UHMWPE基水润滑轴承摩擦及润滑特性的试验研究

针对纤维填料改性UHMWPE水润滑轴承的摩擦磨损性能进行研究。在平面摩擦磨损试验机上对玻璃纤维及碳纤维填料对UHMWPE复合材料摩擦性能进行试验,并分析GF-CF-UHMWPE材料与Thordon SXL材料在干摩擦、水润滑工况下的摩擦因数及磨损量。最后,采用径向水润滑轴承试验台对比研究了GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承和Thordon SXL轴承在不同载荷下摩擦因数随转速的变化规律。结果表明:纤维填料能显著增强UHMWPE的减摩性和耐磨性,GF-CF-UHMWPE材料具有更好的耐温性能,线性热膨胀系数也显著减小;GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承具有相同载荷下启动转速低,启动摩擦因数小的特性。     

UHMWPE基水润滑尾轴承润滑特性仿真及试验研究

针对UHMWPE基高分子复合材料水润滑轴承的润滑特性开展研究。采用双向流固耦合算法研究弹性模量和泊松比等材料参数以及转速、负载等工况参数对水润滑轴承偏心率、最大水膜压力、轴承最大变形量、最小水膜厚度、摩擦因数等润滑特性的影响。基于改性UHMWPE高分子复合材料轴承的试验,验证了仿真方法的正确性。研究表明:计入弹性变形的流固耦合算法在研究高分子复合材料轴承性能方面具有更高的精度;随轴瓦材料弹性模量和泊松比的增大,轴承承载力逐渐增大、弹性变形量逐渐减小;随负载增大,轴承最大水膜压力和最大变形量基本呈线性增长;随转速增大,轴承最大水膜压力和轴承最大变形量显著减小;对于高分子复合材料轴承,低速、重载工况下不计入弹性变形的算法误差更大。     

Load-carrying capability of water-lubricated ceramic journal bearings

The possibilities of using advanced ceramics in water-lubricated journal bearings were studied by performing tests on journal bearings lubricated with water. The materials studied were two aluminas (Al₂O₃), a zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), a partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), a sintered silicon carbide (SiC), a reaction-bonded silicon carbide (SiSiC) and a β′-sialon. From the present study it can be concluded that water-lubricated journal bearings utilizing silicon carbide against itself offer good performance. Moderate performance can be achieved with an all-alumina sliding pair, provided that the loads remain low and that a high surface quality can be ensured.     

内反馈水润滑高速动静压轴承的应用

针对水润滑高速动静压轴承承载力和刚度下降的问题,根据水润滑条件下,以静压承载为主的特点,在进行水润滑高速动静压轴承结构设计时,引入内反馈。通过数值模拟,证明在主承载区结构参数相同的情况下,采用内反馈后水润滑高速动静压轴承的承载力和刚度得到提高。试验表明,该设计方案对于提高水润滑高速动静压轴承的承载力和刚度效果明显。     

An experimental investigation on frictional behavior of statically loaded micro-grooved journal bearing

Performances of plain and micro-grooved engine journal bearings were investigated in this study. Numerous experiments were performed under different static loads by using the purpose-built journal bearing test rig. Micro-grooves were made by cutting micro-channels both around and across the engine journal bearing surfaces. Stribeck curves for the micro-grooved and the plain journal bearings were then experimentally and theoretically generated while frictional torque versus angular velocity curves were also plotted. The results showed that the highest value of coefficient of friction as well as the frictional torque was obtained on the transversal micro-grooved journal bearings.     

An experimental investigation on frictional behavior of statically loaded micro-grooved journal bearing

Performances of plain and micro-grooved engine journal bearings were investigated in this study. Numerous experiments were performed under different static loads by using the purpose-built journal bearing test rig. Micro-grooves were made by cutting micro-channels both around and across the engine journal bearing surfaces. Stribeck curves for the micro-grooved and the plain journal bearings were then experimentally and theoretically generated while frictional torque versus angular velocity curves were also plotted. The results showed that the highest value of coefficient of friction as well as the frictional torque was obtained on the transversal micro-grooved journal bearings.     

