Setting tolerances on color and texture for automotive coatings

In the automotive industry, color quality control is increasingly done by reflection measurements. We discuss how color tolerances are set in specifications to suppliers of add‐on parts and to paint suppliers. We mention several factors that often lead to unrealistically tight settings, and therefore to incorrect rejections and unnecessary high productions costs. We show that this is likely to occur when the dE_ab color difference equation is used, or when a strict criterion separating pass from fail is used instead of specifying a “grey area” where instrumental monitoring needs to be followed by visual assessments. Unrealistically, tight tolerances also result from halving tolerances in the supply‐customer chain in an attempt to compensate color variations due to uncontrolled application conditions. Tolerances should be widened further when a gap separates an add‐on part from the car body, making visual discrimination of color differences less critical. Other common situations where tolerances should be widened are the presence of visual texture in effect coatings, the lightness of metallic coatings becoming very high (L*> 100) and measurement geometries close to the gloss angle. Finally, we address the issue that instrumental color tolerances should not be tighter than what is allowed by instrumental reproducibility, repeatability, and inter‐instrument agreement. Accounting for these factors, we provide a set of reasonable values for tolerances on color and on visual texture parameters, based on our own practical experience. But realistic tolerance values depend very much on actual conditions, and should be agreed in tripartite discussions among automotive industry, suppliers of add‐on parts, and paint supplier. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 88–98, 2014     

浅谈药学专业课一体化实验的开设

文章分析了高等院校药学实验教学的现状,针对存在的缺点和不足,提出了药学专业课一体化实验。该一体化实验是以"药"为本,把"药"作为师生联系的纽带,采用横向跨学科有机结合的实验教学模式,以社会需求为导向,培养学生创新精神和实践能力。     

建立我国西部(漆树)良种苗木繁育中心态势分析

本文通过对实施西部大开发 ,山川秀美世纪工程中良种苗木的市场分析 ,论证了建立我国西部 (漆树 )良种苗木繁育中心的必要性、可行性、紧迫性     

浅谈住宅自动喷水灭火系统的设置

自动喷水灭火系统可以防止火灾发生和蔓延,减少财产损失、人员伤亡,但我国现行规范对住宅内自喷的设置未作要求。通过住宅火灾的分析和美国自喷系统技术发展的介绍,探讨了自喷系统在住宅中设置的可能性,并给出了住宅自喷系统的组成、设计参数、管材选择方法。     

加速室温硫化氯丁橡胶胶粘剂固化的途径

简述室温硫化氯丁橡胶胶粘剂的应用前景及工艺路线。通过试验,提出改进单组份RTV型氯丁橡胶胶粘剂固化时间的途径。从试验数据得出结论,在硫化体系中添加醛胺类促进剂H是可取途径。     

化妆品学课程教学初探

文章对化妆品学课程教学过程中现有情况进行了分析,并且结合现今社会发展要求,为培养高素质复合型人才,化妆品学教学必须进行相应的改革。文章从教学内容、教学方法、教学手段和实践教学等几个方面,对化妆品学教学改革进行初探,以期达到提高教学质量、提高学生的综合素质和创新能力。     

全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑温度自动设定

富氧助燃、尤其是全氧燃烧熔窑将是今后10年发展的必然趋势.尽快研究开发具有自主知识产权的浮法玻璃熔窑的全氧燃烧技术,进而尽早推广应用乃当务之急.全氧燃烧先进控制系统的研发是其重要一环.本文仅侧重于对全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑温度自控中的温度自动设定问题加以探讨,也可供普通玻璃熔窑借鉴.     

Process optimization: A comparative case study

Four recently developed algorithms were tested on a realistic propylene chlorination process simulation. All four are based on successive quadratic programming and interface easily with most sequential modular simulation packages. Using SPAD for simulation, optimal cases were obtained in as few as 29 simulation-time equivalents. The paper includes model details, reactor kinetics, and algorithm performance.     

A transcultural study on stirred strawberry yogurt: consumer acceptability versus sensory quality with trained panel

The present work was designed in order to obtain the cut off point, to be used in a shelf life study on whole stirred strawberry yogurt. The study was simultaneously carried out in Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica, assaying the same kind of product, elaborated in each one of the countries. The sensory quality parameters obtained from trained panelists and the consumers acceptability, were correlated by using the cut off point methodology through a quality evaluation by the Karlsruhe scale. According to preliminary studies, the storage at 42 degrees C produced considerable damage on parameters such as pH, acidity (volumetric assay), viscosity and sensory quality. For each sample, the cut off point was determined. This value corresponds to the threshold score for the sensory quality, where the consumer starts to perceive negative changes in the product, when comparing with the fresh product. The rejection percentage was also calculated according to the cut off point. The cut off points and the percentage of rejection obtained by the three participating countries were similar. Data obtained from Costa Rica showed changes in color, acidity and rancidity. Argentinean yogurts developed acidity that had a negative effect on texture, appearance and residual flavors. Chilean samples presented a sensory quality that remains almost without change through the studied time. The differences of the deterioration pattern amongst the three countries, demonstrates that the products are different in formulation and elaboration process, in spite of been the same kind of yogurt. This could be explained by differences specified in the regulation of each country.     

