阵列结构辐射与散射特性分析的迭代方法

给出一种适用于有限阵列结构辐射及特性分析的迭代方法。该法不受阵列单元排布形式、单元电流分布情况和单元数量的限制，对有限周期和非周期阵列的分析都有着较高的计算效率和稳定的收敛性。文中着重以有限周期及非周期带栅的散射分析为例，验证了方法的有效性，并同有限阵格林函数法和逐元法作了比较，给出了有关的数值计算结果。     

结合P-FFT算法和特征基函数分析大型阵列散射

特征基函数方法利用特征值分解提取目标散射特征,构造基于特征向量的基函数可以高效的缩减矩量法分析所需的未知量数目,有利于分析有限周期阵列电磁散射或辐射问题。然而,对于电大尺寸电磁阵列散射问题,直接求解由特征基函数组成的矩阵方程,仍然面临着计算量较大等问题,难以适用于单机计算。本文结合特征基函数和预修正傅里叶快速算法求解体面结合积分方程,分析了大型金属介质混合有限周期阵列的散射特性,该算法有效减少了计算量和计算时间,并且改善了迭代求解收敛性能。     

任意形状单元有限微带阵列的电磁散射分析

提出一种有限微带阵列电磁散射特性分析的有效方法。该法采用有限阵格林函数与矩量法相结合的方法，有效地解决了矩量法在大型阵列电磁特性分析中的计算效率问题；通过选取RWG基函数，使该法适用于任何单元形状的微带阵列。文中计算了矩形、十字形及圆形单元微带阵列的雷达截面，并与常规矩量法和参考文献的计算结果进行了比对，验证了该方法的有效性。     

大型阵列结构电磁散射的P-FFT算法

提出利用预校正的快速傅立叶变换(P-FFT)和矩量法(MoM)快速分析电大阵列结构的电磁散射特性.研究了适合于电大尺寸结构近区和远区场计算的格林函数的快速算法,同时,利用Rao-Wilton-Glisson(RWG)函数作为基函数和测试函数,可以考虑阵列单元任意方向的表面电流或磁流分布,并利用P-FFT加速矩量法的矩阵求解,减少内存需求和计算时间.计算结果表明该方法特别适合于大型阵列电磁散射特性的分析.     

曲面阵列结构散射与辐射特性的迭代分析

建立了一种适用于曲面有限阵列结构辐射与散射特性分析的迭代方法。首先根据阵列结构相同单元电流分布的相似性,对曲面有限阵列单元几何形状和表面电流分布作了两个假定,将有阵阵格林函数法推广应用于曲面有限阵列结构的分析;然后给出曲面有限阵列结构迭代分析的一般公式,通过迭代运算来消除两个假定近似的影响;最后迭代运算来消除两个假定近似的影响;最后以有两曲面带栅的散射和线源激励曲面带栅结构的辐射分析为例,验证了方法的有效性,并同逐元法作了比较,给出了有关的数值计算结果。结果表明：这种迭代法不受阵面曲率变化、单元数量和分布情况的限制,对有限周期和非周期阵列的分析都有着较高的计算效率和稳定性。     

圆形阵列天线方向图的分布函数优化方法

以离散有限长复指数和的计算为基础,讨论了二雏阵列的方向图问题.通过引入分布函数的概念,可知离散有限长复指数和为其分布函数离散傅里叶变换在1点的值.基于此结论,分析了二维阵天线阵元分布于天线方向图之间的关系:二雏阵列任意方向的方向图为其在该方向分布函数的离散傅里叶变换,该分布函数可通过统计其投影在该方向的临近区域处阵元数目获得.然后,通过对混合圆形阵列天线方向图的分析,验证了该关系的正确性,并说明了上述关系在分析阵列方向图的应用.在此基础上,进一步分析了阵元权重系数对方向的影响,发现该方法与通过改变阵列天线阵元分布的方法等效.最后,提出了基于分布函数的圆形阵列方向图优化方法,并通过仿真实验验证了该方法的可行性.该方法可通过改变圆形阵列阵元沿径向的权重系数使得其对应的任意方向的方向图与期望的窗函数近似.     