Effects of Thermal Boundary Conditions on Plain Journal Bearing Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication

The thermal boundary conditions (TBCs) play an important role in determining the temperature field of plain journal bearings. Well-chosen TBCs are beneficial in obtaining reliable results corresponding to actual operating conditions. In this article, a thermohydrodynamic (THD) model of plain journal bearings is proposed by taking mass-conserving cavitation into account. The three-dimensional energy equation and heat conduction equations in the solids are solved simultaneously. A comprehensive analysis is provided to examine the influence of the TBCs on the THD solution of plain journal bearings.     

立式水润滑可倾瓦轴承-转子试验台设计*

第三代压水堆核电站中广泛采用的立式水润滑轴承技术是制约我国核电发展的关键点之一,因此建立立式轴承试验台进行相关试验有重要的工程价值。提出一种包含加载激励约束系统、供水密封系统、测量系统的立式水润滑可倾瓦轴承试验台设计方案;通过比较卧式轴承试验台和立式轴承试验台在加载时对于轴承约束的不同,给出适合立式轴承试验台的浮动轴承约束机构方案;按照相似准则对AP1000核主泵立式水润滑可倾瓦轴承进行缩比设计,在满足Summerfeld数、宽径比和间隙比要求的条件下,设计出适合试验研究的轴承试件。试验结果显示：研制的立式四瓦可倾瓦水润滑轴承试验台,能够实现试验轴承在不同转速和加载、激励工况下瓦面温度、供水压力、静载荷、水膜脉动压力、转轴涡动等的测量,运转状态稳定,可以满足立式水润滑可倾瓦轴承动静特性的研究要求。     

水润滑动静压轴承三维压力及温度场分布理论研究

以4腔、毛细节流形式下的深腔动静压轴承为研究对象,采用有限差分数值方法求解了广义雷诺方程,该过程考虑了紊流、粘度和密度随压力及温度变化的影响。研究得到了在水介质润滑下的动静压轴承三维压力分布、温度场分布及动特性系数。结果表明在高速高压水润滑条件下的动静压轴承表现出了与粘度较大的油润滑条件下不同的液腔压力分布、温度分布等特性。水润滑轴承第3和第4个液腔压力较大,第1个液腔主要用来增加其稳定性,而同等条件下的油润滑轴承第2和第3个油腔压力较大,第4个液腔增加其稳定性。相比油润滑轴承,水润滑轴承温升较高,因此对于低粘度介质润滑下的轴承性能研究需要考虑温升影响。     

具备温度感知的船用智能水润滑尾轴承设计及性能验证

提出了一种船用智能水润滑尾轴承的创新设计方法,以此辅助船舶尾轴系统在苛刻环境下的运行状态监测与性能预测。基于微型嵌入式自供电监测系统和水润滑轴承结构与材料设计,实时采集与分析船舶航行中水润滑轴承的关键性能参数,实现其运行状态辨识、评估与寿命预测。以苛刻工况下轴承内部温度变化特性及其表征为例,利用CBZ-1摩擦磨损试验机进行智能水润滑尾轴承设计方案的可行性验证。试验结果表明,轴承内部温度可以很好地反映其润滑与工作状态,常温水润滑条件下,其初期升温速度为0.1~0.4 ℃/min、末期升温速度为0~0.01 ℃/min、平稳运行时温度为29~33 ℃,而在干摩擦条件下,以上三项数据分别为0.6~1.4 ℃/min、0.03~0.25 ℃/min、36~45 ℃。不同润滑状态下的巨大差异使得通过温度判断轴承润滑状态成为可能,温度监测的实现将大大提高水润滑轴承的可靠性。     

