支路和不确定支路两类,给出其判别方法,确定了不确定转化为明晰的原则。根据叠加原理和互易定理,归纳出进行独立激励并获得不重复量测数据的原则,还给出了接地网故障诊断独立方程数目以及获得独立方程的方法。结合一个实例详细说明了所提出的方法并设置了两组代表性故障进行分析计算,结果验证了所提出方法的正确性,并表明接地网故障诊断的可测性是可以预计的,可测性研究对于优化测试方案和科学利用诊断结果具有指导意义。     

A generalized fault diagnosis method in dynamic analogue circuits

Fault diagnosis of analogue circuits is essential for analogue and mixed‐signal systems testing and maintenance. A new method is proposed in this paper for multiple fault diagnosis of linear analogue circuits in frequency domain. The Woodbury formula is applied to the modified nodal equation to construct the fault diagnosis equation, which relates the limited measured circuit responses with the multiple faults inside the circuit in a linear way. A recently developed ambiguity group locating technique is modified here to identify the faulty parameters directly. Computation cost is reduced compared to combinatorial search in traditional fault verification methods. Only one node is needed for voltage measurement, but multiple excitations on accessible nodes are required for fault identification. Parameter evaluation can provide the exact solution to the deviated values of faulty parameters. The faulty parameter deviations can have any finite values. Example circuits are provided to illustrate the proposed method. Two other methods for multiple analogue fault diagnosis sharing the same mechanism as the method proposed in this paper are also briefly described. The proposed method is extremely effective for the circuit with very limited accessible nodes and is also computationally efficient. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

直接计算动态电压稳定Hopf分岔点的方法

对于一个n维电力系统,若用直接法求解Hopf分岔点,需要解1个3n+2维的方程组,计算量大,易陷入维数灾。该文提出一种降阶求解动态电压稳定Hopf分岔点的新技术,其特点是将直接法的3n+2维牛顿迭代方程组降为n+2维线性方程组求解。与传统直接法相比,该方法计算量小,适用于大型电力系统动态电压稳定的分析计算。2个典型电力系统动态模型的算例验证了其可行性和高效性。     

Application of fuzzy linear regression algorithm to power system voltage measurements

This paper presents a new technique for power system voltage measurements based on fuzzy linear regression. The voltage signal is assumed to have a linear relation with the voltage magnitude and the phase angle. The coefficients of this linear relation are considered as fuzzy numbers with given middle and spread values. The spread defines the fuzziness of the function. The proposed technique uses digitized samples of the voltage signal obtained at the relay location. The problem is formulated as a linear optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize the spread of the fuzzy output for the whole data set, which is a linear function of the spread, subject to satisfying inequality constraints. A linear programming algorithm is used to solve the associated linear optimization problem. The proposed technique is tested using nonfuzzy data as well as fuzzy data. We study the effects of frequency drift, model inadequacy, degree of fuzziness, sampling frequency and number of samples on the estimated parameters.     

An advanced LMI-based-LQR design for voltage control of grid-connected wind farm

This paper presents an innovative voltage control scheme for a grid-connected wind farm. In wind power generation systems, operating conditions are changing continually by wind speed fluctuations and load changes. Therefore, a robust control mechanism is necessary. To enable a linear and robust control framework, the overall system is represented by a set of reduced-order linear systems that cover an operating range of interest determined by variations of the load. A control-design technique known as the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) can be conveniently utilized for multi-input multi-output systems. However, to make this approach applicable simultaneously to several linear systems, the LQR problem needs to be reformulated for finding a common Lyapunov function for the set of considered linear systems. This is accomplished by representing the underlying control optimization problem in terms of a system of linear-matrix-inequality (LMI) constraints and matrix equations that are simultaneously solved. The solution of LMI equations involves a form of quadratic Lyapunov function that not only gives the stability property of the controlled system but can also be used for achieving certain performance specifications. In addition, to make the control design applicable to realistic systems, with noise and disturbances in the measured signals, we consider a state observer. A candidate wind farm site on Vancouver Island, Canada, is conducted for simulation study. The proposed methodology is also flexible and readily applicable to larger wind farms of different configurations.     

基于频域核系数的动态模拟电路故障诊断

因模拟电路中可及测试节点数量的限制,基于系统辨识的思想提出了一种新的故障诊断方法,频域核系数被用来进行模拟电路参数故障诊断.根据电路传递函数和元件的容差预先计算出全部频域核系数的正常范围,然后利用电路的输入输出信息提取故障电路的频域核系数,依据超出正常范围频域核系数的故障特征可确定电路故障范围或故障元件.通过仿真实例验证了该方法的有效性.     

