An electronic nose system to diagnose illness

Recently, medical diagnostics has emerged to be a promising application area for electronic noses (e-nose). In this paper, we review work carried out at Warwick University on the use of an e-nose to diagnose illness. Specifically, we have applied an e-nose to the identification of pathogens from cultures and diagnosing illness from breath samples. These initial results suggest that an e-nose will be able to assist in the diagnosis of diseases in the near future.     

Aging fingerprint characterization of beer using electronic nose

In this work, attempts were made in order to characterize the change of aroma of alcoholic and non alcoholic beers during the aging process by use of a metal oxide semiconductor based electronic nose. The aged beer samples were statistically characterized in several classes. Linear techniques as principal component analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analaysis (LDA) were performed over the data that revealed non alcoholic beer classes are separated except a partial overlapping between zones corresponding to two specified classes of the aged beers. A clear discrimination was not found among the alcoholic beer classes showing the more stability of such type of beer compared with non alcoholic beer. In this research, to classify the classes, two types of artificial neural networks were used: Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) with Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and FeedForward Networks with Backpropagation (BP) learning method. The classification success was found to be 90% and 100% for alcoholic and non alcoholic beers, respectively. Application of PNN showed the classification accuracy of 83% and 100%, respectively for the aged alcoholic and non alcoholic beer classes as well. Finally, this study showed the capability of the electronic nose system for the evaluation of the aroma fingerprint changes in beer during the aging process.     

A portable electronic nose system for the identification of cannabis-based drugs

We report on a research aimed at evaluating the capacity of a simple, low-cost, portable electronic nose system based on commercially available metal oxide gas sensors to classify different types of drugs. Five drugs, namely cannabis buds, cannabis plants, hashish, snuff tobacco and tobacco leaves were employed. A dedicated real-time data acquisition system based on dynamic headspace sampling, a microcontroller and a laptop computer have been designed and constructed for this application. To demonstrate its discrimination capability, unsupervised and supervised classification models have been built and validated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of volatile profiles revealed five distinct groups corresponding to the five different drugs analyzed. This was further confirmed by a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test. Support Vectors Machines (SVMs) were applied to build a classifier and reached a 98.5% success rate in the recognition of the different drugs analyzed. This work demonstrates for the first time that the electronic nose technology could be successfully applied to the identification of illegal drugs.     

A novel humid electronic nose combined with an electronic tongue for assessing deterioration of wine

We report herein the use of a combined system for the analysis of the spoilage of wine when in contact with air. The system consists of a potentiometric electronic tongue and a humid electronic nose. The potentiometric electronic tongue was built with thick-film serigraphic techniques using commercially available resistances and conductors for hybrid electronic circuits; i.e. Ag, Au, Cu, Ru, AgCl, and C. The humid electronic nose was designed in order to detect vapours that emanate from the wine and are apprehended by a moist environment. The humid nose was constructed using a piece of thin cloth sewn, damped with distilled water, forming five hollows of the right size to introduce the electrodes. In this particular case four electrodes were used for the humid electronic nose: a glass electrode, aluminium (Al), graphite and platinum (Pt) wires and an Ag-AgCl reference electrode. The humid electronic nose together with the potentiometric electronic tongue were used for the evaluation of the evolution in the course of time of wine samples. Additionally to the analysis performed by the tongue and nose, the spoilage of the wines was followed via a simple determination of the titratable (total) acidity.     

An electronic nose system based on a micro-machined gas sensor array to assess the freshness of sardines

An electronic nose system based on a four-element, integrated, micro-machined, metal oxide gas sensor array is used to assess, in an objective manner, the evolutionary stages of freshness in sardine samples stored up to 1-week at 4 °C. The sensors developed were based on tin oxide doped with Pt or Pd or Bi, and on tungsten oxide doped with Au. The selection of the gas sensitive materials was based on a previous identification and quantification of characteristic compounds found in the headspace of sardines determined by solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis performed on the responses of the sensor array revealed that sardine samples could be classified in three freshness states. This was in good agreement with the results of a microbiological analysis. A support vector machine-based classifier reached a 100% success rate in the identification of sardine freshness. The stability of the electronic nose classification ability was assessed by correctly classifying measurement databases gathered 1-month apart. By building and validating quantitative partial least squares models, which employed as input data the gas sensor responses, it was possible to predict with good accuracy the total viable counts (TVC) of aerobic bacteria present in sardine samples. For the validation dataset, the correlation coefficient between actual and predicted TVC was 0.91, which indicates that the electronic nose system developed is a simple and rapid technique for evaluating sardine freshness.     

