A New Method for the Estimation of Mass Functions in?the?Dempster�CShafer��s Evidence Theory: Application to Colour Image Segmentation

In this paper, the problem of colour image segmentation is addressed using the Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory. Examples are provided showing that this theory is able to take into account a large variety of special situations that occur and which are not well solved using classical approaches. Modelling both uncertainty and imprecision, and computing the conflict between images and introducing a priori information are the main features of this theory. Consequently, the performance of such a segmentation scheme is largely conditioned by the appropriate estimation of mass functions in the DS evidence theory. In this paper, a new method of automatically determining the mass function for colour-image segmentation problems is presented. The mass function of each pixel is determined by applying possibilistic c-means (PCM) clustering to the grey levels of the three primitive colours. A reliability criterion, associated with each pixel and the mass functions of its neighbouring pixels, is used into a fuzzy based reasoning system in order to decide on the appropriate segmentation. Experimental segmentation results on medical and textured colour images highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于分等级对象语义图模型的复杂目标自动识别方法研究

目标自动识别是图像处理领域的研究热点。针对现有方法的不足,该文提出一种新的基于分等级对象语义图模型的复杂目标自动识别方法。该方法通过构建分等级对象语义图模型增强对目标与背景间、目标部件间语义约束的利用,引入置信对象网络统计局部特性,利用消息机制传递对象间相互影响,实现概率语义分析。训练中还将产生式和判别式方法结合,提高了目标识别的准确度。在自然和遥感部分目标类别数据集上的测试结果表明,该方法能完成对多种类型和复杂结构目标的识别和提取,具有一定的实用价值。     

基于Word Embedding的遥感影像检测分割

遥感影像检测分割技术通常需提取影像特征并通过深度学习算法挖掘影像的深层特征来实现.然而传统特征（如颜色特征、纹理特征、空间关系特征等）不能充分描述影像语义信息,而单一结构或串联算法无法充分挖掘影像的深层特征和上下文语义信息.针对上述问题,本文通过词嵌入将空间关系特征映射成实数密集向量,与颜色、纹理特征的结合.其次,本文构建基于注意力机制下图卷积网络和独立循环神经网络的遥感影像检测分割并联算法（Attention Graph Convolution Networks and Independently Recurrent Neural Network,ATGIR）.该算法首先通过注意力机制对结合后的特征进行概率权重分配;然后利用图卷积网络（GCNs）算法对高权重的特征进一步挖掘并生成方向标签,同时使用独立循环神经网络（IndRNN）算法挖掘影像特征中的上下文信息,最后用Sigmoid分类器完成影像检测分割任务.以胡杨林遥感影像检测分割任务为例,我们验证了提出的特征提取方法和ATGIR算法能有效提升胡杨林检测分割任务的性能.     

Random Projections Imaging With Extended Space-Bandwidth Product

We propose a novel approach to imaging that is not based on traditional optical imaging architecture. With the new approach, the image is reconstructed and visualized from random projections of the input object. The random projections are implemented within a single exposure by using a random phase mask which can be placed on a lens. For objects that have sparse representation in some known domain (e.g., Fourier or wavelet), the novel imaging systems have larger effective space - bandwidth product than conventional imaging systems. This implies, for example, that more object pixels may be reconstructed and visualized than the number of pixels of the image sensor. We present simulation results on the utility of the new approach. The proposed approach can have broad applications in efficient imaging capture, visualization, and display given ever increasing demands for larger and higher resolution images, faster image communications, and multidimensional image communications such as 3-D TV and display.     

Clausius Normalized Field‐Based Stereo Matching for Uncalibrated Image Sequences

We propose a homology between thermodynamic systems and images for the treatment of time‐varying imagery. A physical system colder than its surroundings absorbs heat from the surroundings. Furthermore, the absorbed heat increases the entropy of the system, which is closely related to its disorder as given by the definition of Clausius and Boltzmann. Because pixels of an image are viewed as a state of lattice‐like molecules in a thermodynamic system, the task of reckoning the entropy variations of pixels is similar to estimating their degrees of disorder. We apply this homology to the uncalibrated stereo matching problem. The absence of calibrations alleviates user efforts to install stereo cameras and enables users to freely modify the composition of the cameras. The proposed method is also robust to differences in brightness, white balancing, and even focusing between stereo image pairs. These peculiarities enable users to estimate the depths of interesting objects in practical applications without much effort in order to set and maintain a stereo vision setup. Users can consequently utilize two webcams as a stereo camera.     

