Minor Seed Oils XIX: Examination of Convolvulaceae Seed Oils

Six seed oils from convovulaceae family have been examined. Nounusual acids have been detected in the oils. The fatty acid pattern in all the seed oils is as follows: palmitic (6.6 to 10.0), stearic (12.0 to 19.6), oleic (21.6 to 30.0), linoleic (27.8 to 41.3), linolenic (6.0 to 9.2), arachidic (3.3 to 6.4), and behenic (2.8 to 4.3). Lower fatty acids have not been found in any of the seed oils.     

Minor Seed Oils XVIII: Examination of Twelve Seed Oils

Twelve seed oils from ten plant families have been examined. Except three the seed oils are reported to be medicinal. Oleic acid is the major component in the seed oils from Celosia pyramidalis, Cryptostegia grandiflora, Gomphrena globosa, Isotoma longiflora, Jasminum officinale Var. grandiflorum and Sida humilis. The remaining six seed oils contain linoleic acid as the major component. All the samples contain arachidic and behenic acids. The oil sample from Sida humilis contains lauric acid. Linolenic acid is found in five samples and myristic in seven samples.     

Minor Seed Oils II: Fatty Acid Composition of Some Seed Oils

Three seed oils, Achyranthes aspera, Cucumis callosus and Aberia caffra were examined and were found to contain the following acids (wt%): lauric (0.4,-, 0.2), myristic (1.2, 0.6, 0.9), palmitic (18.6, 10.6, 25.9), stearic (4.4, 10.0, 3.9), arachidic (1.6, 1.6, 1.2), behenic (1.8, 0.6, 0.5), oleic (22.6, 17.5, 19.3), linoleic (49.4, 59.1, 48.1) respectively.     

Minor Seed Oils XVIII: Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Component Acids of Eight Seed Oils

Seed oils from Androgaphis paniculata, Calliopsis elegans, Corochorus trilocularis, Crotalaria heyneana, Emblica officinalis, Mangifera indica, Pergularia daemia and Sopubia dulphinifolia have been examined. Of these, the seeds from Androgaphis paniculata, a shrub, Emblica officinalis, a tree, and Mangifera indica, a tree, contain 39.4, 22.4 and 12.0 percent of oil respectively. Pergularia daemia is rich in stearic acid (37.4%). Crotalaria heyneana, Androgaphis paniculata and Calliopsis elegans seed oils are rich in linoleic acid (60.5%, 58.9% and 48.3%) respectively, while seed oils from Corochorus trilocularis and Emblica officinalis contain linolenic acid (3.6% and 5.9%). Seed oils of Pergularia daemia, Corochorus trilocularis and Emblica officinalis having iodine value from 63 to 85 may be useful as nondrying oils.     

Studies on Minor Seed Oils VII

Seeds of seven species, representing different plant families, have been analyzed for oil and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. In all the species, the oil content exceeded 10% except Mecaranga peltata and Cubeba officinalis seeds. Fully matured Garcinia cambogia seeds had very high (～50%) oil content.     

Studies on Minor Seed Oils VI

Seeds from five species fo various plant families have been analyzed for their oil contents and physico-chemical characteristics with the help of spectroscopic (UV, IR) and chromatographic (TLC-GLC) techniques. Out of the five seed oils examined here, only two oils, Ipomea cardiophylla and Echinochloa colona, were found to have good combined oleic-linoleic contents (> 60%). Lepidagathis trinervis was interestingly noted for high content of oleic acid (72%).     

Studies on Minor Seed Oils XII

Physico-chemical analysis of seven seeds of indigenous species of plants belonging to six different botanical families have been carried out with the help of UV, IR, TLC-GLC techniques. All the seed oils were found in agreement with the simple fatty acid composition i.e. linoleic-oleic-palmitic type. The chief components among unsaturated acids in the six seed oils are oleic and linoleic acids together forming 40.0-86.0 %. Polygonum sp. surprisingly is found to have combined content of oleic and linoleic acid 13.3 % only but having unexpected high amount of linolenic acid (37.8 %). Among saturated acids, palmitic acid was predominant acid found in the range of 10.0-483 %. This chemical screening of seed oils reveals that the species producing highly unsaturated oils merit attention for utilization as minor seed oils.     

