青稞淀粉理化特性的研究

研究了4种青稞淀粉(林周148、北青6号、昆仑6号、藏青320)的理化特性,研究发现:不同品种的青稞淀粉在基本组分上存在差异,淀粉颗粒的平均粒径在17.49~18.13μm之间;青稞淀粉糊的透明度随着放置时间的延长而减小;溶解度和膨胀力都随着温度的升高而增大,总体上,青稞淀粉的溶解度与直链淀粉含量呈正相关性,膨胀力与直链淀粉含量呈负相关性,淀粉糊的溶解度和膨胀力还受到淀粉颗粒大小的制约;青稞淀粉糊的冻融稳定性与直链淀粉含量呈负相关性;青稞淀粉的峰值黏度与溶解度呈负相关性,糊化温度与膨胀力呈负相关性。在液化后,青稞淀粉的DE值在17.55~19.33之间;糖化后,DE值在80.04~90.14之间;青稞淀粉酶解后DE值存在差异与淀粉颗粒大小分布和破损淀粉含量有关。     

Functional, Textural and Microstructural Properties of Low-fat Bologna (Model System) with a Konjac Blend

The form (dry vs prehydrated) and level (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) of a konjac blend (KB) were evaluated to determine their effects on the characteristics of a low-fat bologna model system (LFBMS). The system had a pH range of 6.01 to 6.12, moisture 74 to 76%, fat < 2.0% and protein 17 to 18%. Prehydrated KB had higher (p<0.05) texture profile analysis (TPA) hardness values than dry addition, whereas lower TPA values (p<0.05) were observed as the level of KB increased. In microstructural observation, the addition of prehydrated KB gels caused the protein matrix to appear more swollen in structure as compared to that after inclusion of a dry powder.     

The Effect of Post-Cooking Holding Times on Sensory Assessment of Low- and High-Fat Beefburgers

ABSTRACT: The effect of post-cooking holding-time on sensory assessment of low (89 g/kg) and high (218 g/kg) fat beefburgers was assessed. Burgers were served to panelists approximately 3 or 18 min after cooking. Fat content influenced fattiness, moistness/juiciness and overall appearance (P < 0.05), overall acceptability and overall texture (P< 0.01) and tenderness and crumbliness (p<0.001). Burgers with the higher fat content had higher scores. Holding-time influenced sensory overall appearance only with lower scores at extended holding times (P < 0.01). Treatment differences were small, mostly less than one sensory scale unit. Higher lightness and yellowness values were found for burgers with higher fat contents.     

Textural and Sensory Properties of Low-Fat Beef Sausages with Added Water and Polysaccharides as Affected by pH and Salt

Low-fat beef sausages with 23% added water, 1 or 2.5% NaCl, 0.5% polysaccharide gums, and pH adjusted to 5.2, 5.6 or 6.2, were analyzed for textural properties. The l - and k -car-rageenans increased (P<0.05) cooking yield, hardness, and bind strength for 1%-salt sausage, but had little effect on the 2.5%-salt sausage. Sausages containing alginate, locust bean gum, and xanthan gum were softer, more deformable, crumbly and slippery (P<0.05), when compared to nongum controls. An increase in pH sharply enhanced the bind strength in all gum treatments. Both the instrumental and sensory panel results suggested that α- and k -carrageen-ans were the only acceptable gums for use in low- or high-salt beef sausage products.     

Particle Size and Mixing Time Effects on Sensory and Physical Properties of Low-fat, High-moisture Pork Frankfurters

Changes in particle size affected measured characteristics more than changes in mixing time. Sensory results indicated that use of a 2.0 mm plate produced the coarsest (P<0.05) product. CIE b* values decreased (<0.05) as particle size was increased. Products produced with a 2.0 mm plate compared to a 1.4 mm plate had higher (P<0.05) hardness values and total energy to shear. Particle size did not affect (P>0.05) cooking loss, springiness, cohesiveness, or chewiness. Additional mixing tended to decrease sensory particle size and increase springiness and chewiness.     