基于阿基米德天线的两种圆阵的比较

研究了基于阿基米德螺旋天线的有向阵元构成的两种圆形阵列（8单元圆阵和1＋7型圆阵）的性能比较。首先介绍了N元圆形阵列的方向图特性并推导了方向图函数,在此基础上分析了基于有向阵元的阵列方向图特性;接着讨论了阿基米德螺旋天线在不同频率下的方向性,给出了单个阵元的方向图的仿真结果;最后给出了有向阵元构成的两种圆阵的方向图以及MUSIC算法测向的仿真结果,对比分析了两种圆阵的性能,发现1＋7型圆阵要优于8单元圆阵。     

多约束直线阵列天线辐射散射特性优化

对于有口径、阵元数和最小阵元间距约束的直线阵列天线,运用改进的遗传算法通过调整单元的位置来同时优化其辐射和散射特性.并用矩量法验证了论文算例经优化后,完全计入互耦的辐射方向图峰值副瓣电平在-18.5 dB以下,且在绝大部分角域处于低散射状态,表明论文方法能指导兼顾辐射和散射特性的多约束阵列天线设计.     

GTD分析阵列天线在复杂电磁环境下的近场受扰

给出了应用几何绕射理论(GTD)分析计算机载电大尺寸阵列天线方向图的一种方法,比较好地解决了在复杂电磁环境下,大型阵列天线近场受扰分析的问题.该方法将阵列天线的每个阵元看成电偶极子,由于电偶极子尺寸很小,因而可以认为阵列的近场区仍然是单个电偶极子的远场区.根据这样的远场近似,可以利用几何绕射理论用解析方法计算每个电偶极子受到遮挡影响的场分布.通过独立地对阵列天线的每个阵元单独寻迹计算,并且将所有阵元的场进行叠加,就可以得到整个阵列天线受到处于近场的障碍物遮挡影响的场分布.应用此方法计算了一个阵列天线受到近场遮挡之后的方向图,并与应用HFSS仿真软件计算的结果进行了比较.计算结果表明,这一方法可以很好地应用于复杂电磁环境中大型阵列天线的近场受扰问题分析.     

共享孔径同心圆阵稀疏交错优化布阵方法

同心圆阵列天线具有波束对称、360°方位角扫描、抗干扰能力强等优点，被广泛应用于星载、机载、舰载雷达及飞机声呐等领域。在天线孔径有限的情况下，如何进一步提高同心圆阵的孔径利用率，通过孔径的空分复用，设计出子阵稀疏交错分布的多功能同心圆阵列天线，具有较大的研究价值。利用均匀同心圆阵列天线激励与方向图函数存在二维傅里叶-贝塞尔变换关系，基于二维三次插值和密度加权，提出了一种同心圆阵稀疏交错优化布阵的方法。该方法通过对均匀同心圆阵列天线方向图采样值的频谱能量进行分析，采用三次插值的方法，实现了同心圆天线阵列方向图函数到同心圆阵元激励能量的映射转换；基于密度加权的原理，对排序后归一化阵元激励的奇偶交错选取，使得稀疏交错子阵方向图频谱能量均分匹配，实现了同心圆阵的稀疏交错优化布阵设计。仿真结果表明，该方法得到的交错子阵天线具有峰值旁瓣电平低、主瓣宽度窄且方向图性能近似程度高的优点，有效解决了同心圆阵列天线稀疏交错优化布阵的设计难题，实现了两子阵交错的共享孔径多功能同心圆阵列天线设计。     

Analysis of circular waveguide arrays on cylinders

An analysis is given of the mutual coupling effects in a finite array antenna of circular waveguide elements on a conducting cylinder. The array is described in terms of a scattering matrix and the multimode aperture fields of the elements are solved for by moment methods. Mutual coupling through wave propagation along the surface is treated according to GTD, since for most cases of interest the surface curvature is small in terms of wavelength. Appropriate asymptotic expansions for the magnetic field Green's function are derived for the two basic cases of an axial and a circumferential magnetic current element on the cylinder, the latter being a new case. The method, which allows the array elements to be nonuniformly spaced, applies to cylinders with radii>2lambdaand thus also includes planar arrays. Illustrative numerical examples and comparisons with infinite cylindrical and planar arrays are included.     