Characteristics and Composition of Four Minor Seed Oils

Seed oils of S. emarginatus Vahl, Z. jujuba, A. excelsa and Delomix regia have been analysed. All the four oils are of semi drying nature and have a higher percentage of unsaturation. S. emarginatus and Z. jujuba are very similar in the composition of the unsaturated acids (67.0% and 65.6%). Oleic content is 56.5% and 53.0% respectively. The iodine value of S. emarginatus (93) is higher than the reported value of a closely related species S. trifoliatus (60.4). The composition of A. excelsa and D. regia are very much similar. A. exelsa has a high oleic acid content (65%) whereas higher fatty acids have not been found. In D. regia the peak for stearic acid is not present in our gas-liquid chromatogram.     

Studies of Safflower Seed Oils

Three varieties of Safflower cultivated in Pakistan have been studied. These contain 29.7–32.0% oils on the basis of dried and undecorticated seeds. Their fatty acid composition as determined by GLC is myristic (0.9–3.1%), palmitic (9.4–12.0%), stearic (2.3–5.5%), oleic (14.0–15.7%) and linoleic (65.9–73.4%).     

The Effect of Seed Pretreatment and Extraction Conditions on the Amount of Minor Components in Seed Oils II. Chlorophyll and Related Pigments

A large number of samples of rapeseed have been analysed for chlorophyll content, using various solvents and extractors. The moisture content of seeds was varied in hexane extraction of unheated seeds as well as “cooked” seeds (heat treated in a closed vessel). The results obtained indicate a marked influence of the nature of the solvent on the absorbance at 670 nm (strongly correlated to total chlorophyll); chloroform-methanol (3 : 1, v/v) giving the highest values. Further, the “cooking” process markedly increased the value of A₆₇₀ when hexane was used as an extraction agent. The character details of the “chlorophyll” absorbance spectrum (chlorophylls and pheophytins) was also influenced by the extraction conditions. The data presented indicate that the hexane solution of the oil has to be evaporated with care and the oil stored in the dark if not immediately analysed in a photometer. The binary solvent mixture heptane/ethanol (3:1, v/v) was found to be very appropriate since the extract could be used both for the gravimetric determination of oil content and the photometric determination of the chlorophyll content of the oil. The absorbance maximum for the green pigment mixture varied slightly with the seed sample, but a majority of the samples had absorbance maximum at 667 nm. A method for the semi-quantitative determination of the ratios of chlorophyll to pheophytin has beed devised. High quality rapeseed had predominantly chlorophyll whereas low-quality seeds (mould-infested, heat-damaged etc.) had more of pheophytin than of chlorophyll. Based on these studies a highly automatic system for the simultaneous analysis of oil content and chlorophyll content, capable of handling several hundreds of rapeseed samples daily has been developed.     

Studies on Apocynacea Seed Oils

The fatty acid composition of three seed oils of Apocynaceae has been studied in this investigation. The seed oils of Apocynaceae were examined for their component acids and were found to contain the following acids: Rauwolfia serpentina, Benth, (wt.%) lauric 0.2 %, myristic 0.8 %, palmitic 17.7%, stearic 4.9 %, arachidic 0.9 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 34.4 %, and linoleic 40.5 %. Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Linn. syn. Rauwolfia canescens, Linn., Rauwolfia heterophylla, Roem and Schult, (wt.%) lauric 0.9 %, myristic 3.4 %, palmitic 25.7 %, stearic 10.3%, arachidic 1.6%, behenic 1.4%, oleic 36.5 %, and linoleic 20.2 %. Vinca rosea Linn syn. Lochnera rosea, Linn. (wt.%) lauric 0.2%, myristic 1.0%, palmitic 1.4 %, stearic 6.8 %, arachidic 1.3 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 73.6 %, and linoleic 15.1 %.     

