南水北调东线工程沿线污水处理厂尾水处置研究

为确保南水北调东线工程调水水质安全,沿线污水处理厂尾水不允许排入输水干线。要建设尾水排放的安全通道,必须将尾水无害化和资源化利用结合起来;提出了直接排放、深度处理、净化工程三种沿线尾水处置的途径。各地应结合实际情况,联合运用多种技术手段,寻求尾水综合利用的最优方案。     

Sampling and Modeling Approaches to Assess Water Quality Impacts of Combined Sewer Overflows—The Importance of a Watershed Perspective

As part of the planning effort for combined sewer overflow (CSO) abatement, a combination of sampling and mathematical modeling was used to characterize both CSO and receiving water quality in the city of Buffalo, NY. Samples collected during storm events showed that while CSOs within the city boundary are a source of fecal coliform to the Buffalo River, higher concentrations enter the river from the upper watershed, upstream of the city. Loading estimates of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Hg were made for design storms and on an annual basis using a combined model and sampling approach. While the metals loads were quantifiable from the CSOs, the loads associated with the upper watershed discharge were greater, for example, by a factor of 3 to 18 times for the design storms. Continuous, automated sampling of conventional parameters at 15 minute time steps indicated that the river experienced non-compliant periods for dissolved oxygen. In some cases, low dissolved oxygen levels may be associated with CSO inputs, but the hydraulics of the river system also had an important negative impact on dissolved oxygen. In developing CSO abatement options for the Buffalo River, it is essential to recognize that there are other significant contaminant sources in the upper watershed that will continue to negatively impact water quality.     

深圳河湾水系生态需水的污水资源化

以深圳河湾水系为例,探讨以污水资源化再生水满足城市水系生态需水的方法。该方法统一考虑河流的水量水质需求,计算不同截污率和补水水质条件下河流的生态需水量;根据生态用水的供需平衡情况,确定污水资源化规模与水质要求。在此基础上,设计污水资源化的处理工艺以及再生水厂等的分布;并通过数学模型预测补水方案对水环境改善的效果。本研究为面向城市水系生态补水的污水资源化工程规划提供了科学的方法。     

Assessment and Use of Indicator Bacteria to Determine Sources of Pollution to an Urban River

Elevated levels of indicator bacteria within a river system represent a significant impairment to surface water quality in many urban areas within the Great Lakes watershed. Outfalls from combined sewer systems are assumed to be the major source of bacteria to streams in many of these urban areas, including the Rouge River of southeastern Michigan. Current remediation strategies largely disregard other potential sources, including water entering the river from its headwaters region, rural runoff, and contaminated groundwater. These other potential sources of bacterial pollution to the Rouge River were assessed and compared with bacteria contributed from combined sewer outfalls (CSOs). Fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) densities were determined at 28 locations in the Rouge River Watershed during the spring and summer of 1997, 1998, and 1999. The mean levels of both indicator groups vary considerably along each branch of the river and show no correlation to CSO locations. The magnitude of both FC and FS levels are, in fact, frequently greater at sites upstream of the part of the river influenced by discharges from CSOs. The highest FC levels coincided with rainfall events, but FC levels at various sites along each branch of the Rouge River violated acceptable water quality standards (200 colonies/100 mL) at nearly 50% of the sites even during dry weather. Total suspended solids were moderately correlated with FC (r = 0.79) throughout the watershed, suggesting that solids may play a role in transporting bacteria into the Rouge River. The data depict a strong influence of upstream water and rural runoff on the water quality of the Rouge River. FC to FS ratios (FC/FS) suggest the primary source of bacteria throughout the watershed is from domesticated animals and wildlife and not from sewage derived from CSOs.     

Loading and lake circulation structures recurrent patterns of water quality on the Toronto – Mississauga waterfront of Lake Ontario

