A neural networks approach for forecasting the supplier’s bid prices in supplier selection negotiation process

Supplier selection negotiation is a sophisticated and challenged job due to the diversity of intellectual backgrounds of the negotiating parties, the many variables involved in supply–demand relationship, the complex interactions and the inadequate negotiation knowledge of project participants. To do the job well, it is necessary to develop an intelligent system for negotiation support in supplier selection process. Therefore, an artificial neural network-based predictive model with application for forecasting the supplier’s bid prices in supplier selection negotiation process (SSNP) is developed in this paper. By means of the model, demander can foresee the relationship between its alternative bids and corresponding supplier’s next bid prices in advance. The purpose of this paper is applying the model’s forecast ability to provide negotiation supports or recommendations for demander in deciding the better current bid price to decrease meaningless negotiation times, reduce procurement cost, improve negotiation efficiency or shorten supplier selection lead-time in SSNP.     

MTO型供应链的价格/交货期协商支持模型

针对MTO(make-to-order)供应链环境下制造商与供应商的多个订单的价格/交货期协商问题，基于供应链伙伴间关系是竞争性合作的特点，提出一种新的两阶段协商议程．在合作性协商阶段，中介者利用模拟退火算法帮助制造商和供应商寻找最小化供应链总成本的交货期预协议点；制造商和供应商在此基础上基于整合效用的思想调整价格议题的保留值和期望值．在竞争性协商阶段双方逐步让步，就价格达成协议．实验表明，该协商议程能够获得近似最优的社会福利，达成对协商人双赢的方案．该协商议程能够有效应用于供应链协调和B2B在线市场．     

An integrated retail space allocation and lot sizing models under vendor managed inventory and consignment stock arrangements

In this paper, we develop integrated retail shelf space allocation and inventory models for a single item with a stock dependent demand. The integrated models are developed for a supply chain operating under vendor-managed inventory (VMI) and consignment stock (CS) agreement. More precisely, the supplier is responsible for initiating orders on behalf of the retailer and decides about the size of each order, the quantity to be displayed on the shelves, and the reorder point. In addition, the supplier owns the stock at the retailer’s premises until it is sold. We develop mathematical models to assess the benefits accrued by both parties as a result of the adoption of VMI–CS partnership. Results from the numerical experimental study show that such partnership is more attractive to all supply chain members when the retailer provides a flexible display capacity. Moreover, the supplier can use his/her selling price and the maximum allocated shelf space as negotiation means to benefit from the partnership.     

Structured methodology for supplier selection and evaluation in a supply chain

Supply chain management (SCM) is one of the most important competitive strategies used by modern enterprises. The main aim of supply chain management is to integrate various suppliers to satisfy market demand. Meanwhile, supplier selection and evaluation plays an important role in establishing an effective supply chain. Traditional supplier selection and evaluation methods focus on the requirements of single enterprises, and fail to consider the entire supply chain. Therefore, this study proposes a structured methodology for supplier selection and evaluation based on the supply chain integration architecture.In developing the methodology for supplier selection and evaluation in a supply chain, enterprise competitive strategy is first identified using strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT) analysis. Based on the competitive strategy, the criteria and indicators of supplier selection are chosen to establish the supplier selection framework. Subsequently, potential suppliers are screened through data envelopment analysis (DEA). Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), a multi-attribute decision-making (MADA) method is adapted to rank potential suppliers. Finally, the Taiwanese textile industry is used to illustrate the application and feasibility of the proposed methodology.This study facilitates the improvement of collaborator relationships and the management of potential suppliers to help increase product development capability and quality, reduce product lifecycle time and cost, and thus increase product marketability.     

基于Multi-Agent的供应链系统模型及其仿真

针对具有复杂自适应特征的供应链系统,设计了一个基于multi-agent的制造业供应链系统仿真模型.该模型分别从企业主体层和业务流程层构建供应链系统的agent模型,通过各独立ageIlt之间的来实现系统从接到客户订单到交付产品的整个过程.通过将任务分解并引入合同网模型来建立制造商与供应商之间的高效协商机制.通过在swarm平台上的系统仿真实验表明,该模型可较好的反映供应链内部的运行状况,并有良好的测试效果和稳定性.     

