巴西可持续城市机动性政策的实施

巴西联邦政府于2003年设立了城市部并组建"交通和城市机动性国家委员会"(SeMob)负责在全国范围制订和落实"可持续的城市机动性"政策.作为该政策的两位主管官员,对这一政策的产生背景、具体目标和内容、基本原则以及评估和展望作了详细介绍.     

中国城市机动性20年发展的回顾

本文首先分析了城市机动性与城市发展的关系,指出城市机动性的改善是促进城市发展的客观需要.在过去的20多年间我国城市机动性的改善主要是通过超常规的高强度的投入,侧重于物质环境的建设,特别是高等级道路的建设.城市道路交通的物质环境建设取得了很大成就,但城市机动性的改善远未实现预期目标,这在高峰时期表现得尤为突出.本文通过对中国城市机动性20年发展主要特点的回顾,为未来的发展提供借鉴.     

城市机动性与反社会排斥——国外城市无障碍交通规划对策的启示

首先分析城市机动性如何导致社会排斥问题,然后描述当代中国城市（生理性）弱势群体的庞大规模和城市无障碍交通设施供给的薄弱性局面形成的鲜明反差,揭示中国城市无障碍交通规划对策的紧迫性;总结法国,日本和韩国应对城市机动性带来的社会排斥问题的特征,以及在无障碍设计等交通规划方面的经验和对策,在此基础上提出对中国城市反社会排斥的交通规划对策四个方面（交通理念、政策,技术和规划运营管理）的借鉴意义。     

城市机动性--城市研究的新概念框架

对城市中日常出行和交通运输问题的认识,正在摆脱工程师的技术观念束缚,成为社会科学的一项研究内容.社会学、地理学、心理学、经济学等多学科的研究方法催生了一个新的概念:城市机动性.城市的交通出行不仅是一个技术问题,而且是一个社会问题.对这一问题应当通过人们的城市生活方式,在空间中的表现,环境导向认知等方面进行研究.城市机动性的概念促使城市研究学者采用一个更加整体和系统化的方法来对待交通问题:城市交通不能脱离技术条件的支持(交通运输)、城市社会活动的组织(布局结构)、城市居民的日常活动(城市社会活动),空间质量(城市景观)以及城市决策者的管理措施(城市政策).城市机动性因此提供了一个概念性的框架.在此基础上可以发展建立新的概念与认识,如"交互的机动性"和"多类型的机动性"的概念.     

中国城市机动性20年发展的回顾

本文首先分析了城市机动性与城市发展的关系，指出城市机动性的改善是促进城市发展的客观需要。在过去的20多年间我国城市机动性的改善主要是通过超常规的高强度的投入，侧重于物质环境的建设，特别是高等级道路的建设。城市道路交通的物质环境建设取得了很大成就，但城市机动性的改善远未实现预期目标，这在高峰时期表现得尤为突出。本文通过对中国城市机动性20年发展主要特点的回顾，为未来的发展提供借鉴。     

运动中的城市:城市规划研究的新视野--法国动态城市基金会及其城市机动性研究

城市化和城市机动性的加强已经成为当代社会发展演变的两个主要特征.运动已经成为城市发展的前提条件,是社会个体实现个人生活价值的根本要素.在越来越城市化的当代社会,经济增长与物资的流动、文化发展与人员的流动变得不可分离.这就要求我们改变对城市的传统认识,从运动中重新认识我们的城市.在这一背景下,2001年成立于巴黎的法国动态城市基金会致力于推动城市机动性的研究,并围绕三个基本研究方向制定项目计划,在全球范围积极促进城市间的合作.该文首先简要概述基金会成立的背景,随后介绍它的研究内容和主要成果,最后说明基金会与中国城市之间的合作前景.     

离散城市中机动性和城市性的整合

城市扩展,人口增加,交通速度越来越快,当前的城市化进程彻底改变了大都市的空间结构.传统欧洲城市的空间连续性消失了,取而代之的是被称为"群岛城市"的离散的城市碎片.本文对小汽车在城市交通中的主导地位提出质疑,在中欧城市比较的框架内,介绍一些尝试整合机动性和城市性的具有创新方案.     

