Ni3Al基合金激光熔覆组织特征与耐磨性能

利用Ni3Al/25%Cr₃C₂混合粉末和激光熔覆技术,在45钢表面制备了Ni₃Al基合金熔覆层,研究了熔覆层组织特征与耐磨性能。结果表明,Ni₃Al基合金熔覆层组织主要为Ni₃Al、NiAl和原位自生M₇C₃型碳化物。熔覆层显微硬度为599.6 HV0.1,约为45钢基板平均显微硬度的2.73倍。由于细小M₇C₃弥散分布于熔覆层中,Ni₃Al基合金熔覆层具有良好的磨损性能。熔覆层磨损机制为磨粒磨损,摩擦因数约为0.55,磨损率为1.12×10^-5mm³/N·m,约为蠕墨铸铁磨损率的28.6%。     

物流机器人铝合金机械臂的表面强化与力学性能研究

为提高物流机器人机械臂用铝合金的硬度和拉伸性能,单道熔覆WC-Ni涂层对比分析熔覆层的形貌和硬度,并在拉伸棒表面进行多道熔覆制备拉伸试样。结果显示,随着激光功率的增大,单道熔覆层高度先增大后减小,熔池深度增大,熔覆层宽度增大,稀释率先减小后增大,当激光功率为1.0 kW时单道熔覆层稀释率达到最小,与基体结合强度达到最大,冶金结合效果较优。熔覆层有新相W₂C、NiAl、Ni₃Al、M₇C₃、M₂₃C₆生成,熔覆层顶部由胞状晶组成,中部存在大量WC颗粒和M₇C₃、M₂₃C₆析出相,结合区主要由具有方向性的树枝晶组成。单道熔覆层HV硬度先增大后减小,最大值为960.6,多道抗拉强度为313 MPa,延伸率为1.3%,相比于基体分别提高了21.8%和降低了27.8%,多道熔覆层与基体之间的拉伸断口较平坦。     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M₂₃C₆型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M₇C₃型和M₂₃C₆型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M₇C₃型为主,少量M₂₃C₆以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.      

TiC含量对激光熔覆Fe基复合涂层组分和性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在高锰钢基材上制备了不同TiC含量的Fe基复合涂层,研究了TiC含量对熔覆层组分和性能的影响.试验结果表明,熔覆层化学组分包含奥氏体、M7C3碳化物、TiC析出相和未熔TiC颗粒.随着TiC含量的增加,熔覆层硬度逐步增加,耐磨性能先增加后降低.     

未服役Cr35Ni45Nb合金真空渗碳行为及相演化机理

采用乙炔真空渗碳工艺对未服役的Cr35Ni45Nb乙烯裂解炉管进行了加速渗碳处理,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、定量电子探针等手段对渗碳前后炉管内壁的渗碳行为及相演化机理进行了系统分析.结果表明:炉管高温渗碳过程的主要控制因素由初期的扩散控制逐渐变为扩散-表面反应综合控制;渗碳过程属多元多相反应扩散范畴,炉管内侧横截面随渗碳深度的不同依次出现了表面碳化物层、亚表层贫碳化物区、片层状碳化物层、规则几何碳化物区、扩散区、弱影响区等六个区域,这六个区域共同组成了M₇C₃、M₇C₃-M₂₃C₆混合区和M₂₃C₆的三级垂直层状分布.贫碳化物区的形成原因是表面碳化物层的形成造成亚表层贫Cr;片层状碳化物的形成源于碳在高镍铬合金中的低渗透性以及析出物进一步的阻碍效应.      