Use of electronic nose technology for identifying rice infestation by Nilaparvata lugens

Plant-emitted volatiles can change after herbivore attack. Monitoring the change in volatile profiles can offer a non-destructive method for determining plant health. An electronic nose (E-nose) equipped with a headspace sampling unit was used to discriminate between volatile profiles emitted by uninfested rice plants and those emitted by rice plants exposed to different numbers of Nilaparvata lugens adults. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to investigate whether the E-nose was able to distinguish among the different pest treatments. The results indicate that it is possible to separate differently treated rice plants using E-nose signals. The stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) and a 3-layer back-propagation neural network (BPNN) were developed for pattern recognition models. Calculations show that the discrimination rates were over 92.5% for the training data set and 70% for the testing set using SDA. The correlation coefficient between predicted and real numbers of the pest was found to be over 0.78 using BPNN. Moreover, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed the E-nose results. These studies demonstrate that the E-nose technology has clear potential for use as an effective insect monitoring method.     

基于电子鼻系统的番茄苗不同种类损伤的区分效果研究

通过对早疫病病害番茄苗、灰霉病病害番茄苗、机械损伤番茄苗和对照番茄苗的电子鼻响应信号的对比,可以看出不同处理的番茄苗样本电子鼻的响应信号是不同的,表明用电子鼻响应信号对番茄苗不同种类损伤进行预测是可行的.从PCA结果来看,早疫病病害的番茄苗和灰霉病病害的番茄苗能很好区分开,机械损伤的番茄苗和正常处理的番茄苗产生了重叠现象.从LDA结果可知,四种处理番茄苗本能很好的区分,机械损伤番茄苗样本与正常处理的番茄苗样本比较接近,采用LDA的区分效果明显比PCA要好.利用BP神经网络和支持向量机两种识别模式对四种不同损伤番茄苗样本的预测结果,对比预测结果,两种模型都能对样本进行很好的区分.     

用电子鼻鉴别卷烟的方法

用四单元金属氧化物传感器阵列构成电子鼻系统,采用运算复杂度较小的特征提取与模式识别方法实现了三种卷烟的鉴别,并通过一系列比较实验研究了特征提取方法、气室、卷烟样品温度以及载气流量等对识别结果的影响。     

基于电子鼻区分三种致病菌的研究

旨在探讨一种快速检测致病菌的电子鼻方法。本研究利用基于金属氧化物传感器的电子鼻技术检测蜡样芽孢杆菌、单增李斯特菌和缓慢葡萄球菌三种致病菌培养液的挥发性代谢产物,结合化学计量学方法主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)对电子鼻原始数据进行统计学分析。PCA模式识别结果显示该技术能够很好的将三种细菌在培养液中的挥发性代谢产物图谱进行区分,CA分析进一步显示单增李斯特菌与缓慢葡萄球菌的气味指纹图谱比较接近,而蜡样芽孢杆菌的图谱与它们的差异较大。研究表明该电子鼻技术有望在致病菌快速检测上得到更广泛的应用。     

A background elimination method based on wavelet transform in wound infection detection by electronic nose

When mice are used as experimental subjects in the detection of wound infection based on electronic nose (enose), the background, i.e., the smell of the mice themselves, is very strong, and most useful information is buried in it. A new method is proposed to eliminate the background and discriminate wound infection based on a gas sensor array composed of 15 gas sensors. It employs thirteen-scale and the first order Daubechies (db1) wavelet analysis to decompose each signal of the sensor array. Direct multiplication of wavelet transform coefficients at corresponding scales between response signals of the wounded and healthy mice are used to eliminate background smell. The approximation coefficients of which the background had been eliminated are used as the inputs of RBF (Radical Basis Function) network for discrimination. The result shows that this method is effective and practical for background elimination in the detection of wound infection. Besides, this method is also useful in dimensionality reduction.     

Evaluation of peach quality indices using an electronic nose by MLR, QPST and BP network

In this paper, responses of a gas sensor array were employed to establish a quality indices model evaluating the peach quality indices. The relationship between sensor signals and the firmness, the content of sugar (CS) and acidity of “Dabai” peach were developed using multiple linear regressions with stepwise procedure, quadratic polynomial step regression (QPST) and back-propagation network. The results showed that the multiple linear regression model represented good ability in predicting of quality indices, with high correlation coefficients (R² = 0.87 for penetrating force CF; R² = 0.79 for content of sugar CS; R² = 0.81 for pH) and relatively low average percent errors (ERR) (9.66%, 7.68% and 3.6% for CF, CS and pH, respectively). The quadratic polynomial step regression provides an accurate quality indices model, with high correlation (R² = 0.92, 0.87, 0.83 for CF, CS and pH, respectively) between predicted and measured values and a relatively low error (5.47%, 3.45%, 2.57% for CF, CS and pH, respectively) for prediction. The feed-forward neural network also provides an accurate quality indices model with a high correlation (R² = 0.90, 0.81, 0.87 for CF, CS and pH, respectively) between predicted and measured values and a relatively low average percent error (6.39%, 6.21%, 3.13% for CF, CS and pH, respectively) for prediction. These results prove that the electronic nose has the potential of becoming a reliable instrument to assess the peach quality indices.     