Studies on Verbenacea Seed Oils

Seed oils of Stachytarpheta mutabilis, Petrea volubilis, Gmelina hystrix were examined for their component acids and were found to contain the following acids (wt. %): Capric (0.5, -, 1.3), Lauric (0.5, 5.9, 1.5), Myristic (1.0, 8.9, 2.3), Palmitic (7.7, 10.7, 29.2), Stearic (5.4, 20.9, 21.1), Arachidic (1.1, 3.5, 6.3), Behenic (1.0, 4.2, 4.7), Oleic (9.1, 42.1, 2.9) and Linoleic (73.7, 3.8, 30.7) respectively.     

Component Acids of Palmae Seed Oils

Seed oils of Washingtonia filifera H. Wendl, Phoenix rupicola T. Anders and Licuala grandis belonging to palmae family were examined for their component fatty acids and were found to contain the following acids (wt %): Lauric (25.8,20.8,2.5), myristic (10.9,12.4,2.3), palmitic(38.2,10.9,27.4), stearic (6.6,3.3,15), arachidic (1.0,0.5,1.4), behenic (1.1,0.3,2.1), oleic (5.6,4.1,33.4), and linoleic (10.8,10.6,29.0) respectively.     

Characterization of Aegean Olive Oils by Their Minor Compounds

This study presents a combined approach of establishing cultivar differences between Aegean olive oils, obtained from economically important olive oil producing cultivars (cv. Ayvalik and Memecik), based on chemometric evaluation of their content and in particular composition of the minor compounds. Evaluation of minor compounds with principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) indicated differentiation according to the cultivars. LDA produced a 100% correct group classification. Moreover, stigmasterol, apparent β-sitosterol and total sterols were found to have the highest discriminating power. Memecik oils were characterized by the highest content of antioxidant compounds (α-tocopherol, phenolic compounds and total phenolic compounds). On the other hand, Ayvalik oil had the highest level of total sterols. The data were analyzed statistically to evaluate the differences according to variety and crop season. The minor compounds of Ayvalik and Memecik oils presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) according to variety, except for the hydroxytyrosol and clerosterol content. The amount of α-tocopherol, total phenolic compounds, apparent β-sitosterol and total sterols varied with respect to crop season. A good correlation was observed between the amount of α-tocopherol, total phenolic compounds, apparent β-sitosterol and total sterols and some climatic variables.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils II

Seed oils from seven species comprising the unusual families, Apocynaceae, Tiliaceae, Capparidaceae and Cyperaceae have been analysed using spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. The compositional data suggest that oils from species of less familiar botanical families possess peculiar composition as compared to common seed oils.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils III

Seed oils from seven species belonging to four botanical families have been analysed for their fatty acid composition by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Oils from six species are very interesting in containing high percentage (63.7–84.0%) of C₁₈ unsaturated acids. Chemical screening of seed oils reveals that the species producing highly unsaturated oils merit attention for evaluation as perspective crops.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils X

Fatty acid composition of six species belonging to different less familiar botanical families was determined by making use of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. All species were found to have high iodine values, out of which one species (item 2) showed iodine value above 180. The total of “linolenic” and “linoleic” acids varied from 61.1 to 74.8%. Four species (Passiflora foetida, Chrozophora plicata, Salvia plebeia and Fimbristylis quinqueangularis) deserve agronomic evaluation as the first species resembles Safflower (especially grown in tropics) and the latter three species yield linoleicrich seed oils.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils XI

Seeds from eight species were analysed by standard procedures for oil and protein contents. The fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by GLC. Five species were found to contain oils above 20% and none of them is rich in protein. Some of the oils have a composition fairly similar to the oils at present in common use. Five seed oils are interesting in having more than 50% of saturated acids of the total fatty acids. T. involucrata seed seems to be a promising species because of its high oil and linoleic acid (61.7%) contents.