0Cr20Ni65Ti3AlNb合金平衡析出相热力学计算

利用JMatPro热力学计算软件,对0Cr20Ni65Ti3AlNb合金的平衡析出相和非平衡凝固过程进行了模拟计算。结果表明：合金的主要平衡析出相有γ相、γ′相、MC和M₂₃C₆型碳化物相、η相,合金的非平衡凝固过程中Nb、Ti元素偏析比较严重,会降低合金的初、终熔点;Al含量对γ′相析出温度和析出量影响最大;C是MC和M₂₃C₆型碳化物相主要形成元素,对其析出温度和析出量起决定作用;η相的开始析出温度和析出量主要受Ti含量影响,过多的η相析出会影响合金的机械性能,因此,在成分设计过程中需合理控制合金的Ti含量。     

9Cr18Mo马氏体不锈钢的平衡相热力学计算

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对9Cr18Mo马氏体不锈钢(%:0.95～1.10C、16.0～18.0Cr、0.4～0.7Mo)平衡析出相M₂₃C₆和铁素体以及非平衡凝固进行了模拟计算分析。结果表明,凝固时9Cr18Mo钢中C、Cr、Mo和Fe偏析都比较严重;C和Cr含量对M23C6析出量以及M₂₃C₆与基体中的Cr、Fe含量有一定的影响;而Mo含量的变化仅对M₂₃C₆析出量以及M₂₃C₆所含Cr、Mo元素有所影响。     

高合金钢Vanadis4凝固过程及组织

通过激光扫描共焦显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针、微区成分能谱分析和差示扫描量热法,研究了高合金Vanadis4(V4)模具钢(%:1.5C、8.0Cr、1.5Mo、4.0V)的凝固过程及其微观组织。结果表明,V4钢基体为马氏体和残余奥氏体,基体中碳化物主要为MC与M₇C₃型。杆状、棒状或团块状VC分布在晶界。该钢在凝固时,首先发生结晶过程L→γ从液相中析出初生γ相,随着γ相不断析出,剩余液相中合金元素含量不断富集,达到共晶成分后将先后发生L→γ+MC与L→γ+M₇C₃共晶反应。     

高氮不锈钢固溶时效碳氮化物析出相分析

采用物理化学相分析方法研究了高氮奥氏体不锈钢固溶时效后的碳、氮化物析出行为;通过实验确定了高氮钢中析出相的电化学萃取方法,钢中析出相的类型、粒度分布、含量及组成结构式;对于化学性质相似的M₂₃C₆和(CrFe)₂N_1-x,借助于X射线衍射定量的方法测定了M₂₃C₆和(CrFe)₂N_1-x的分量。研究结果表明,氮含量低的0#钢以M₂₃C₆型碳化物析出为主,随时效时间的延长,伴随M₂₃C₆的析出还有少量(CrFe)₂N_1-x 氮化物析出。氮含量高的1#和2#钢以(CrFe)₂N_1-x型氮化物析出为主。高氮奥氏体不锈钢中析出物的总量随时效时间的延长而增加。     

M23C6析出相对节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷轧表面裂纹的影响

为找出生产的节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷卷表面裂纹形成原因,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜对表面裂纹进行检测分析并结合热处理试验及热力学软件JMatPro进行分析计算研究。检测分析发现裂纹处晶界存在大量的析出相,据此推测析出相是导致钢材冷轧形成表面裂纹的主要原因。模拟连续退火工艺开展热处理试验,结果表明正常退火工艺无法完全消除热轧工序钢卷晶界处聚集的大量析出相。计算研究该成分体系下奥氏体不锈钢的平衡相图,结合能谱及透射电镜衍射斑点分析,结果表明M₂₃C₆碳化物的沉淀温度范围为500～925 ℃,钢卷从高温缓慢冷却下来会析出M₂₃C₆碳化物,析出鼻温区为850～900 ℃。以此结合实际工艺流程对减少钢卷中M₂₃C₆碳化物析出提出了可能的措施。     

Influence of La2O3 addition on microstructure and wear resistance of Fe-Cr-C cladding formed by arc surface welding

The Fe-Cr-C claddings formed by arc surface welding with different La2O3 additions were investigated. The microstructures were observed by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase structures were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The wear resistances of the claddings were tested by friction and wear experiment. On this basis, the carbide refinement mechanism by inclusion enriched with La was discussed theoretically. The results showed that, the microstructure of the Fe-Cr-C cladding consisted of primary (Cr,Fe)7C3 carbides and eutectic (γ-Fe+(Cr,Fe)7C3 ) structure. With La2O3 addition increasing, the primary carbides were refined, and the mass loss of the cladding decreased gradually. The Fe-Cr-C cladding with 4wt.% La2O3 addition had a best wear resistance behaviour. The RE inclusion LaAlO3 as heterogeneous nuclei of the primary M7C3 was medium effective, and could refine the M7C3 carbides. Besides, the wear resistance could be improved by adding La2O3 in the claddings.     

