Minor Seed Oils XVIII: Examination of Twelve Seed Oils

Twelve seed oils from ten plant families have been examined. Except three the seed oils are reported to be medicinal. Oleic acid is the major component in the seed oils from Celosia pyramidalis, Cryptostegia grandiflora, Gomphrena globosa, Isotoma longiflora, Jasminum officinale Var. grandiflorum and Sida humilis. The remaining six seed oils contain linoleic acid as the major component. All the samples contain arachidic and behenic acids. The oil sample from Sida humilis contains lauric acid. Linolenic acid is found in five samples and myristic in seven samples.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils XI

Seeds from eight species were analysed by standard procedures for oil and protein contents. The fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by GLC. Five species were found to contain oils above 20% and none of them is rich in protein. Some of the oils have a composition fairly similar to the oils at present in common use. Five seed oils are interesting in having more than 50% of saturated acids of the total fatty acids. T. involucrata seed seems to be a promising species because of its high oil and linoleic acid (61.7%) contents.     

Minor Seed Oils XIX: Examination of Convolvulaceae Seed Oils

Six seed oils from convovulaceae family have been examined. Nounusual acids have been detected in the oils. The fatty acid pattern in all the seed oils is as follows: palmitic (6.6 to 10.0), stearic (12.0 to 19.6), oleic (21.6 to 30.0), linoleic (27.8 to 41.3), linolenic (6.0 to 9.2), arachidic (3.3 to 6.4), and behenic (2.8 to 4.3). Lower fatty acids have not been found in any of the seed oils.     

Minor Seed Oils XVIII: Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Component Acids of Eight Seed Oils

Seed oils from Androgaphis paniculata, Calliopsis elegans, Corochorus trilocularis, Crotalaria heyneana, Emblica officinalis, Mangifera indica, Pergularia daemia and Sopubia dulphinifolia have been examined. Of these, the seeds from Androgaphis paniculata, a shrub, Emblica officinalis, a tree, and Mangifera indica, a tree, contain 39.4, 22.4 and 12.0 percent of oil respectively. Pergularia daemia is rich in stearic acid (37.4%). Crotalaria heyneana, Androgaphis paniculata and Calliopsis elegans seed oils are rich in linoleic acid (60.5%, 58.9% and 48.3%) respectively, while seed oils from Corochorus trilocularis and Emblica officinalis contain linolenic acid (3.6% and 5.9%). Seed oils of Pergularia daemia, Corochorus trilocularis and Emblica officinalis having iodine value from 63 to 85 may be useful as nondrying oils.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Newer Seed Oils

In the course of our search for new sources of oil, fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of 18 species belonging to three families are reported. Five species from Sterculiaceae, one species from Cucurbitaceae and twelve species from Sapindaceae were analysed. Linoleic acid predominated (43.4–76.2%) in the component fatty acids of all the oils followed by oleic (9.7–23.3%) and palmitic (8.4–14.7%) acids.     

Fatty Acids Profile and Chemical Composition of Egyptian Moringa oleifera Seed Oils

Moringa oleifera is grown all over the world as a crop for its nutritious pods, leaves and seeds. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oil percentage, density, iodine value, saponification value, acid value and fatty acid profile of Egyptian moringa Seed oils. Moringa seeds were irradiated using ⁶⁰Co at dose levels of 0.0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 kGy and oil was extracted from unirradiated and irradiated samples. Results showed that the oil percentage and density were almost unaffected. Irradiation reduced the iodine value, whereas the acid and saponification values were increased in all irradiated samples. The oil was found to contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially an omega‐9‐fatty acid (oleic) (up to 76.29 %) at a dose level of 15 kGy. Also at the same dose level, the dominant saturated acids were palmitic, stearic acid and arachidic (the three up to 12.66 %). GC–MS revealed the presence of different compounds (more than 50) in the moringa oil extract, among them alkaloids, terpenoids steroids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and polyphenolic compounds. Phenolic and falvonoid were significantly increased by increasing irradiation dose levels. Also, the antioxidant activity of irradiated seed oil increased by increasing the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Moringa oleifera could be grown by wide scale production as a potentially valuable crop. However, isolation of individual compounds and their biological activities needs to be covered in future to enhance its pharmacological importance and to open new avenues of research.     