Urban centers line western Lake Ontario where urban rivers, wastewater treatment plants and stormwater load nutrients, major ions and suspended solids to the nearshore. In 2018, nearshore water quality and associated physical conditions bordering the cities of Toronto and Mississauga were assessed as a benchmark for future effects of urban growth and municipal infrastructure projects to improve water quality. Conductivity and UV-fluorescence were used as water quality surrogates and mapped over blocks of shoreline stratified by distance offshore. Patterns in UV-fluorescence aligned with loading points, and generally higher levels near the shoreline, were correlated with concentrations of nutrients, major ions and suspended solids. Water quality was more land-impacted over the shoreline from the Credit River to Humber Bay contrasting with the more lake-like conditions from Toronto Eastern Beaches to the Rouge River. Within Toronto Harbour, cross-harbour gradients in water quality varied with weather-related changes in river and storm water loading. Mixing areas at wastewater treatment plant outfalls and tributary mouths, frequently shaped by alongshore lake circulation, resulted in a mosaic of water quality over the shoreline. Area-wide elevation of chloride and conductivity, and poorer water quality in late spring, was linked to heightened river discharge. Thermal stratification affected how discharges were distributed in the water column, but measurements at the lake surface reflected the strongest overall land-effects on water quality. The patterns of temporal-spatial variability identified within geographically-defined areas of shoreline can be used as past footprints in future monitoring to detect change.     

Effectiveness of combined sewer overflow treatment for dissolved oxygen improvement in the Chicago waterways.

An Use Attainability Analysis (UAA) has been initiated to evaluate what water-quality standards can be achieved in the Chicago Waterway System (CWS). There are nearly 200 combined sewer overflow (CSO) locations discharging to the CWS by gravity. Three CSO pumping stations also drain approximately 140 km2. Because of the dynamic nature of the CWS the DUFLOW model that is capable of simulating hydraulics and water-quality processes under unsteady-flow conditions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of water-quality improvement techniques identified by the UAA including CSO treatment. Several CSO treatment levels were applied at gravity flow CSOs to evaluate improvement in dissolved oxygen (DO). The results show that pollutant removal at CSOs improves DO to a certain degree, but it still was not sufficient to bring DO concentrations to 5 mg/L or higher for 90% of the time during wet weather at most locations on the CWS. Flow from the pumping stations results in substantial stress on DO since a huge amount of un-treated water with a high pollution load is discharged into the CWS in a short period of time at a certain location. The simulation results indicate that CSO treatment does not effectively improve DO during wet-weather periods on the CWS.     

沿海地区污水处理厂雨水混入率对设计规模的影响

以沿海地区台州某污水处理厂为例,基于三角形法,对雨水混入与污水处理厂水质、水量的响应关系进行分析,探讨雨水混入率对污水处理厂设计规模的影响。结果表明:沿海地区污水处理厂进水水质受降雨影响较大,实际进水水质因雨水混入而小于设计值;沿海地区污水处理厂处理水质效果较差,污染负荷削减率平均值远低于全国平均值;小雨时,沿海地区污水处理厂污染负荷削减率最高,污染负荷削减率随着降雨规模的增大而减小;沿海地区污水处理厂满负荷运行时,污水量处理率较低,为60%~70%;沿海地区污水处理厂实际进水量远大于设计值,水量设计规模宜考虑乘1.4的修正系数。     

Control of odour emission in wastewater treatment plants by direct and undirected measurement of odour emission capacity

Odour emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be the main causes of disturbance noticed by the exposed population and have relevant impacts on both tourism economy and land costs. Odour impact from WWTPs is generated by primary and secondary odour emissions. Primary odour emissions are related especially to the wastewater type and variability discharged into the sewer and directed to the WWTP, and to the wastewater collection and sewage system. Secondary odours are related to the treatment units of the plant. Several studies describe the key role of primary odour emissions and how they are strongly related to odour impacts of WWTPs. In this way, a opportune characterization of the emission capacity of primary odour could be an effective way to control odour emission in the WWTPs. In this study the odour emission capacity (OEC) of different domestic sewers was described and investigated; a correlation between the OEC and the main physical-chemical parameters of wastewater quality was also carried out. Results of this study identify the optimum conditions for sampling and measuring OEC in wastewaters and define its dependence by wastewater quality. These results can contribute to setting the standards for the maximum odourant content of wastewater that are discharged into the publicly owned sewage system.     

辽宁太子河水污染问题的成因与对策

对辽宁太子河主要河段连续 10年 (1991～ 2 0 0 0年 )枯、丰水期河道水质变化情况进行对比分析 ,结果表明太子河流域水质呈下降趋势 ,主要超标污染物为CODMn,BOD5,NH3 N ,挥发酚等 ,导致流域水环境质量恶化的原因是流域内工业废水和生活污水的大量排放。指出要防治太子河水污染 ,必须进一步完善水资源管理体制 ,制定水资源保护规划并建立水资源核算和评价指标体系 ,建设城市污水处理系统 ,实施清洁生产 ,建立水资源实时监控优化配置系统。     