水泥企业建立能源管理体系的作用和方法

众所周知,水泥行业是耗能大户,又是环境保护整治的重点,一直是政府推进节能减排工作的控制对象,因此,在水泥企业建立能源管理体系,系统规划能源管理工作,对节能减排,提升效益具有重要的作用。广州石井水泥公司是广东省大型水泥企业,能源消耗占水泥生产成本的50%以上,节约能源,降低成本是全公司工作的重心。在2010年公司制定了建立能源管理体系,降低能源消耗,提高能源利用效率,推进节能减排的工作思路。通过能源体系管理,有效提升了能源管理水平,现把我公司在建立实施能源管理体系的一些工作方法总结如下。     

突发性环境污染事故应急监测体系的建立

针对突发性环境污染事故应急监测体系的建立,从应急监测机构的建设、信息调查和资料收集和多层次监测能力建设几个方面进行分析,提出建立突发性环境污染事故应急监测体系的对策。     

本科生开设绿色化学选修课的教学探索

绿色化学作为校级精品建设课程,开设的绿色化学公选课教学内容以循环经济理论和可持续发展战略为主线,通过理论讲授、课堂讨论、网上练习和专题小论文等形式,渗透绿色化学知识,使大学生树立绿色化学理念,营造绿色化学氛围,让全民了解、接受并应用绿色化学,为改善地球环境,为人类的可持续发展作出应有的贡献.     

Color tolerance study on white in practical aspect: Perceptibility versus acceptability

This study investigates how the color tolerance for whites is affected by color category and context. Two experiments with different contexts, perceptibility or acceptability, were conducted using 27 color variation samples from six color categories (Neutral‐White, Red‐White, Yellow‐White, Green‐White, Blue‐White, and Blue‐Vivid). The results indicated that the color tolerance for Green‐white is dominantly higher relative to the other white‐based colors, whereas the color tolerance for Yellow‐White and Neutral‐White are relatively lower. However, contrary to the hypothesis, no significant differences in the level of color tolerances could be found between the two context of perceptibility and acceptability. The color tolerance thresholds for each color category groups in both experiments were similar. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 582–588, 2014     

药物分析综合一体化实验的设置及思考

研究药物分析综合一体化实验,阐述了何为药物分析。结合其特点,总结了实验项目设计,执行实验项目,对实验项目进行考核,综合一体化实验改进措施等。     

应用微机建立玻璃窑炉池壁温度场模型

玻璃液面附近的池壁,是决定窑体寿命的关键部位.池壁的传热过程以二维稳态传热考虑比较实际情况.采用数学模拟的方法,建立熔窑池壁砖内部的温度场模型.结合池壁温度模型的建立探讨生产环节中池壁保护措施的理论依据.     

石油化工企业室外消火栓的设置

通过对石油化工企业室外消火栓的用途、分类、保护半径、间距、出水量、选型、设置、安装、防护、检修以及栓炮合一做法的介绍,指出了《建筑设计防火规范》(GBJ 16-87)(2001年版)与《石油化工企业设计防火规范》(GB50160-92)(1999年版)之间在这些方面存在的差异,以便更好地理解和执行规范。详细地阐述了室外消火栓的防冻、防冲撞和检修切断阀门的设置方法,对直埋式消防管道切断阀和“栓炮合一”多功能消火栓进行了推荐。     

Setting up new chemical engineering degree programmes: Exercises in design and retrofit within constraints

The rise in popularity of chemical engineering among students entering university has prompted expansion of the UK provision, through increased intake into current degree programmes and with the rise of new providers. The former entails logistical challenges of processing larger numbers through existing infrastructures whilst maintaining the student experience. The latter entails challenges of designing and introducing programmes that build harmoniously on existing non-chemical engineering provision, within the constraints of university validation procedures and physical resources, and in the face of uncertainty around student and staff recruitment, while aspiring to implement best practice in chemical engineering content and pedagogy. Following a review of the UK chemical engineering landscape and a critique of literature guidance on the appropriate content of chemical engineering curricula, this paper illustrates the issues of new programme development through the approaches and experiences of a new provider, the University of Huddersfield, which introduced new chemical engineering programmes from academic year 2013–2014. The paper addresses specifying the content of chemical engineering programmes to align with accreditation requirements and literature advice while maintaining distinctiveness. The constraints imposed by the need to specify and validate courses internally and to minimise substantive programme changes subsequently, whilst responding to the opportunities that arise as staff are recruited and to external developments and unplanned incidents, are highlighted and illustrated, in order to draw lessons that might help to guide other new entrants.     

石油化工储罐加强圈导流设施的设置

石油化工储罐设置固定式冷却水系统,其冷却效果的好坏直接影响储罐的安全.某石油化工储运库的储罐加强圈下面没有设置冷却喷水环管,存在安全隐患,因此需要增设导流设施.针对存在的问题,提出了导流设施改造方案,经过改造后,该项目顺利通过了当地主管部门验收.