基于激光熔覆TiC/TiB2的钛合金表面组织及性能研究

在钛合金表面激光熔覆制备TiC/TiB₂复合涂层,分别采用SEM、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损设备分析了TiB₂+15%TiC复合涂层的微观组织和硬度、摩擦磨损性能。实验结果表明：涂层上部组织主要由粗大的TiB₂树枝晶和少量白色颗粒状的TiC/TiB共晶组织组成,涂层中部组织主要由棒状型、细针状型的TiB₂相和小块状的TiC相组成,涂层下部则由树枝型、块状TiB₂相、较大的片状TiC相和少量的小层片状金属间化合物TiAl组成。由测试结果可知,涂层硬度(960HV_0.2)约为基体的(350HV_0.2)的2.7倍。涂层的耐磨性能显著提高,涂层出现较少的剥落、细小磨痕和颗粒碎屑,基体表面主要是犁沟式的磨损。涂层的磨损量为1.132 mg是基体(5.342 mg)的20%。     

高锰钢表面激光熔覆Fe-WC复合涂层的组织与性能

采用激光熔覆技术在高锰钢基体上制备了不同WC含量的Fe-WC复合熔覆层,研究了WC添加量对熔覆层组织和性能的影响.试验结果表明,不同WC含量的Fe-WC熔覆层均含有马氏体、M7C3碳化物和未熔WC颗粒,当加入20wt.％的WC时,熔覆层中出现了残余奥氏体,共晶碳化物呈鱼骨状沿晶界析出.Fe-WC熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性随着...     

Correlation of microstructure with hardness and wear resistance in (TiC,SiC)/stainless steel surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

Stainless-steel-based surface composites reinforced with TiC and SiC carbides were fabricated by high-energy electron beam irradiation. Four types of powder/flux mixtures, i.e., TiC, (Ti + C), SiC, and (Ti + SiC) powders with 40 wt. pct of CaF₂ flux, were deposited evenly on an AISI 304 stainless steel substrate, which was then irradiated with an electron beam. TiC agglomerates and pores were found in the surface composite layer fabricated with TiC powders because of insufficient melting of TiC powders. In the composite layer fabricated with Ti and C powders having lower melting points than TiC powders, a number of primary TiC carbides were precipitated while very few TiC agglomerates or pores were formed. This indicated that more effective TiC precipitation was obtained from the melting of Ti and C powders than of TiC powders. A large amount of precipitates such as TiC and Cr₇C₃ improved the hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance of the surface composite layer two to three times greater than that of the stainless steel substrate. In particular, the surface composite fabricated with SiC powders had the highest volume fraction of Cr₇C₃ distributed along solidification cell boundaries, and thus showed the best hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance.     

钼含量对铁基激光熔覆层组织和性能的影响

采用激光熔覆在45#钢基体上制备了不同Mo含量的FeCrNi熔覆层,探讨Mo元素含量对熔覆层组织和性能的影响.试验结果表明,五种熔覆层均主要由马氏体和M7C3碳化物组成,当Mo添加量大于等于1wt.％时,熔覆层中出现了少量Mo2C和Laves相.Mo元素能够改善熔覆层中的碳化物分布和形态,使鱼骨状共晶碳化物增多,提高熔...     