燕麦复合火腿肠的感官、质构及保水特性研究

为了探索燕麦粉添加量对燕麦复合火腿肠品质特性的影响,分别对复合火腿肠进行感官评定及质构测定(质构剖面分析),并对这两种评价测定方法的结果进行相关性分析,同时也对复合火腿肠的保水特性进行测定。感官和质构测定结果表明:燕麦粉添加量为14%时,复合火腿肠具有较理想的质构,感官总体接受性好;质构测定硬度与感官评定硬度呈显著相关性(r=0.898),质构测定黏聚性与感官评定硬度、弹性呈显著相关性(r分别为-0.863和-0.825)。保水性测定结果表明:随着燕麦粉添加量的增加,复合火腿肠保水能力逐渐上升(94.33%～94.83%),当添加量达到17%以后,保水能力变化不大,增加趋势平缓,可以看出,燕麦粉的添加可能有利于提高复合火腿肠的保水性。因此,将适量的燕麦粉与肉品复合可以制作出能被消费者接受、质构和保水性很好的燕麦复合火腿肠。     

微生物发酵对青稞挂面理化及感官特性的影响

为探究不同菌种发酵对青稞挂面理化及感官特性的影响,采用植物乳杆菌、酵母菌及复合菌种(m(酵母菌)︰m(乳酸菌)=1︰1)分别发酵青稞制成青稞粉,并与小麦粉混合压制成挂面,以挂面的理化及感官特性为指标,确定适宜发酵方式及工艺。与植物乳杆菌发酵和复合菌种发酵相比,酵母发酵青稞面条断条率低,吸水率高,蒸煮时间长,感官品质好,说明酵母发酵能更好地改善青稞挂面理化及感官特性。通过单因素试验及正交试验优化后的酵母发酵青稞的工艺参数为发酵时间6 h、发酵温度32℃、接种量0.8%。     

Properties of Low-Fat, Nonbreaded Pork Nuggets with Added Gums and Modified Starches

Low-fat (8%) pork nuggets were prepared with gums, modified food starches, and 90% pork. Sodium alginate with calcium-lactate or corn starch creme resulted in the greatest increases in cooking yield and tenderness. Convection oven cookery resulted in improvements in sensory and instrumental tenderness values compared with precooking and reheating. Nuggets with corn starch creme had notable distortions in shape after precooking and reheating. Gums and modified starches can improve tenderness in low-fat pork nuggets.     

影响肉与肉制品系水力因素之探讨

本文从原料、工艺、添加剂等方面阐明了影响肉与肉制品系水力的因素和提高途径.     

银耳多糖对低脂酸奶发酵、质构及感官品质的影响

为提高低脂酸奶的品质,将银耳多糖(0.37、0.74、1.11、1.48、1.85 mg/mL)添加到酸奶中,考察对低脂酸奶微生物数量、发酵时间及酸奶品质的影响。结果表明,随着银耳多糖浓度的增加,酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌数量逐渐增加,发酵时间显著降低(p<0.05);银耳多糖在低浓度(0.37和0.74 mg/mL)时酸奶的感官评分最佳;且银耳多糖浓度在0.37 mg/mL时酸奶的持水力、硬度及脆度显著提高(p<0.05)。综合实验结果,适量银耳多糖(0.37 mg/mL)的添加可增加发酵细菌的数量,缩短发酵时间,改善低脂酸奶的持水力和质构,提升低脂酸奶的感官品质,并拓宽银耳多糖的应用范围。     

冷却肉肌肉保水性及其影响因素

本文主要介绍了冷却肉、肌肉保水性及影响肉保水性的因素,从遗传因素、饲养因素、管理因素、运输应激、屠宰因素、宰后因素等方面分别阐述了冷却肉在流通过程中汁液流失的影响因素,对研究提高肌肉保水性和降低滴水损失的技术具有极其重要的意义。     

Sensory, Instrumental Texture Profile and Cooking Properties of Restructured Beef Steaks Made with Various Binders

Restructured steaks made with various binders were evaluated using subjective and objective texture profile analysis of the following treatments: intact ribeye muscle, calcium alginate, salt/tripolyphosphate, crude myosin extract, whey protein, wheat gluten, soy protein isolate, surimi and no additives. Steaks made with calcium alginate or crude myosin extracts had superior binding. Steaks with 1.5% surimi had similar textural properties to those with calcium alginate or crude myosin extract. Whey, wheat gluten or soy isolate protein in restructured steaks detrimentally affected product flavor. Calcium alginate, crude myosin extract and surimi could be potential binders in the manufacture of restructured steaks without deterimental effects on quality.     