促进机动化与城市化和谐发展初探

介绍了提高机动性的作用,进而论述了提高机动性带来的城市生活问题,最后提出促进城市生活和机动性和谐相处的途径,以促进机动化和城市生活和谐发展。     

日常交通出行时间管理悖论

第一部分介绍扎哈维假设,随后指出城市交通出行时间预算管理假设的悖论;鉴于在低密度城市中,交通出行速度的加快导致机动性提高,第二部分将就城市密度对城市交通的影响(特别是对中等密度城市的交通影响)进行分析.最后,对中国的城市发展提一些想法.     

机动性:梦想、手段、问题——1960-2008年法国的机动性、机动性政策及研究简史

1960年以来,法国机动性发生了巨大变化.每人出行里程的增加值数倍干1950年之前所观测的增长数.这些变化聚焦于人们的出行行为,并通过调查可以观察得到,同时,这些变化也致力阐明演变机制中的个人意愿和责任.另一方面,聚焦于个人行为并不意味着人们是这一变化的主要决定者.政治立场、社会代表性,与城市化节奏相关的需求、投资政策等等,对形成今天的机动性都起到了关键作用.本文将所谓的"需求方"和"供给方"整合于同一视角,我们将首先描述1960年和2000年机动性系统的统计特征,然后将其划分为三个时期.针对每一个时期,集中讨论三个问题:居民的观念和需求、决策者对形势的理解、机动性领域向研究者提出的问题.然后我们聚焦于法兰西岛地区,一个拥有1 200万人口的大都市区域.     

Willingness for different job mobility types and wage expectations: An empirical analysis based on the online resumes

In this paper, we study different determinants of the intentions of multi-dimensional job mobility and potential consequences on the expected wage, allowing for multiple types of moves, including location, industry, and occupation, and different combinations of these three dimensions. Our results confirm that the same observable characteristics can lead to different or even completely opposite effects on job mobility intentions. To be specific, on-the-job seekers (compared to unemployed ones) and job seekers with management positions in their last jobs both have a higher willingness to change job locations, but they are less willing to change industries and occupations. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the relationship between job mobility and wage expectations highly depends on the combinations of different mobility dimensions. Specifically, potential geographic mobility positively impacts wage expectations, with an increase of the expected wage by 6.3%. However, changing industry, occupation, or both results in a lower expected wage by 3.7%, 1.6%, and 11%, respectively. The wage expectation of the “All change” group does not significantly differ from the cohort of non-movers (i.e., “No change”), implying that geographic moves could only partially offset the adverse effects of switching both occupation and industry.     

城市流动性的量化与诊断——基于网络地图数据和可达性模型的方法研究

城市流动性问题的科学诊断能够帮助城市规划在解决城市问题特别是交通问题时更好地对症下药。现有的针对城市可达性或流动性的模型由于受到数据来源和运算条件的限制,更多停留在静态分析和局部分析的层面,缺乏对城市整体流动性的量化描述。研究利用互联网数据和算法程序,提出了覆盖城市所有节点两两之间可达关系的城市流动性标准模型,并在此基础上建立以城市中心、最近商业中心、最近公园以及对外交通设施节点为参照的参照系模型。最后以上海市中心城区为例,运用参照系模型和网络地图数据对城市的整体流动性以及其空间布局情况进行了分析诊断,揭示了上海中心城区在整体可达性上存在的内高外低、东西差异、指状放射等结构特征,并指出了流动性需要改进的主要节点。     

A Framework for Reimagining Indigenous Mobility and Homelessness

This article reports on the findings of a national study on housing responses to Indigenous temporary mobility. Drawing on policy analysis and interviews with Indigenous users and service providers, it argues Indigenous temporary mobility is a largely overlooked area of housing need. Its invisibility is partly explained by its status as a form of Indigenous endosociality whose motives and forms are largely opaque to mainstream services. However, it also arises because of the difficulty of unravelling the relationship between culturally sanctioned temporary mobility, resistance to engagement with mainstream services and involuntary responses to housing exclusion. Lack of attention to the nexus between temporary mobility and homelessness represents a missed opportunity to improve the housing outcomes of this hard to serve population. The article proposes a framework for distinguishing different mobility groups as a first step towards improving early intervention and prevention of Indigenous homelessness.     