入河排污口设置论证与有关问题探讨

以芜湖县陶辛镇污水处理厂入河排污口设置论证为例,针对受纳水域的特点,采用湖(库)均匀混合水质模型计算河流纳污能力并进行水质预测,分析综合衰减系数对水质预测结果的影响,在缺乏资料条件下,探讨确定综合衰减系数的途径与方法,以提高预测结果的可靠性。提出利用当地水体和沟渠组成的湿地对污水处理厂尾水进行降解的方案,经湿地降解后的水质满足受纳水体的水质管理目标要求;最后对入河排污口设置论证的要点和应注意的问题进行了探讨,可供入河排污口设置论证参考。     

基于遗传算法的灰色非线性水环境管理模型及应用

以郑州市贾鲁河水环境治理规划为基础,统筹考虑到治理区域内的工程建设、水环境改善策略、污水处理厂建设运行以及配套水库调度等,构建了灰色非线性水环境管理模型,并选择遗传算法作为计算手段,对该模型进行了求解。构建的模型同时考虑到了治理区域内的污水处理厂优化运行、南水北调补水、区域内3个生态湖泊与治理河段的净化能力等。通过优化运行协调,实现了运行费用经济合理、水生态环境改善、水质达标等多项治理目标。研究结果表明,基于遗传算法的灰色非线性规划在区域水环境治理中的应用潜力十分显著。     

深圳湾水质时空分布特征及污染源解析

基于深圳湾、珠江口、水质净化厂尾水、面源与截排溢流水体等水质数据,系统分析深圳湾水质时空分布特征及其污染物来源。结果表明:深圳湾现状水质不达标,关键污染因子为无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(DIP);雨季水质普遍劣于旱季,内湾水质明显劣于外湾。污染物入湾途径包括:6个入湾河口(后海河、大沙河、小沙河、凤塘河、新洲河、深圳河)、1个污水排放口(福田水质净化厂尾水排放口)、34个雨水排放口和深圳湾湾口。经过旱季污水收集、尾水提标改造等水环境治理措施后,深圳湾主要污染源为面源与截排溢流污染,其入湾氮、磷营养盐浓度可达地表水V类标准,是深圳湾现状水质的5～15倍,雨季面源与截排溢流水体的氮、磷入湾总负荷达到76.2 t和283.8 t,将对已无氮磷营养盐剩余容量的深圳湾水质造成严重冲击。     

鄂西山区农村生活污水处理及排放状况调查研究

以鄂西山区某饮用水源水库周边农村福善场村为例,通过现场调查分析和水质检测对鄂西山区农村生活污水处理及排放状况进行了调查研究。结果表明：鄂西山区农村生活污水主要通过集中微动力污水处理站、三户联排小型微动力污水处理设施和三格式化粪池3种方式处理后排入地表沟渠、堰塘或下渗至地下;经3种污水处理方式处理后的出水水质均未达到农村生活污水排放水质要求,对邻近饮用水源水库水质具有一定影响;农村微动力污水处理设施存在运行成本高、运维程序复杂、疏于管理、有效运行时间短等问题,致使其难以达到相应的污水处理效果;根据当地农村地势及生活污水排放特点研究新型农村生活污水处理方式是保障鄂西山区农村水环境安全与质量的当务之急。     

污水处理系统的集成控制策略研究

以实现河流水质目标为前提,充分利用河流纳污能力,根据不同环境与气候条件调节污水处理厂运行状况和排水管网的污水排放量,可有效保护河流生态质量。基于城市污水处理系统集成仿真平台,提出了4种以河流水质为目标的城市污水处理系统集成控制方案,通过对排水管网和污水处理厂的协调控制,实现了河流水质的改善。仿真结果验证了集成控制策略的有效性。     

Reducing the total discharge from a large WWTP by separate treatment of primary effluent overflow.

At many large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) the increased hydraulic load, caused by combined sewer systems during storm events, results in primary effluent overflow when the capacity of further treatment is exceeded. Due to stringent effluent standards, regulating the total discharge from the WWTPs, the Rya WWTP in G?teborg and the Sj?lunda WWTP in Malm? will have to reduce the impact of primary effluent overflow. Separate, high rate, precipitation processes operated only during high flow conditions have been investigated in pilot units at the two WWTPs. Precipitation in existing primary settlers operated at a surface loading of 3.75 m/h removed phosphorus to 0.35 mg/l. The Actiflo process was also shown to remove suspended solids and phosphorus well. BOD was reduced by 50-60%. With such processes the overall effluent concentrations from the plants can be reduced significantly. Key upgrading features are small footprints, short start up time and high efficiency.     