Studies on Minor Seed Oils XII

Physico-chemical analysis of seven seeds of indigenous species of plants belonging to six different botanical families have been carried out with the help of UV, IR, TLC-GLC techniques. All the seed oils were found in agreement with the simple fatty acid composition i.e. linoleic-oleic-palmitic type. The chief components among unsaturated acids in the six seed oils are oleic and linoleic acids together forming 40.0-86.0 %. Polygonum sp. surprisingly is found to have combined content of oleic and linoleic acid 13.3 % only but having unexpected high amount of linolenic acid (37.8 %). Among saturated acids, palmitic acid was predominant acid found in the range of 10.0-483 %. This chemical screening of seed oils reveals that the species producing highly unsaturated oils merit attention for utilization as minor seed oils.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils V

Seeds from seven species of plants belonging to less familiar botanical families were analysed for oil and protein, and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Oils from five species are interesting in containing high percentage (71.9–83.7%) of C₁₈ unsaturated acids. Seeds from Tropaeolum majus contain oil which, on the basis of chromatographic analysis, appears to be a suitable industrial source of cis-11-eicosenoic and cis-13-docosenoic (erucic) acids.     

Search for new industrial oils. XIII. Oils from 102 species of cruciferae

Seed from additional species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for crude protein, oil and fatty acids in the oil. Oils were like those reported earlier from other crucifers, except forCardamine impatiens which is unique among known seed oils because it contains some 25% dihydroxy acids. Erucic acid is present (0.3–55%) in about three-fourths of the 102 samples. Eicosenoic acid is a major constituent (32–53%) in four species and monohydroxy acids (45–72%) in another four. Linolenic acid occurs (2–66%) in oil of all species. Presented at the AOCS meeting in Chicago, Ill., October 11–14, 1964. A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. ARS, USDA.     

Fatty Acid Profiles of Garuga floribunda,Ipomoea pes‐caprae,Melanolepis multiglandulosa and Premna odorata Seed Oils

The fatty acid profiles of the seed oils of four species from four plant families for which no or only sparse information on the fatty acid profiles is available are reported. The four seed oils are Garuga floribunda of the Burseraceae family, Ipomoea pes‐caprae, of the Convolvulaceae family, Melanolepis multiglandulosa of the Euphorbiaceae family, and Premna odorata of the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family. Linoleic acid is the most abundant in three seed oils, except I. pes‐caprae in which oleic acid is most abundant. These two acids are overall the most abundant in all four seed oils studied. Of the four seed oils investigated, only G. floribunda contains minor amounts of a cyclic fatty acid (dihydrosterculic acid).     

Fatty Acid Profiles of Some Fabaceae Seed Oils

The fatty acid profiles of six seed oils of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family are reported and discussed. These are the seed oils of Centrosema pubescens, Clitoria ternatea, Crotalaria mucronata, Macroptilium lathyroides, Pachyrhizus erosus, and Senna alata. The most common fatty acid in the fatty acid profiles of these oils is linoleic acid with palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolenic acids usually completing the most prominent fatty acids in these species. Long‐chain saturated fatty acids were observed in all oils. Centrosema pubescens and Macroptilium lathyroides exhibited the greatest amounts of long‐chain saturated fatty acids exceeding the amount of stearic acid in these oils. C. pubescens exhibited slightly more that 6 % C24:0 together with some fatty acids >C25 and M. lathyroides approximately 4 % C22:0 and 3 % C24:0. The results are comparatively discussed to previous data on the fatty acid profiles of Fabaceae species.     

Cyclopropenoic Fatty Acids of Malvaceae Seed Oils by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Fatty acid composition of seed oils from sixteen species of Malvaceae belonging to sic genus (Abutilon, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Kosteletzkya, Thespesia and Urena) were determined. The main fatty acids were palmitic (7–24% oleic (5–20%) and linoleic (17–69%) acids. Each of the seed oils contains varying amounts of malvalic (0.1–3.9%) and sterculic (tr?3.3%) acids. Dihydrosterculic acid was also detected by GLCat low levels in most of these oils.     

Co-occurrence of Coronaric and Vernolic Acids in Compositae Seed Oils

Seed oils of Lactuca scariola Linn., L. sativa Linn. and Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn., were found to contain epoxy acids in 10.0% (6.0% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic), 27.4% (16.9% coronaric + 10.5% vernolic) and 20.0% (16% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic) amount, respectively, alongwith normal fatty acids. The co-occurrence of the two epoxy acids was confirmed by chromatographic (TLC, GLC), spectroscopic and chemical methods. Further, this was confirmed by mass spectral study of methyl ester and its methoxy hydroxy derivative in the case of S. orientalis seed oil.The seed oils of Chrysanthemum coronariumand Vernonia anthelmintica were used as reference standard.     

Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids of Sida grewioides and Hibiscus caesius (Malvaceae) Seed Oils

Evidence is provided that sterculic and malvalic acids occur together in seed oils of Sida grewioides and Hibiscus caesius. Sida grewioides oil contains 1.3% sterculic and 2.1 % malvalic acids; Hibiscus caesius oil contains 1.0 % sterculic and 5.7 % malvalic acids. The cyclopropenoid acids were characterised by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the silver nitrate-methanol treated methyl esters using Sterculia foetida esters as a reference standard. A third unusual component, identified as epoxy acid, also occurs in Sida grewioides oil as a trace constituent.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils III

Seed oils from seven species belonging to four botanical families have been analysed for their fatty acid composition by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Oils from six species are very interesting in containing high percentage (63.7–84.0%) of C₁₈ unsaturated acids. Chemical screening of seed oils reveals that the species producing highly unsaturated oils merit attention for evaluation as perspective crops.     