Toward a Richer Picture of the Mobility Needs of Older Americans

Problem, research strategy, and findings: People older than 65 are the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population, yet our cities and transportation systems are not age friendly. Low-income, minority, older adults residing in inner-city neighborhoods are largely transit dependent, rely significantly on walking for transportation, and thus have particular mobility needs. We used a mixed-methods approach that drew information from the California Household Travel Survey but also from direct interaction (through focus groups, interviews, and neighborhood walking audits) with 81 low-income, inner city–living older adults to understand their travel patterns and mobility challenges and needs. We find that despite some positive mobility indicators in the inner city (mixed-use environment, frequent bus service, and short travel distances), these elders face significant mobility challenges because of a deteriorated built environment, heavy traffic, homelessness, and crime. A limitation of this research is that the small sample did not allow the study of possible gender or race/ethnicity differentiation in the travel patterns and needs of older adults.

Takeaway for practice: Planners should not rely only on information from the census and other aggregate data sources to understand the mobility needs of older adults but should complement this information with direct interaction with the communities for which they are planning. Although some social problems limiting the mobility of older adults are difficult to tackle, environmental and streetscape improvements can significantly enhance their mobility.     

中国城市机动性与社会排斥

尝试运用社会排斥理论研究中国城市交通的社会公平问题,认为在当今快速城市化和机动化的中国,机动性与社会排斥既表现出某些与西方国家相似的现象,更呈现出转型社会(即从计划经济向市场经济转型)所具有的特点。分析了由机动化所产生的社会排斥的机制和过程,以及由此造成的社会后果,并提出反排斥的交通政策。     

建筑劳务工人职业流动的影响因素:基于上海市数据的分析

目前我国建筑业劳务工人职业流动过于频繁,这一现象对建筑工程质量和安全、劳务工人利益保障及技术水平提升等方面均存在重大影响。针对这一问题,通过结构化的问卷实地调研建筑劳务工人的职业流动历史、对行业内流动行为的感知以及未来流动意愿的情况,分析了劳务工人职业流动频率及其影响因素。研究发现:建筑业职业流动率介于 30%~45%之间,职业流动过于频繁;薪酬水平和社会关系是影响劳务工人职业流动的最主要因素;不同的社会关系造成的信任程度会影响劳务工人职业流动的选择;劳务工人选择职业流动时薪酬变动的心理阈值为现有薪酬水平的 10%~15%之间。基于以上发现,提出了相应的对策建议。     

Following People Through Time: An Analysis of Individual Residential Mobility Biographies

The life course framework guides us towards investigating how dynamic life course careers affect residential mobility decision-making and behaviour throughout long periods of individual lifetimes. However, most longitudinal studies linking mobility decision-making to subsequent moving behaviour focus only on year-to-year transitions. This study moves beyond this snapshot approach by analysing the long-term sequencing of moving desires and mobility behaviour within individual lives. Using novel techniques to visualise the desire–mobility sequences of British Household Panel Survey respondents, the study demonstrates that revealing the meanings and significance of particular transitions in moving desires and mobility behaviour requires these transitions to be arranged into mobility biographies. The results highlight the oft-neglected importance of residential stability over the life course, uncovering groups of individuals persistently unable to act in accordance with their moving desires.     

噪声的关联对周期势中运动粒子迁移率的影响

推导出在一定条件下一维周期势中受关联的加性和乘性白噪声驱动的粒子迁移率公式。通过对一个具体模型的计算，表明由于噪声之间存在关联，余弦势中运动粒子的迁移率增大。