真丝与棉混纺织物染色的同色性研究

用活性染料染真丝／棉混纺织物，通常存在真丝上染率低、色浅、混纺织物同色性差的缺点。通过对染色各工艺条件，如pH值、盐、碱量和温度等的研究，寻求可以提高此混纺织物染色同色性的途径，即真丝／棉混纺织物在酸性条件下用活性染料染色，碱性条件下固色。随染液pH值的降低、元明粉用量增加、纯碱用量减少和保温温度的提高，纤维间的同色性趋好。     

真丝／棉交织物活性染料染色的同色性研究

用诺威克隆LS系列活性染料染真丝,棉交织物,通过对染色工艺条件(pH值、盐、碱量等)的研究,寻求可以提高织物染色同色性的途径.结果表明:真丝/棉交织物可用活性染料在酸性条件下染色,在碱性条件下固色.随着染色起始pH值的降低,真丝与棉间的同色性提高,以pH值5为宜.Na2SO4对活性染料上染真丝的促染作用大于对棉的促染作用,随着Na2SO4用量的增大,纤维间的同色性提高,最终定为30 g/L.Na2CO3用量增加不利于染料对真丝纤维的固着,为了达到真丝/棉混纺织物用活性染料染色的同色性,选定为8 g/L.在此工艺下,可获得良好的同色性和染色牢度.     

缓染剂在棉/真丝织物同色染色中的应用

在棉/真丝混纺织物Drimarene活性染料一浴一步法染色中,为提高棉和真丝的同色性,在染浴中加入适量的缓染剂,探讨了缓染剂种类及用量对染色同色性,上染速率和固色率的影响。结果表明,阴离子型缓染剂Lyogen AB可减缓活性染料对真丝纤维的上染速率,改善棉/真丝织物活性染料同浴染色的同色性,且不影响染料利用率。     

甲壳素/棉混纺织物的染整加工

为提高甲壳素／棉混纺织物的染色同色性，采用阳离子醚化剂3-氯-2-羟丙基氯化铵进行改性预处理，研究了预处理工艺条件（醚化剂、NaOH用量，处理时间及温度）对织物活性染料染色性能的影响。确定了最佳的阳离子改性工艺条件：阳离子化试剂50g／L，氢氧化钠15g／L，处理时间40min，处理温度60℃。结果表明，在该工艺条件下，甲壳素／棉混纺织物可实现活性染料一浴法染色，同色性得到提高，对抗菌性和皂洗牢度影响小。     

莱赛尔/棉混纺织物的染色同色性北大核心

由于莱赛尔纤维和棉纤维在结构和性能上的差异,其混纺织物在同浴染色时存在竞染。为实现染色同色性,使用专用活性染料和常规活性染料对纯棉机织物和莱赛尔机织物进行染色,分析了硫酸钠用量、碳酸钠用量、保温时间、染色工艺、丝光条件以及染料类别对同色性效果的影响。结果表明:硫酸钠用量、保温时间对同色性影响较小,碳酸钠用量、染色工艺及丝光条件可提高莱赛尔/棉混纺织物的同色效果。在加碱固色前增加一道90℃保温10 min工艺,有利于提高混纺织物的同色效果。当丝光碱液的质量浓度在180 g/L以上时,6只染料染色织物的同色效果较好。DCS系列活性染料可有效提高同色性效果。     

甲壳素/棉混纺织物一浴法染色研究

用活性染料染甲壳素／棉混纺织物存在棉上染率低、色浅、混纺织物同色性差的缺点．采用阳离子醚化剂预处理混纺织物对染色织物表观色深K／S值、色度指标L^＊、α^＊、b^＊及耐水洗色牢度的比较，得到了最佳预处理工艺条件：阳离子化试剂50g／L，氢氧化钠15g／L，60℃处理40min，研究结果表明：甲壳素／棉混纺织物经阳离子化预处理后，采用活性染料染色，均得到了较好的染色深度和匀染性，并且混纺织物的抗菌性增加．     

新型染料在棉毛混纺织物染色中的应用

采用住友公司的Sumfix HF染料对棉毛混纺织物进行一浴一步法染色,研究了温度、pH值、盐用量及碱用量对染色效果的影响,确定了染色的工艺条件:盐用量40 g/L,碱用量15g/L,初染pH值为8,温度60℃,时间90 min.结果表明,在此工艺条件下,棉毛混纺织物的棉和毛的上染速率一致,而且棉和毛的同色性、匀染性和染色牢度也很好.     

绢棉丝光织物的染色同色性

针对绢棉丝光织物活性染料染色时同色性较差的缺点,探讨了丝光碱浓度,染色时加碱方式,染液的pH值,盐、碱的加入量和固色温度对染色同色性的影响。试验结果表明,绢棉混纺织物丝光时的碱质量浓度宜选择270 g/L,在活性染料染色时染液pH值控制在7,盐用量为15g/L,纯碱用量为7g/L,固色温度70℃,并在升温至染色温度后20 min加碱,真丝和棉纤维间的染色同色性较好。     

棉天丝交织物Everzol ED染料染色

针对棉和天丝纱线染色性能的差异,试验了染料用量、染色温度、盐和碱用量以及固色时间等工艺因素对棉天丝交织物Everzol ED活性染料染色同色性的影响。通过正交试验,优化了染深色工艺。在染料用量3%～8%,染色温度80℃,盐用量100g/L,碱用量20g/L,固色时间75 min的工艺条件下对棉天丝交织物染深色,能得到良好的同色性及较高的色牢度。     

组合染料对涤/棉混纺织物一浴一步法染色工艺

为了提高涤/棉混纺织物的染色效率,选择雅格欣CP三原色染料一步完成涤纶、棉纤维的同时上染。首先探讨pH、元明粉用量、染色温度、染色时间对纯棉和纯涤纶织物染色效果的影响,确定染色工艺,并应用于涤/棉混纺织物一浴一步法染色,测试染色织物的色牢度。结果表明,涤/棉混纺织物一浴一步法染色工艺为：元明粉30 g/L,pH7,温度130℃,时间30 min;色牢度均达3～4级。对乙醇萃取分离所得雅格欣染料的染色性及染色织物的剥色分析表明,雅格欣CP染料为含有活性染料和分散染料的组合染料。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the