Automatic analysis of the difference image for unsupervised changedetection

One of the main problems related to unsupervised change detection methods based on the “difference image” lies in the lack of efficient automatic techniques for discriminating between changed and unchanged pixels in the difference image. Such discrimination is usually performed by using empirical strategies or manual trial-and-error procedures, which affect both the accuracy and the reliability of the change-detection process. To overcome such drawbacks, in this paper, the authors propose two automatic techniques (based on the Bayes theory) for the analysis of the difference image. One allows an automatic selection of the decision threshold that minimizes the overall change detection error probability under the assumption that pixels in the difference image are independent of one another. The other analyzes the difference image by considering the spatial-contextual information included in the neighborhood of each pixel. In particular, an approach based on Markov Random Fields (MRFs) that exploits interpixel class dependency contexts is presented. Both proposed techniques require the knowledge of the statistical distributions of the changed and unchanged pixels in the difference image. To perform an unsupervised estimation of the statistical terms that characterize these distributions, they propose an iterative method based on the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of both proposed techniques     

Multilevel segmentation of histopathological images using cooccurrence of tissue objects

This paper presents a new approach for unsupervised segmentation of histopathological tissue images. This approach has two main contributions. First, it introduces a new set of high-level texture features to represent the prior knowledge of spatial organization of the tissue components. These texture features are defined on the tissue components, which are approximately represented by tissue objects, and quantify the frequency of two component types being cooccurred in a particular spatial relationship. As they are defined on components, rather than on image pixels, these object cooccurrence features are expected to be less vulnerable to noise and variations that are typically observed at the pixel level of tissue images. Second, it proposes to obtain multiple segmentations by multilevel partitioning of a graph constructed on the tissue objects and combine them by an ensemble function. This multilevel graph partitioning algorithm introduces randomization in graph construction and refinements in its multilevel scheme to increase diversity of individual segmentations, and thus, improve the final result. The experiments on 200 colon tissue images reveal that the proposed approach--the object cooccurrence features together with the multilevel segmentation algorithm--is effective to obtain high-quality results. The experiments also show that it improves the segmentation results compared to the previous approaches.     

一种基于分形编码的图像分割算法

本文提出了一种新的基于分形编码的图像分割算法,其工作原理和实现方法与现有的基于分形编码的图像分割方法完全不同。新算法利用不同尺度间图像块的自相似性,根据编码的结果为不同像素之间定义生成关系,通过选择合适的误差度量使满足生成关系的各像素灰度值足够接近。同时用生成关系导出相似关系,并把图像分割问题转化为求解像素相似关系的等价类问题。在实现中通过求解相似关系关系图的连通分量来求解相似关系的等价类。实验结果表明本文算法可较有效地分割图像,为基于分形编码的图像分割体系提供了新的方法。     

基于混沌序列的数字图像隐藏技术水

为了增强图像隐藏的安全性,文章在传统的数字图像隐藏方法的基础上,结合混沌序列和图像加密技术,提出了一种改进的图像隐藏方法。首先应用混沌系统的产生混沌序列,用混沌序列来替换图像的隐藏参数进行图像隐藏,然后对隐藏的结果图像做进一步处理,包括行列双向异或置乱和图像像素置乱。实验结果表明,该方法具有较好的安全性,较高的加密效率,能够有效抵抗已知明文攻击。     

基于灰度直方图和谱聚类的文本图像二值化方法

在自动文本提取中,经定位获得的字符区域需二值化后方能有效识别,由于背景的复杂,常用的阈值化方法不能有效分割自然环境下的字符图像。该文提出了一种基于谱聚类的图像二值化方法,该方法利用规范化切痕(Normalized cut, Ncut)作为谱聚类测度,结合灰度直方图计算相似性矩阵,并通过实验确定最佳的直方图等级数,与通常基于像素级相似矩阵相比,算法的空间复杂度和计算复杂性都大为降低。实验结果表明,针对自然场景下的字符图像,该文方法的二值化结果优于常用的阈值分割结果。     

基于梯度矢量方向性分析的线裁剪算法

在传统线裁剪(seam carving)算法中梯度矢量的方向性是一个被忽略的因素,该文提出了一种新的基于梯度矢量方向性分析的线裁剪算法。首先利用随机纹理区域内梯度矢量方向散乱的特点,对局部区域的图像梯度矢量进行低通滤波,使算法能够提取更加合理的像素线路;接着又根据像素线路的走向不同,定义两个不同的像素能量函数,给予像素梯度矢量的x, y分量以不同的权值。实验结果图像显示,文中算法不仅可以更好地保护图像边缘等细节,还可以在整体上达到与原图像更加近似的视觉效果。定量分析结果也显示,相比其它算法该文算法在完整性距离和一致性距离两方面都取得了更好结果。     

多尺度马尔科夫随机场在基于高分辨率合成孔径雷达影像的城市地物分类中的应用

本文通过基于多尺度马尔科夫随机场模型的最大似然算法及基于传统马尔科夫随机场势函数的像素间Gabor相似方法,使用迭代条件模型对影像进行分割,使用K均值分类算法对分割后的影像进行分类,选择北京市通州区作为研究区,使用上述方法对多幅该区域的高分辨率合成孔径雷达影像进行了分类,新方法可以实现优于传统算法的分割精度,能够清晰区分建筑物之间的边界。     

Shape preserving local histogram modification

A novel approach for shape preserving contrast enhancement is presented in this paper. Contrast enhancement is achieved by means of a local histogram equalization algorithm which preserves the level-sets of the image. This basic property is violated by common local schemes, thereby introducing spurious objects and modifying the image information. The scheme is based on equalizing the histogram in all the connected components of the image, which are defined based both on the grey-values and spatial relations between pixels in the image, and following mathematical morphology, constitute the basic objects in the scene. We give examples for both grey-value and color images.     