Studies on Minor Seed Oils VII

Seeds of seven species, representing different plant families, have been analyzed for oil and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. In all the species, the oil content exceeded 10% except Mecaranga peltata and Cubeba officinalis seeds. Fully matured Garcinia cambogia seeds had very high (～50%) oil content.     

Studies on Apocynacea Seed Oils

The fatty acid composition of three seed oils of Apocynaceae has been studied in this investigation. The seed oils of Apocynaceae were examined for their component acids and were found to contain the following acids: Rauwolfia serpentina, Benth, (wt.%) lauric 0.2 %, myristic 0.8 %, palmitic 17.7%, stearic 4.9 %, arachidic 0.9 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 34.4 %, and linoleic 40.5 %. Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Linn. syn. Rauwolfia canescens, Linn., Rauwolfia heterophylla, Roem and Schult, (wt.%) lauric 0.9 %, myristic 3.4 %, palmitic 25.7 %, stearic 10.3%, arachidic 1.6%, behenic 1.4%, oleic 36.5 %, and linoleic 20.2 %. Vinca rosea Linn syn. Lochnera rosea, Linn. (wt.%) lauric 0.2%, myristic 1.0%, palmitic 1.4 %, stearic 6.8 %, arachidic 1.3 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 73.6 %, and linoleic 15.1 %.     

Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.) Seed Oils: Their Characterization and Stability Under Storage Conditions

Oil was extracted from the seeds of white-flesh and red-flesh dragon fruits (Hylocereus spp.) using a cold extraction process with petroleum ether. The seeds contained significant amounts of oil (32–34 %). The main fatty acids were linoleic acid (C18:2, 45–55 %), oleic acid (C18:1, 19–24 %), palmitic acid (C16:0, 15–18 %) and stearic acid (C18:0, 7–8 %). The seed oils are interesting from a nutritional point of view as they contain a large amount of essential fatty acids, amounting to up to 56 %. In both dragon fruit seed oils, tri-unsaturated triacylglycerol (TAG) was mainly found while their TAG composition and relative percentage however varied considerably. Therefore, they showed a different melting profile. A significant amount of total tocopherols was observed (407–657 mg/kg) in which the α-tocopherol was the most abundant (~72 % of total tocopherol content). The impact of storage conditions, cold and room temperatures, on the oxidative stability and behavior of tocopherols was monitored over a 3-month storage period. During storage, the oxidative profile changed with a favorably low oxidation rate (~1 mequiv O₂/week) whilst tocopherols decreased the most at room temperature. After 12 weeks, the total tocopherol content, however, still remained high (65–84 % compared to the initial oils). Hereto, the dragon fruit seed oils can be considered as a potential source of essential fatty acids and tocopherols, with a good oxidative resistance.     

Evaluation of Some Egyptian Sweet Melon Seed Oils

The physico-chemical properties of two kinds of Egyptian sweet melon seed oils (King Bahtim and Malty Bahtim) were investigated. The amount of oil extracted from King Bahtim reached 34% while in the other kind this percentage reached 36%. The oil extracted has high acid and iodine values in both kinds in comparison with cotton seed oil. Fatty acid composition by GLC for the two kinds revealed the presence of linolenic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic and myristic acid in different proportions. The variety of the seeds influences to a great extent the amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Oil stability investigations in a Warburg apparatus indicated that King Bahtim variety reached the maximum absorption of oxygen after 17 days, while Malty Bahtim variety needs 20 days to reach the same maximum absorption. On the other hand chemical analysis of the residual meal indicated the probability of its usage in animal feed as it contains a high amount of protein and fibers. The residual meal can be considered also as a good source for both phosphorus and potassium.     

Fatty Acid Profile of Kenaf Seed Oil

The fatty acid profile of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil has been the subject of several previous reports in the literature. These reports vary considerably regarding the presence and amounts of specific fatty acids, notably (12,13-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic (epoxyoleic) acid, but also cyclic (cyclopropene and cyclopropane) fatty acids. To clarify this matter, two kenaf seed oils (from the Cubano and Dowling varieties of kenaf) were investigated regarding their fatty acid profiles. Both contain epoxyoleic acid, the Cubano sample around 2 % and the Dowling sample 5-6 % depending on processing. The cyclic fatty acids malvalic and dihydrosterculic were identified in amounts around 1 %. Trace amounts of sterculic acid were observed as were minor amounts of C17:1 fatty acids. The results are discussed in the context of the fatty acid profiles of other hibiscus seed oils.