考虑粗糙度时不同衬层材料水润滑轴承润滑特性比较*

以水润滑轴承为研究对象,考虑表面粗糙度的影响,针对丁腈橡胶（NBR）、赛龙、飞龙、超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)4种新型非金属衬层材料建立润滑数学模型,并推导水膜厚度方程;采用有限差分法,研究考虑实际表面粗糙度时4种新型衬层材料的衬层变形、水膜厚度和水膜压力的变化规律,分析最大水膜压力和承载力随转速的变化,并与表面光滑轴承进行对比。结果表明：考虑表面粗糙度时水润滑轴承的衬层变形和水膜厚度均呈波状分布,衬层变形减小,最小水膜厚度变薄,而水膜压力有轻微的局部突变,最大水膜压力增大,承载力下降;4种材料的变形量和最小水膜厚度由大到小均依次是NBR、赛龙、飞龙、UHMWPE,水膜压力由大到小依次是UHMWPE、飞龙、赛龙、NBR。在相同工况下,NBR衬层材料比其他3种衬层材料相对容易形成润滑水膜,而UHMWPE衬层材料可以保证系统承受较大的承载力。研究结果对水润滑轴承材料选型和加工装配有一定的参考意义。     

水润滑塑料合金轴承的弹流润滑分析

建立水润滑塑料合金轴承的数学模型,对水润滑条件下塑料合金轴承的弹流润滑问题进行数值模拟,讨论转速和载荷对水润滑膜压力和膜厚的影响。结果表明:在水润滑条件下,转速对水润滑膜的压力影响不明显,而膜厚及最小膜厚随转速的增大而明显增大;随载荷的增大,压力峰值有明显增大,而在入口区压力随载荷增大而减小,膜厚及最小膜厚随载荷增大而减小。     

沟槽结构对水润滑轴承润滑特性影响机制

为了研究沟槽结构对船用水润滑轴承润滑特性的影响机制，采用有限元法，通过对简化后的椭圆形沟槽的二维模型进行流体动力学CFD分析，从迹线以及涡流等方面分析沟槽结构参数对沟槽内部流体特征的影响，得到不同状态下沟槽内部的压力轮廓，并分析沟槽结构参数对水润滑轴承摩擦因数的影响和轴承的润滑机制。结果表明：沟槽的大小影响轴承间隙内流体的流通面积，沟槽的结构特征影响沟槽内的流体黏度。研究结果可为水润滑轴承优化设计提供参考。     

Dynamic characteristics of spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings for ultra-precision machine tools

A key component of ultra-precision machine tools is the spindle. The motivation for this study was to improve machining accuracies in precision cutting and grinding by pursuing improvements in the spindle characteristics by designing a sophisticated spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings. The static bearing stiffness of the developed spindle was investigated in previous studies. In addition to the static bearing stiffness, the dynamic characteristics regarding bearing stiffness also affect significantly on the machining results. In this study, dynamic characteristics of the developed spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were investigated via simulations and experiments. Not only bearing dynamics but also rotor dynamics were considered in this study.In the simulation studies, the spindle dynamic characteristics were analysed based on the transfer matrix method. A spindle rotor supported with hydrostatic bearings was represented by discrete sections of the rotor. The mathematical model of transverse linear vibrations of the spindle rotor was derived with distributed parameters for these discretized rotor sections. As a result of the analysis on the amplitude-frequency characteristic, radial displacements of the rotor due to bearing displacement and bending deformation were defined. Then, the frequency characteristics were represented with Nyquist plots. Resonant frequencies and amplitudes formation in the transverse vibration of the rotor were determined. The influence of rotor bending deformations on spindle compliance was assessed. Furthermore, the study examined the influences of the supply pressure of the lubricating fluid, radial clearance and journal diameter of the hydrostatic bearings on the amplitude of the rotor vibration, and the resonance frequency of the system.Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics of the spindle were examined experimentally. The simulation results were in good agreement with the actual spindle dynamics obtained experimentally. The influence of the structural parameters of the rotor and the operating parameters of the bearings on the spindle dynamic characteristics was also determined. It was verified that the amplitude of the vibration of the rotor overhang part was dominantly affected not by bearing stiffness but by bending stiffness of the bearing journal of the front bearing and the length of the rotor overhang.Then it was verified that the resultant displacement of the rotor in the radial direction due to the influence of the bearing characteristics and the structural effect of the rotor is significantly small. Practical recommendations to improve the spindle design in terms of the dynamic characteristics of the spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were also derived.     