Matrix-reactance frequency converters using an low frequency transfer matrix modulation method

This paper deals with three-phase matrix-reactance frequency converters (MRFCs). Their topologies are based on unipolar PWM AC matrix-reactance choppers (MRCs). In the discussed MRFCs the voltage matrix converter (MC) or current MC is used for electrical energy transfer instead of the source or load synchronous connected switches. As a result both a frequency change and the buck-boost voltage conversion are possible. It is important that electrical energy storage in the passive elements used in MRFCs is equal to zero in an AC voltage period; therefore these converters can be treated as ones without DC storage. The main purpose of this paper is to carry out a comprehensive comparison of basic properties of MRFCs using an low frequency (LF) transfer matrix modulation method, which are the FCs with the voltage gain greater than one. Presented in this paper are the results of steady and transient states analysis of the MRFCs using an low frequency (LF) transfer matrix. A two-frequency complex function method is applied for solving non-stationary averaged state space equations. Furthermore, theoretical results are verified against some simulation and experimental test results of a c.a. 1 kVA laboratory model of the MRFC based on MRC with buck-boost topology.     

Generation and classification of single amplifier filters

A unified approach is presented for generating configurations for circuits containing one operational amplifier together with RC elements and capable of realizing a general second-order voltage transfer function. Systematic application of the generation procedure leads to various single amplifier biquads with the known circuits, as well as some new ones, obtained as special cases. The insight gained from the generalized approach as well as the results of a general sensitivity analysis (including the effects of the amplifier limited bandwidth) offer a method for categorizing and classifying single amplifier filters. The different filter classes are illustrated and compared with the aid of extensive design tables. General equations for the effect of the amplifier limited bandwidth are also given.     

High voltage transmission lines studies with the use of artificial intelligence

The paper presents an alternative approach for the studies of high voltage transmission lines based on artificial intelligence and more specifically artificial neural networks (ANNs). In contrast to the existing conventional–analytical techniques and simulations which are using in the calculations empirical and/or approximating equations, this approach is based only on actual field data and actual measurements. The proposed approach is applied on high voltage transmission lines in order to calculate the lightning outages, on grounding systems in order to assess the grounding resistance and on high voltage transmission lines’ polluted insulators in order to estimate the critical flashover voltage. The obtained results are very close to the actual ones for all three case studies, something which clearly implies that the ANN approach is well working and has an acceptable accuracy, constituting an additional tool of electric engineers.     

直接计算静态电压稳定临界点的新方法

提出一种降阶求解静态电压稳定临界点的新技术。其特点是原直接法的(2n 1)维牛顿迭代方程组可降阶为(n 1) 维线性方程组求解。与解高维方程的传统直接法相比该方法计算量小、易于采用稀疏技术实现,适合于大规模电力系统电压稳定临界点的在线求解。另外,还提出一种利用负荷参数的二阶导数进行临界点预测的新方法,解决了直接法各状态变量及右特征向量的初值难于确定的问题。在 1000母线系统上的计算表明该文方法具有良好的收敛性。     

LCC-HVDC系统直流控制回路小干扰稳定性分析

文中针对整流侧采用定直流电流控制策略、逆变侧采用定直流电压控制策略的电网换相换流器高压直流输电系统,基于状态空间模型的Laplace变换建立了线性化直流控制回路的传递函数模型;采用增益裕度、相位裕度和灵敏度函数最大峰值指标,定量评估了直流控制回路带宽、逆变侧锁相环带宽和逆变侧交流电网强度对各直流控制回路小干扰稳定性的影响;揭示了不同系统参数下各直流控制回路稳定裕度的具体变化规律.仿真结果验证了线性化传递函数模型及理论分析结果的正确性.     

Signal Propagation on Single Phase Power Distribution Lines at Power Line Carrier Frequencies

Two sets of propagation measurements were made on a 20,847 foot unenergized power distribution line in the frequency range 0 to 50 kHz. The line was configured with and without distribution transformers. From the first set of measurements a voltage transfer function was calculated for this line. In the second set of measurements the line was energized with a 25 kHz signal and the voltage, current and impedance were measured along the line. Various propagation characteristics such as attenuation, characteristic impedance, velocity of propagation, and standing wave ratios were determined from these measurements.