一种基于图划分的人造红外目标实时分割算法

提出一种基于图划分的实时红外目标分割方法．选用规格化划分值作为区分目标和背景的最佳阈值选取的准则．该准则联合考虑了象素的灰度信息及其空间位置信息,因而分割红外目标比常规方法更为准确可靠．文章对该算法的时间复杂性及空间复杂性进行了分析,为满足实时处理的需要,对算法进行了简化处理,并定义四种方向的领域权值矩阵,提出一种快速查表的方法有效地解决了算法的实时性问题．试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地完成红外目标的准确分割,分割性能优干传统的Otsu准则和一维熵方法,同时,采用快速实现算法大大提高了该算法实时处理能力,节省了存储空间,从而使该算法在实际中能得到有效应用．     

Structured representations in a content based image retrieval context

Here, we propose an automatic system to annotate and retrieve images. We assume that regions in an image can be described using a vocabulary of blobs. Blobs are generated from image features using clustering. Features are locally extracted on regions to capture Color, Texture and Shape information. Regions are processed by an efficient segmentation algorithm. Images are structured into a region adjacency graph to consider spatial relationships between regions. This representation is used to perform a similarity search into an image set. Hence, the user can express his need by giving a query image, and thereafter receiving as a result all similar images. Our graph based approach is benchmarked to conventional Bag of Words methods. Results tend to reveal a good behavior in classification of our graph based solution on two publicly available databases. Experiments illustrate that a structural approach requires a smaller vocabulary size to reach its best performance.     

基于多相滤波简化结构的数字正交相干检波

针对传统正交相干检波方法存在镜频抑制比、数据吞吐率小以及硬件设计资源消耗大的不足，提出了一种基于多相滤波和简化加法器图结构的数字正交相干检波方法，此方法在有效改善系统正交相干检波性能的同时，提高了数据吞吐率，节省了系统实现的硬件资源。理论仿真结果和实际工程应用都验证了所提方法的有效性。     

红外运动目标的灰度分层检测算法

为了减少复杂背景下红外序列图像运动目标检测中的漏检与误检,采用了基于灰度分层的瞬时帧差检测算法。该算法根据红外图像的特点,使用自适应门限将当前帧图像分为两层,采用基于区域的像素间差分代替传统的基于空间坐标的像素间差分,通过对高灰度层检测时得到的高置信度的检测结果去引导对低灰度层的检测。实验表明,该算法可对多类多个运动目标进行有效检测,且具有较高的实时性与鲁棒性。     

A site entropy rate and degree centrality based algorithm for image co-segmentation

In this paper, we propose a graph based algorithm that efficiently segments common objects from multiple images. We first generate a number of object proposals from each image. Then, an undirected graph is constructed based on proposal similarities and co-saliency maps. Two different methods are followed to extract the proposals containing common objects. They are: (1) degree centrality of nodes obtained after graph thresholding and (2) site entropy rate of nodes calculated on the stationary distribution of Markov chain constructed on the graph. Finally, we obtain the co-segmented image region by selecting the more salient of the object proposals obtained by the two methods, for each image. Multiple instances of the common object are also segmented efficiently. The proposed method has been compared with many existing co-segmentation methods on three standard co-segmentation datasets. Experimental results show its effectiveness in co-segmentation, with larger IoU values as compared to other co-segmentation methods.     

Colour quantisation technique based on image decomposition and its embedded system implementation

A new colour quantisation (CQ) technique and its corresponding embedded system realisation are introduced. The CQ technique is based on image split into sub-images and the use of Kohonen self-organised neural network classifiers (SONNC). Initially, the dominant colours of each sub-image are extracted through SONNCs and then are used for the quantisation of the colours of the entire image. The proposed CQ technique can use both colour components and spatial features, achieving better approximation of the final image to the spatial characteristics of the original one. In addition, for the estimation of the proper number of dominant image colours, a new algorithm based on the projection of the image colours into the first two principal components is proposed. The image split into sub-images offers reduction of the on-chip memory requirements and is suitable for embedded system (or system-on-chip) implementation of the most time-consuming part of the technique. Applying a systematic design methodology to the developed CQ algorithm, an efficient embedded architecture based on the ARM7 processor achieving high-speed processing and less energy consumption, is derived.