Correlation of microstructure with hardness and wear resistance in (TiC,SiC)/stainless steel surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

Stainless-steel-based surface composites reinforced with TiC and SiC carbides were fabricated by high-energy electron beam irradiation. Four types of powder/flux mixtures, i.e., TiC, (Ti+C), SiC, and (Ti+SiC) powders with 40 wt. pct of CaF₂ flux, were deposited evenly on an AISI 304 stainless steel substrate, which was then irradiated with an electron beam. TiC agglomerates and pores were found in the surface composite layer fabricated with TiC powders because of insufficient melting of TiC powders. In the composite layer fabricated with Ti and C powders having lower melting points than TiC powders, a number of primary TiC carbides were precipitated while very few TiC agglomerates or pores were formed. This indicated that more effective TiC precipitation was obtained from the melting of Ti and C powders than of TiC powders. A large amount of precipitates such as TiC and Cr₇C₃ improved the hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance of the surface composite layer two to three times greater than that of the stainless steel substrate. In particular, the surface composite fabricated with SiC powders had the highest volume fraction of Cr₇C₃ distributed along solidification cell boundaries, and thus showed the best hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance.     

Cr-Fe-Ti-C系反应火焰喷涂研究

采用钛铁、石墨、铁粉和高碳铬铁为原料,利用反应火焰喷涂技术制备了Cr-Fe-Ti-C系涂层。研究结果表明,在喷涂过程中合成了TiC,涂层主要由TiC、（Cr,Fe)7C3硬质相和Fe组成。SRV磨听见试验表明,由于涂层中含有（Cr,Fe)7C3及合成的TiC硬质相,因此涂层具有良好的耐磨性能;涂层的磨损机理为粘着磨损和硬质的剥落,但主要是粘着磨损。由于（Cr,Fe）7C3需要Ti-C之间的反应放热补充热量才能使其完全熔化,因此高碳铬铁含量的增加对改善涂层的致密性和结合强度不利。     

前驱体碳化粉末反应火焰喷涂制备TiC增强金属复合涂层

采用前驱体碳化复合技术制备了Ti-Fe-C和Ti-Ni-C两种体系的反应热喷涂复合粉末,通过氧乙炔火焰喷涂原位合成并沉积了TiC增强Fe基和Ni基复合涂层.利用XRD、SEM和EDS研究了复合粉末、涂层的相组成和组织结构,考察了TiC/Fe、TiC/Ni复合涂层的硬度和耐磨性.结果表明: 复合粉末在喷涂过程中反应充分,可分别生成以Fe和Ni为粘结相的TiC增强涂层;两种涂层都是由TiC颗粒均匀分布的复合强化片层和TiC聚集片层叠加而成,TiC/Fe复合涂层的片层较薄,而TiC/Ni涂层中TiC的聚集片层较少;TiC/Fe涂层的硬度高于TiC/Ni涂层,两者的耐磨性能分别约为Ni60涂层的11倍和6倍.     

热等静压Cr3 C2/Ni3 Al复合材料的微观组织及相组成

采用热等静压技术(HIP)在1160℃、100 MPa 条件下制备出 Cr3 C2/Ni3 Al 复合材料,研究了 Cr3 C2/Ni3 Al复合材料的微观组织和相组成。结果表明,Cr3 C2初始颗粒首先溶解成 Cr 和 C 原子,并往基体中扩散;冷却过程中,溶解的Cr和C原子转化为稳定的Cr7 C3结构;由于 Ni3 Al合金中的 Fe易与 C形成稳定碳化物,促使Fe原子从基体中往Cr7 C3结构中发生上坡扩散,并取代Cr7 C3结构中的部分Cr原子形成 M7 C3(M为 Cr、Fe,余同)结构的扩散相。当Cr3 C2初始颗粒较大时,在高温过程中,Cr3 C2颗粒未能全部溶解,而未溶解的 Cr3 C2颗粒芯部在冷却过程中仍保持为Cr3 C2结构。该条件下制备的Cr3 C2/Ni3 Al复合材料主要由Cr3 C2硬芯相、M7 C3扩散相和γ′-Ni3 Al基材相组成,其中Cr3 C2硬芯相和γ′-Ni3 Al基材相通过M7 C3扩散相形成良好的扩散连接;该结构的复合材料磨损后表面Cr3 C2颗粒末发生剥落且沟槽在铬碳化物处发生中断,表现出良好的耐磨性。