Physical, Chemical, and Sensory Properties of Bologna Sausage Made with Ostrich Meat

Three formulations of bologna were prepared, differing only by the lean meat used: (1) ostrich meat from Iliofibularis muscle (fan thigh), (2) ostrich meat from Femorotibialis medius muscle (tip thigh), and (3) beef meat from Subscapularis muscle (shoulder). Physical, chemical, and sensory analyses were made. The final products formulated with ostrich meat, although having a dark appearance, were acceptable in chemical composition and other sensory characteristics. The low fat and high protein content for ostrich bolognas will help to ensure that, if marketed in sufficient quantities, ostrich meat can successfully compete with other healthy meat products. The ostrich meat (Iliofibularis muscle) formula reached the highest general quality scores in the sensory evaluation.     

等离子体活性水腌制对风干里脊中生物胺含量及感官品质的影响

采用介质阻挡放电系统制备等离子体活性水（plasma-activated water,PAW）,研究PAW处理对风干里脊中生物胺含量及感官品质的影响,探讨低温等离子体技术在风干肉制品中应用的可行性。分别在50、60、70 kV电压条件下制备PAW,用食盐水和PAW盐水腌制猪里脊后强化成熟,制成风干里脊。分析产品pH值、亚硝酸盐残留量及生物胺含量,通过电子鼻研究不同处理组产品的风味组成,结合主成分分析和载荷分析更好区分不同处理组产品的风味,最后对不同产品进行感官评价。结果表明, 50、60、70 kV处理组产品的亚硝酸盐残留量分别为8.12、10.11 mg/kg和15.24 mg/kg,均低于国标限量。PAW处理可显著抑制产品中生物胺形成,其中尸胺和精胺显著降低（P＜0.05）。相比对照组,尸胺含量分别显著下降8.21%、11.29%和19.49%,精胺含量显著下降9.64%、16.54%和27.56%。电子鼻分析发现PAW组与对照组产品的风味整体差异不明显。感官评价结果中PAW处理的样品在风味、滋味、质地和可接受性方面与对照组无显著差异,而高强度PAW处理能赋予产品更好的腌制色泽。     

Fat Level and Freezing Temperature Affect Sensory, Shear, Cooking and Compositional Properties of Ground Beef Patties

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of two targeted fat levels (6, 20%) and two freezing temperatures (?43, ?20°C) on sensory, shear, cooking and compositional properties of beef patties. Select grade beef rounds (IMPS 161) were used as the lean source for patties with U.S. Choice plates as the fat source. The 20% fat formulation had increased beef flavor and initial tenderness (?20°C frozen patties only) scores, but had higher instrumental shear values compared to the 6% fat patties. Freezing patties (especially those of 6% fat) at ?43°C greatly improved sensory and instrumental tenderness. Faster freezing reduced fat retention of 20% fat patties during cooking. Use of Select grade beef rounds coupled with rapid freezing is suggested for producing acceptable low-fat ground beef patties.     

鱼骨粉添加量对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠色度、质构及感官特性的影响

研究添加鱼骨粉对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠品质的影响。采用梯度添加鱼骨粉的方法制作鱼肉火腿肠,并对其色度和质构进行测定,同时进行感官评定。结果表明：鱼骨粉添加量为2%时,白度值下降显著(P＜0.05) ;鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼性随着鱼骨粉添加量的增多而增大,弹性变小;当添加量为2.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼度和弹性变化趋势极显著(P＜0.01),但黏聚性变化不明显;随着鱼骨粉添加量的增加,鱼肉火腿肠切面较粗糙,咀嚼时颗粒感较强,当鱼骨粉添加量为3%时鱼肉火腿肠总体可接受度较差。综合考虑,鱼骨粉添加量为1.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠色度和质构较好,感官总体可接受度高。     

