蜡模喷射成形尺寸精度研究与喷嘴过渡段模拟

采用三维打印技术(3DP)和液滴按需喷射技术(DOD),以铸造蜡为对象,采用仿真与试验相结合的方法,以喷嘴温度、成形速度、供料压力为研究因素,研究蜡模的打印精度。首先通过正交试验,获得最优工艺参数组合,然后进行喷射模型理论分析,并对压电喷射阀喷嘴处的流体进行仿真分析和喷射试验,了解工艺参数的影响机理。最后制造样件,通过三维扫描获得其尺寸精度,证明了此种工艺制造蜡模的可行性。     

注蜡过程数值模拟蜡料性能的研究

以高分子材料的流动和凝固理论为基础的数值模拟技术是研究熔模铸造过程中蜡模制备的重要方法。通过研究试验测定了蜡料的基本性能参数。首先,应用毛细管流变仪测试了蜡料的流变性能,Cross-WLF粘度模型拟合了粘度模型参数;其次,用Netzsch型差示扫描量热仪对蜡料的热性能进行了分析;最后,用间接热膨胀分析仪测试了蜡料的PVT特性。通过蜡料热性能、流变性能及其熔体可压缩性能的研究,可实现对注蜡成型过程的数值模拟,为提高熔模精密铸造蜡模的尺寸精度以及品质,奠定了理论基础。     

挤出口模的参数化优化

应用有限元分析软件ANSYS中的参数化设计语言APDL,根据L型机头流道参数对挤出口模出口处的速度分布均匀性的影响．以口模出口处型材截面上各区域的平均流速均方差最小为优化目标,建立挤出口模的三维参数化模型,运用ANSYS中的优化工具得出最优结果。     

基于直写式硅胶3D打印柔性材料工艺参数研究

针对目前柔性器件制备工艺繁琐，柔性材料在沉积过程中流动性难以控制等不足，提出了利用直写式硅胶3D打印技术制备柔性器件。利用自主设计构建的直写式硅胶3D打印系统，在基板直接沉积高黏度硅胶，研究喷嘴距基板高度、喷嘴沉积移动速度、层高等工艺参数对硅线线宽、硅线形态的影响规律。结果表明：当打印的工艺参数为喷嘴距基板高度为0.1 mm，喷嘴沉积移动速度为15 mm/s，层高为0.32 mm时，打印器件的结构稳定性能最佳。     

精铸蜡粉激光烧结成型工艺试验研究

研制开发了精铸蜡粉,采用正交试验方法研究了其激光烧结性能和烧结成型工艺,在此基础上得到了激光烧结成型最佳工艺参数,制作了合格的精铸蜡模,并结合精密铸造工艺得到了金属铸件。试验结果表明：自主开发的精铸蜡粉具有良好的烧结成型性能,铸造工艺适应性好,可用于精铸蜡模的快速制造。     

新型复合蜡粉激光烧结成型工艺试验研究

通过不同蜡粉的烧结试验,找出一种符合选区激光烧结的蜡粉原料。针对该新型复合蜡粉,采用正交试验方法研究了其激光烧结性能和烧结成型工艺,在此基础上得到了激光烧结成型最佳工艺参数,制作了合格的精铸蜡模。结果表明:新型复合蜡粉具有良好的烧结成型性能,铸造工艺适应性好,可用于精铸蜡模的快速制造。     

金属熔融三维直写工艺研究

针对现有金属材料增材制造过程中存在的成本高,效率低等问题,提出一种采用常规热源的金属熔融三维直写技术,并在此基础上开发了金属熔融三维直写成形系统。实验以铋锡合金丝材为原料,开展了单道直写成形、单层直写成形和多层直写成形试验,研究了送丝速度、直写速度、喷嘴距平台距离和搭接率等主要直写参数对直写成形质量的影响。结果表明:金属熔融三维直写是一种有效的金属材料增材制造技术,通过优化直写工艺参数可以获得成形质量良好的单层成形和三维成形样件。     

气压式熔融沉积系统丝宽与轮廓补偿研究

介绍了气压式熔融沉积系统的工作原理及工艺特点,提出了挤出丝的截面形状模型,建立了成型过程的数学物理方程,推出了理论丝宽的表达式,测量了AJS系统成型过程中不同温度和压力条件下材料的挤出速率,通过理论计算与实际测量结果的比较,确定了丝宽截面模型。最终根据得到的不同工艺条件下的丝宽值确定了扫描间距和轮廓补偿半径等工艺参数。     

圆筒拉深件形状与厚度变化数值模拟分析

借助Dynaform软件,模拟分析了在不同拉深凹模圆角半径情况下,模具间隙及压边力等工艺参数对直壁圆筒拉深件外形尺寸及侧壁厚度的影响规律,并得到了该拉深件最优的凹模圆角半径参数,其值比经验公式计算结果小。通过进行两个不同凹模圆角半径的对比拉深试验,验证了数值模拟结果相对于经验公式的准确性和科学性,从而为该类零件拉深工艺方案的优化提供参考。     

3D打印机送丝机构和喷嘴协同优化研究

为提高3D打印机出丝的连续性与稳定性，提出送丝机构和喷嘴协同优化方法，克服了已有的打印机喷嘴和送丝机构单独优化而忽略两者之间耦合效应的不足。以喷嘴加热段长度、散热段长度、出口长度、送丝速度为优化参数，以喷嘴截面平均速度和平均温度为优化目标，设计正交试验，进行流体仿真。为快速得到最优方案，基于神经网络与NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行优化分析，结果表明：加热段长度为6 mm、散热段长度为4 mm、出口长度为0.7 mm、送丝速度为4.5 mm/s时，最大喷嘴截面平均速度为78 mm/s，最大平均温度为208.39 ℃，最大平均速度提高2.6%，最大平均温度提高1.22%。以最佳工艺参数组合进行流体仿真验证，结果表明：喷嘴截面平均速度与温度确实明显提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.