Sewage impact on shellfish microbial contamination.

Coastal areas are frequently contaminated by microorganisms of human origin, due to high population density and low seawater renewal. To evaluate the impact of wastewater input on shellfish quality, a study was conducted in Brittany (France) over a period of 20 months. A hydrodynamic model was used to simulate wastewater impact on microbial water quality. To validate the model, wastewater from the three main sewage treatment plants and shellfish from three sites were sampled monthly. Bacterial indicators (E. coli), F-RNA phages were searched for by culture and noroviruses by RT-PCR and hybridisation. These microorganisms were detected in the three effluents and clams, with no marked seasonal variation. The microbial concentrations in the two oyster beds, distant from the effluent outfall, were low, and only three of the samples were positive for norovirus. For simulation, the winter wastewater inputs of E. coli and phages were calculated and an estimation for norovirus flux was made from the epidemic situation in the population. The microbial behaviour was included in the model by a decay-rate factor. Results from the model calculations were found to be very similar to E. coli and phage concentrations observed in shellfish. For noroviruses, the model indicated that shellfish distant from the wastewater input were under the detection limit of the RT-PCR method. This study demonstrated the use of modelisation to interpret norovirus contamination in various areas.     

Production integrated treatment of textile wastewater by closing raw material cycles.

A method for the in-house treatment of partial wastewater flows and the recycling of treated process water into the textile finishing process was developed in order to recycle effluents from textile finishing industry and feed them back into the production process. The method is based on a two-stage biological anaerobic-aerobic process to split colouring wastewater agents and to degrade organic substances contained in the water as well as a chemical stage to remove the remaining color of the water with the help of ozone. In the framework of a research and development project a demonstration plant for a treatment capacity of 1440 m3 per working day was installed and started in a textile finishing company. At the plant, a wastewater flow and a recycling flow are treated separately in two different treatment lanes. Approximately 40% of the total wastewater flows, i.e. 576 m3/d are treated in the wastewater lane, and a maximum of 60% of total wastewater, i.e. 864 m3/d are treated in the recycling lane. Thanks to the preliminary treatment of wastewater flows, which are discharged into the municipal sewage works, a reduction of average COD levels in the sewage works effluents could be achieved.     

Frequency analysis of river water quality using integrated urban wastewater models

In recent years integrated models have been developed to simulate the entire urban wastewater system, including urban drainage systems, wastewater treatment plants, and receiving waterbodies. This paper uses such an integrated urban wastewater model to analyze the frequency of receiving water quality in an urban wastewater system with the aim of assessing the overall system performance during rainfall events. The receiving water quality is represented by two indicators: event mean dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and event mean ammonium concentration. The compliance probability of the water quality indicators satisfying a specific threshold is used to represent the system performance, and is derived using the rainfall events from a series of 10 years' rainfall data. A strong correlation between the depth of each rainfall event and the associated volume of combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharges is revealed for the case study catchment, while there is a low correlation between the intensity/duration of the rainfall event and the volume of the CSO discharges. The frequency analysis results obtained suggest that the event mean DO and ammonium concentrations have very different characteristics in terms of compliance probabilities at two discharging points for CSO and wastewater treatment plant effluent, respectively. In general, the simulation results provide an understanding of the performance of the integrated urban wastewater system and can provide useful information to support water quality management.     

Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan.

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.     

Feasibility of a constructed wetland and wastewater stabilisation pond system as a sewage reclamation system for agricultural reuse in a decentralised rural area.

The performance of a constructed wetland (CW) and wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) system for sewage reclamation and paddy rice irrigation in a decentralised rural area was examined using a feasibility study. The CW was satisfactory for sewage treatment, with good removal efficiency even in the winter period, but the effluent concentration was relatively high in the winter period owing to the high influent concentration. The CW effluent was further treated in a WSP and the WSP effluent was considered safe for crop irrigation with respect to sewage-borne pathogens. Reclaimed water irrigation did not adversely affect the yield of rice; on the contrary, it resulted in an approximately 50% greater yield than in controls. The chemical characteristics of the soil did not change significantly during the experimental period of irrigation with reclaimed water. In the winter, CW effluent could be stored and treated in a WSP until the spring; the water could then be discharged or reused for supplemental irrigation during the typical Korean spring drought. Overall, sewage treatment and agronomic reuse using a CW-WSP system could be a practical integrated sewage management measure for protecting receiving water bodies and overcoming water shortages in decentralised rural areas.