核磁共振技术研究普通玉米淀粉与玉米抗性淀粉对肉糜持水性的影响

将玉米抗性淀粉、普通玉米淀粉按不同比例添加于猪肉肉糜中,利用磁共振技术研究肉糜中水分状态及含量的变化。结果表明:玉米抗性淀粉与普通玉米淀粉均能提高猪肉肉糜的保水性能。当抗性淀粉的添加量为4%时,肉糜保水性最强,而玉米淀粉的最佳添加量为6%,且添加4%玉米抗性淀粉的肉糜其保水性较添加6%普通玉米淀粉的要好。     

不同冻融次数下牦牛肉蛋白质氧化与保水性的关系

探讨不同冻融次数下牦牛肉中的蛋白质氧化对其保水性的影响。选取3?岁左右的甘南牦牛背最长肌,经过7?次冻融循环,分别测定样品的pH值、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、加压失水率、羰基含量、巯基含量以及蛋白质溶解度。结果表明,随着冻融次数的增加,pH值显著降低（P＜0.05）,解冻损失率、加压失水率和蒸煮损失率反映的保水性也显著降低（P＜0.05）,羰基、巯基含量反映的蛋白质氧化程度显著增加（P＜0.05）,蛋白质溶解度中全蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白以及肌浆蛋白均呈现显著下降（P＜0.05）。pH值、保水性和蛋白质氧化之间相关性显著（P＜0.05）,在7?次冻融过程中,pH值下降速率趋势与保水性下降速率趋势一致,并且后期保水性下降速率减缓的同时蛋白质氧化速率上升。表明多次冻融循环会引起牦牛肉蛋白质氧化程度显著升高,造成保水性显著下降,贮运体系中通过有效地控制蛋白质氧化可以更好地提高牦牛肉品质。     

Fat Level, High Temperature Cooking and Degree of Doneness Affect Sensory, Chemical and Physical Properties of Beef Patties

Ground beef patties containing either 4 or 20% fat were cooked by electric grill (G) alone or in combination with overhead broiler unit (BG) to be (visually) either medium or well-done. Patties with 20% fat had higher beef flavor intensity, juiciness and tenderness scores, lower Instron shear and compression values, and lower cooking yields than 4% fat patties. However, 4% fat patties cooked to medium, had similar sensory ratings to 20% fat patties cooked well-done. About 20% of patties cooked to medium did not reach recommended internal temperatures and holding times for food safety.     

Changes in Tenderness, Color, and Water Holding Capacity of Broiler Breast Meat during Postdeboning Aging

ABSTRACT:  The impact of postharvest aging on the tenderness, color, water holding capacity, and appearance of broiler breast fillets after deboning was investigated. A total of 360 broilers were processed and deboned at either 1.5-, 3-, or 6-h postmortem (PM) and aged at 4 ± 1 °C for up to 6 d. Tenderness was predicted by the Meullenet–Owens razor shear. Drip loss, cook loss, color, and muscle-shape profiles were also evaluated during the 6-d aging duration. Deboned fillets were in the tenderness range corresponding to "neither tough nor tender" for the first 2 d of aging and changed into "slightly tender" after 3 d of aging according to the instrument-tenderness perception equivalent scale. Tenderization due to postdeboning aging seemed to be more pronounced for fillets deboned in a prerigor state (that is, 1.5- and 3-h PM). Over the aging period, tenderness improved by 6.9 and 7.4 percentage points for the 1.5- and 3-h PM treatments, respectively, while those fillets deboned in a postrigor state (6-h PM) exhibited no significant difference in tenderness. Drip and cook loss of fillets consistently increased over the aging period. The color of fillets tended to become less red and more yellow during aging although there was no significant difference in  L *. Overall, the tenderizing effects of deboned broiler breast fillets during the storage of 6 d were minimal but seemed to be affected by fillet height and length as determined through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and K-means clustering analysis. Thicker and tougher fillets were more susceptible to the tenderizing effects during postdeboning aging.