供应商一级密封报价博弈模型研究

在一个复杂的供应链系统中,由于供应商之间信息保密,那么供应商之间将会出现不完全信息竞争博弈。基于一级密封拍卖方式与供应链中供应商的投标报价的相似性,利用一级密封拍卖模型对供应商的竞争报价进行了研究,建立了供应商报价博弈模型,得到供应商的最优报价策略,定量地解决了报价中的信息不完全的问题,为供应商的报价决策提供参考。     

基于多Agent供应链协同的自适应协商方法

在供应链协同过程中常出现价格、数量、交货时间等冲突,若不及时消解会影响供应链的整体利益。为有效化解供应链协同冲突,弥补传统协商缺点,提出一种基于多Agent的自适应协商方法。该方法以二级供应链,即制造商和供应商的订货为研究对象,使用多Agent供应链协同作为约束条件,采用案例推理为主要协商算法,引入灰色关联度到案例集与目标案例相似度中,将遗传算法应用于相似案例议题权重的优化中。通过算例验证该方法可简化案例相似度的计算,提高解决冲突的效率,并加强自适应性,为消解冲突提供最优决策。     

制造业供应链产销协同计划冲突协商模型

面对市场竞争日益剧烈和客户需求多样化的趋势,制造业供应链的制造商和经销商努力实现产销协同计划。然而在产销协同计划中时常出现冲突,及时有效消解冲突,能提高整个供应链的协作效率,改善供应链上企业间的合作关系;反之,会降低供应链的运作效率,削弱供应链的竞争力。针对这类冲突问题,引入让步协商策略,在有限信息共享条件下,建立供应链产销协同计划冲突协商模型;设计具有历史提议回顾特点的协商流程;通过文化基因算法,产生反提议生成策略;通过算例验证文化基因算法及冲突协商模型的有效性。     

Vertical collaboration in the semiconductor industry: A decision framework for supply chain relationships

Vertical collaboration problem focuses on integrating and modeling the decision problems of the suppliers and buyers together with the market intermediary by identifying the inefficiencies in the traditional marketplace and aligning the incentives of members in the e-marketplace. The present work develops and solves real life e-marketplace models for complex buyers–suppliers procurement problems by estimating the order quantities in the collaborated supply chain. The newsvendor framework considers demand to be independent of the selling price as is generally the case in the semiconductor industry supply chain dealing with techno-savvy customers. The vertical collaboration process would be more effective if the length of the planning horizon and order size is considered as a negotiation parameter between the buyer and supplier. It is observed that the supplier’s expected profit function increases with the buyers’ ordering quantity, which is important in characterizing the general structure of the collaboration scheme of the supply chain.     

两层物资配送中心车辆调度问题研究

在分析物流配送物资问题的基础上,提出一种基于两层物流配送中心的物资配送方法。供应方在配送物资时需经过两层配送中心到达需求方,否则将予以惩罚。在建立供应方、两层物流配送中心及需求方四层物流网络模型的基础上,采用Dijkstra算法求出从各供应点到各需求点的最短运输距离并将其转化在供需平衡表中,采用表上作业法和节约里程法相结合的算法求解四层物流网络模型。结合算例计算验证,该算法在保证运输总费用最少的同时可有效地减少配送过程中车辆调度的次数。     

基于博弈分析的电子商务自动协商系统

为提高基于拍卖机制的电子商务自动协商系统效率，该文以非合作博弈论为基础提出了基于博弈分析的自动协商Agent模型及基于拍卖机制和博弈分析的自动投标协商算法，实现了一个基于拍卖机制和博弈分析的电子商务自动协商原型系统，并应用在一个企业敏捷供应链管理系统中实现自动协商交易。     

A multi-agent system model for supply chains with lateral preventive transshipments: Application in a multi-national automotive supply chain

In this study, a multi-agent system model is developed to observe the effects of ordering parameters on a supply chain with lateral preventive transshipments. The proposed model involves ordering and premium freight bidding processes of the agents. The model is implemented to a multi-national supply chain considering both supply and demand side uncertainties. Effects of safety stock and supplier flexibility levels on performance are examined by simulation from both agent and system-wide perspective. The results reveal the viability of the proposed model.     

VMI下价格补贴机制协调模型研究

以零售商和供应商组成的供应商管理库存(VMI)供应链系统为研究对象,考虑随机需求下VMI系统中可能存在滞销成本和缺货惩罚,建立传统、Stackelberg博弈、相同权力Nash协商、不同权力Nash协商的4种价格补贴机制的协调模型。通过数值分析得出:价格补贴机制下传统的VMI协调的不合理性;Stackelberg博弈的VMI协调达不到集成供应链整体收益,但可使零售商和供应商收益得到改善;相同权力和不同权力的Nash协商均能完美协调分散式VMI,零售商与供应商各自增加的收益在协商权力相同时是相等的,在协商权力不同时与自身协商权力正相关。     

一种劝说式多Agent供应链协商模型研究

好的协商模型对提高供应链协商效率有着重要的意义。提出了一种基于劝说式的多Agent供应链协商模型。对供应链协商模型框架和协商Agent的状态信息进行了形式化的定义,阐述了协商中的劝说方法、让步原则和提议交互过程。实践表明利用该模型建立起供应链协商支持系统能提高供应链伙伴协商效率和协商成功率。     