电子鼻传感器阵列优化及其在醋的分类中的应用

利用6个TGS系列气敏传感器阵列对醋进行了检测。按照Wilks统计量最小的原则对传感器阵列进行了优化,得到了由4个传感器组成的用于检测醋的种类的最佳传感器阵列。对阵列优化前后的数据,用PCA、LDA进行对比研究,结果表明,优化后的阵列可以更好地对醋鉴别分类。因此,所给出的优化方法是有效的。     

基于电子鼻技术的混合气体检测方法研究

对基于常规单一BP神经网络的电子鼻系统进行改进,提出一种基于Gabor原子神经网络的电子鼻系统,并以3种混合气体为实验对象,进行混合气体的定量分析研究.实验结果表明,应用Gabor原子神经网络的电子鼻系统的最大相对误差与单一BP神经网络相比得到减小,大大提高了定量分析精度.     

电子鼻温度控制系统的设计

针对目前电子鼻中温度控制系统存在的不足,提出了一种使用简便、控制速度快,且精度高的温控系统.系统利用半导体制冷片的快速制热和制冷功能,通过控制制冷片两端的电流方向,同时使用PID控制算法和环境温度补偿方法,实现气室温度控制.通过实验,进一步验证了温度对湿度和传感器的影响.实验结果表明:系统能够达到的控温精度为±0.3℃...     

灰色理论在电子鼻气体定量分析中的应用

将气体传感器阵列与灰色系统理论相结合,设计出用于气体定量分析的电子鼻。根据传感器数列得到的实验数据为基础数据建立了气体定量分析的灰色预测模型GM（1,N）,并通过该模型对气体的体积分数进行了分析。实验证明：灰色系统理论用于气体的定量分析是可行的。     

基于电子鼻的番茄种子不同储藏时间的鉴别研究

采用电子鼻对三种不同年份的番茄种子进行分析.结果表明:利用电子鼻可以很好的区分不同年份的番茄种子;利用主成分分析方法(PCA)基本上可以辨别出不同掺杂比例的种子,但是当掺杂比例为37.5%和50%时,较难利用电子鼻进行辨别区分;利用线性判别分析方法(LDA)可以很好的辨别出不同掺杂比例的番茄种子,并且每个混合种类的区域...     

用电子鼻技术评价烟叶挥发性组分的研究

该文基于电子鼻检测技术和化学计量学方法,研究建立了烟叶挥发性组分的人工智能评价方法,并用于一系列国内主要烟叶原料的评价。结果表明,仅就烟叶挥发性组分而言,新方法可以用来区分同一等级不同产地烤烟型烟叶,可以为烟叶原料建立数据模型库,从而对原料进行质量控制。方法具有无需样品前处理、无污染、分析速度快等特点。     

电子鼻对不同存储时间纯牛奶的检测分析

利用电子鼻系统的气体传感器阵列对牛奶的响应曲线特征值来表示牛奶新鲜度变化,采用SPSS中逐步判别对特征进行优化,分别用最小二乘法和Bayes判别算法分析牛奶新鲜度变化情况。结果表明:逐步判别法能有效地降低数据维数,Bayes判别法和偏最小二乘法相比,把数据分布密度函数加入牛奶新鲜度识别中,提高了电子鼻对牛奶新鲜度的识别的正确率,Bayes判别法能鉴别出存储间隔12 h的商品纯牛奶新鲜度的变化。因此,利用电子鼻和Bayes判别算法是分析牛奶新鲜度的一种有效的手段。     

特征提取及其在电子鼻对可燃液体识别中的应用

利用6只TGS传感器组成的阵列对4种常见的易燃液体和3种不可燃饮料进行测试,并选用4种有代表性的特征提取方法,主元分析法(PCA)、Fisher判别法(FDA)、自组织映射(SOM)、Sammon映射法(Sammon map)作为数据预处理方法,并用3种模式识别方法对预处理后的数据进行识别。结果表明:在各种特征提取方法的处理下,可燃类和不可燃类样本都能被准确地区分,而只有在有导师的特征提取方法才能有效地识别各个可燃液体类子类和不可燃液体类子类的样本类别,最佳的投影维数与各特征提取方法有密切联系,而最优的模式识别方法则与数据的分布有关。     

基于电子鼻技术的不同特征参数提取对番茄苗早疫病病害区分效果影响的研究

电子鼻检测的原始特征的数据量很大,一般在进行降低维数的处理前需要对原始特征进行合理的选择。选用最大值(Max)、全段数据平均值(Mean)、响应曲线最大曲率(kmax)、响应曲线的全段积分值(IV)作为4种不同特征参数对感染早疫病病害的番茄苗进行区分效果研究,结果表明在进行PCA和LDA区分时,利用全段数据平均值和响应曲线的全段积分值作为特征参数的效果较好,其次为最大值方法,最差的是响应曲线最大曲率方法;利用BP神经网络(BPNN)和遗传算法BP神经网络(GABPNN)两种识别模式进行预测时,利用全段数据平均值和响应曲线的全段积分值作为特征参数的训练集和预测集的正确率较好,其次为最大值方法,预测结果最差的是响应曲线最大曲率方法。