浮环轴承内油膜变偏心率与恒偏心率润滑特性对比分析*

目前对浮环轴承油膜特性的研究,主要基于偏心率对油膜压力及最小油膜厚度的影响,未能反映真实的油膜边界运动。利用计算流体力学的方法,实现浮环与轴颈之间的内油膜边界运动;建立轴颈-浮环之间内油膜润滑部位的流体域模型,研究多相流变偏心率下浮环轴承的油膜特性。结果表明：考虑变偏心率下的仿真计算结果更能反映真实的油膜润滑特性;最大油膜压力在恒定偏心率与变偏心率下均随着转速的升高而增大,最小油膜厚度在恒定偏心率下随着转速的增加保持不变,在变偏心率下随着转速的增加而减小;最大油膜压力与最小油膜厚度在变偏心率影响下变化更明显,为浮环轴承的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

Steady-State Performance of Oil Lubricated Helical Groove Journal Bearing

The provision of helical grooves on the surface of a plain journal bearing should, in principle, improve the overall performance of the bearing. This improvement, however, depends on a number of parameters such as the arrangement of the grooves along the axial length of the bearing. In order to verify this supposition, two types of helical groove bearing with different groove arrangements and a reference plain journal bearing were studied to assess their steady-state performance when lubricated with an oil. It was found that the steady-state performance of both types of helical groove bearing is not as good as that of the plain bearing. Of the two helical groove bearings tested, the asymmetrical bearing proved to be a more energy efficient than the symmetrical bearing.     

Influence of Particles on the Loading Capacity and the Temperature Rise of Water Film in Ultra-high Speed Hybrid Bearing

Ultra-high speed machining technology enables high efficiency, high precision and high integrity of machined surface. Previous researches of hybrid bearing rarely consider influences of solid particles...     

Computation of dynamic force coefficients for hybrid (hydrostatic/hydrodynamic) journal bearings by the finite disturbance and perturbation techniques

This paper presents non-dimensional linearized bearing coefficients for oil lubricated plain line-entry (slot) hybrid journal bearings. This represents the first stage of a programme of work on the dynamic characteristics of plain line-entry hybrid journal bearings. A full-scale dynamic analysis of this type of bearing, both theoretical and experimental is currently underway. Two techniques for predicting the linearized bearing coefficients are presented and compared: (i) the finite disturbance technique; (ii) the perturbation technique. Both analyses are based on a finite-difference approximation of the classical Reynolds equation, with provision for source flow and fluid-film rupture, although an isoviscous fluid is assumed.     

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF AN ULTRAHIGH SPEED MICRO-MACHINING SPINDLE

A new ultrahigh speed micro-spindle has been developed for micro-milling that can be used at rotational speeds approaching 500,000 rpm. Since conventional ball bearings or fluid lubricated journal bearings cannot be used at such speeds, the new micro-spindle uses a set of journal and thrust foil bearings. Prior to fabrication of the micro-spindle, rotordynamic analysis of the rotor with an attached cutting tool confirmed that the rotor would be stable at the desired speeds. The cutting tool was then attached to the rotor using a shrink-fit approach. The micro-spindle was integrated with a 3-axis micro-milling machine. Cutting experiments were performed on an aluminum alloy at speeds greater than 300,000 rpm using 125 and 300 μm end-mills. Vibration spectra for free rotation and during cutting confirmed the dynamic stability of the micro-spindle. The vibration spectrum was dominated by the rotational frequency and was free of deleterious vibrations. The increase in rotational speed to 450,000 rpm in micro-milling of aluminum alloy allowed an increase in feed rate to nearly 750 mm/min, thus increasing the material removal rate by more than two orders of magnitude. The dimensional accuracy of several straight cuts made at different feed rates was measured.