Commitment decisions with demand information updating and a capital‐constrained supplier

In this paper, we study a single two‐echelon supply chain with a capital‐constrained supplier (manufacturer) and a retailer. The supply chain faces a stochastic demand. As the production lead time is long, the market demand is updated during the supplier's production lead time. The supplier needs to determine the production quantity based on the original demand forecast, and the retailer needs to determine the time and quantity to order. The retailer can place an order before the supplier's production (preorder) or after the supplier's production (regular order). We prove the existence of optimal equilibrium solutions under both preorder and regular order strategies. We analytically investigate the order strategies for the supply chain agents under perfect and worthless market information updating. Moreover, we numerically analyze the impact of the information updating quality on the order strategy selection, and the effect of exogenous shocks on the supply chain agents.     

A genetic algorithm based method for bidding strategy coordination in energy and spinning reserve markets

The problem of building optimally coordinated bidding strategies for competitive suppliers in energy and spinning reserve markets is addressed based on the Monte Carlo simulation and a refined genetic algorithm (RGA). It is assumed that each supplier bids a linear energy supply function and a linear spinning reserve supply function into the energy and spinning reserve markets, respectively, and the two markets are dispatched separately to minimize customer payments. Each supplier chooses the coefficients in the linear energy and spinning reserve supply functions to maximize total benefits, subject to expectations about how rival suppliers will bid. A stochastic optimization model is first developed to describe this problem and a Monte Carlo and genetic algorithm based method is then presented to solve it. A numerical example is utilized to illustrate the essential features of the method.     

Impact of demand correlation and information sharing in a capacity constrained supply chain with multiple-retailers

This paper considers a single product, two-echelon capacity constrained supply chain consisting of a supplier and two retailers facing correlated end-item demand. We use a decentralized Markov decision process with restricted observations to represent this system and conduct a numerical study to quantify the benefits of information sharing to the retailers under varying levels of supplier capacity and supply allocation mechanisms. Our results show an inverse relationship between capacity and information and indicate the retailers can achieve significant benefits as a result of the information sharing partnership.     

Coordinated ordering decisions for products with short lifecycle and variable selling price

The supplier–buyer coordination is an important policy in the supply chain management. The buyer in the two-echelon inventory system with regular selling season has to face the uncertainty of customer demand, supplier’s delivery time and variable price change. At the same time, the supplier has to consider the inventory holding and delay cost. The objective of this study is to develop an integrated supply chain strategy for products with short lifecycle and variable selling price to entice cooperation. The strategy must provide a win–win situation for both the supplier and the buyer. A numerical case example, sensitivity analysis and compensation mechanism are given to illustrate the model.     

供应商竞争关系下的第三方物流融资及物流服务决策

研究第三方物流企业（3PL）在处于竞争关系中的供应商面临资金约束时的融资策略选择问题。考虑由两个竞争关系的供应商和一个零售商构成的两级供应链,3PL企业为供应链提供代采购、物流及融资服务,分别考虑在代采购中向供应商提供融资能够获得价格折扣和代采购中考虑额外资金成本情况下,3PL融资意愿选择,向供应商提供（不提供）融资。建立3PL、供应商和零售商在不同情况下的收益模型,并给出供应商和零售商的最优定价,以及3PL的最优物流服务收费决策,通过比较融资前后各个企业的收益分析3PL参与供应链融资的积极作用。研究发现3PL向处于竞争环境下的资金短缺供应商提供融资能够增加3PL、零售商和供应链整体的收益,且3PL更愿意在考虑自身资金成本的情况下向供应商提供融资,并且供应商之间竞争越激烈,3PL和零售商的获益越大。     

Determination and exchange of supply information for co-operation in complex production networks

Today's manufacturing industry is characterised by strong interdependencies between companies operating in globally distributed production networks. The operation of such value-added chains has been enabled by recent developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) and computer networking. To gain competitive advantages and efficiency improvements such as reduced inventory and higher delivery reliability, companies are introducing information exchange systems that communicate demand to suppliers and production progress information to customers in the network. This article proposes a system that supports co-operation in complex production networks by enabling companies to determine and exchange supply information with their customers. The requirements for such a system are analysed and it is embedded in a framework of supply chain management business processes. The system facilitates the determination and exchange of meaningful, reliable and up-to-date order status information from the supplier to the customer. Based on comparing the progress of an internal production order with a pre-defined milestone model for each product, the status of the customer order is determined and—in case of lateness—communicated to the customer together with an early warning. To demonstrate the developed supply information concepts and processes, the business process is implemented as a pilot system and evaluated by the user companies participating in the 5th Framework IST project Co-OPERATE.