Theoretical and experimental study of monopole phased array antennas

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the mutual coupling in large two-dimensional periodic planar phased arrays of thin cylindrical monopoles is addressed. A plane wave representation of the active input impedance is used to analyze an infinite array of monopoles. A finite array analysis is used to compute the center element gain pattern and input impedance as a function of the array size and element position. The center element gain pattern is shown to have omnidirectional vertical polarization with a null on-axis and peak gain in the vicinity of50degfrom broadside. Measurements of the element gain pattern and mutual coupling for a 121-element passively terminated monopole square lattice array are shown to be in good agreement with the theory. The results of the infinite array analysis are compared to theoretical and experimental data in the literature for hexagonal lattice arrays.     

Radiation pattern synthesis techniques as applied to the study of perfectly conducting periodic structures of arbitrary profile: TE-polarization

Previous works [1]-[5] on planar perfectly conducting periodic structures had their mathematical formulation developed primarily with basis on the boundary conditions imposed on the conducting surface of the structure thus requiring near-field computation to be somehow performed. In the present work it is shown that the induced currents, and from that the resulting scattering properties of periodic structures, can also be determined exclusively from its scattered farfield characteristics. Firstly, the structure is regarded as an uniform infinite periodic array excited with a progressive phase-shift resulting from illumination by a plane-wave. From boundary conditions on the "shadow" side of the structure one can easily obtain the directions of the nulls of the array pattern which in fact are the nulls of the far-field array element-pattern. Synthesis techniques are then used to obtain the current on the structure from which the scattered field can be computed. Numerical results obtained with the present method compare quite favourably with previously published numerical results and also with experimental data.     

Edge effects in finite arrays of uniform slits on a ground plane

The results obtained by modeling a linear array as an infinite periodic structure can be used for the analysis of finite arrays as the zero-order approximation of a perturbation technique. This idea is utilized to investigate the edge effects in two arrays of uniform slits fed by parallel-plate waveguides terminated on a ground plane. It is shown that the realized gain pattern of an element depends substantially upon its position in the array. This is true particularly for the deep resonance notches in the patterns which are present for certain element spacings. When the array is excited with uniform magnitude and linear phase, the aperture voltages are the superposition of a term, corresponding to the infinite array model, plus another correction term (a "spatial transient") representing the edge effect. The influence of this term is particularly relevant when the array is scanned at endfire. In such a case, the method introduced here allows the prediction of the element terminal admittances and the array pattern, while according to the infinite array model no radiation would be permitted.     

Finite periodic structure approach to large scanning array problems

There are two conventional techniques dealing with mutual coupling problems for antenna arrays. The "element-by-element" method is useful for small to moderate size arrays. The "infinite periodic structure" method deals with one cell of infinite periodic structures, including all the mutual coupling effects. It cannot, however, include edge effects, current tapers, and nonuniform spacings. A new technique called the "finite periodic structure" method, is presented and applied to represent the active impedance of an array, it involves two operations. The first is to convert the discrete array problem into a series of continuous aperture problems by the use of Poisson's sum formula. The second is to use spatial Fourier transforms to represent the impedance in a form similar to the infinite periodic structure approach. The active impedance is then given by a convolution integral involving the infinite periodic structure solution and the Fourier transform of the equivalent aperture distribution of the current over the entire area of the array. The formulation is particularly useful for large finite arrays, and edge effects, current tapers, and nonuniform spacings can also be included in the general formulation. Although the general formulation is valid for both the free and forced modes of excitation, the forced excitation problem is discussed to illustrate the method.     

Excitation of surface wave on circular-loop array

A method is presented of analyzing surface-wave excitation to an infinite periodic linear array in which only one element is excited and all others are parasitic. The approach taken in the analysis is based on the properties of the periodic structure. A formal solution for the current distribution on the array element is obtained, and the propagation constant of the surface wave is also found. In the case where the array consists of loop antennas, the surface wave can propagate only when the separation of the array element is less than one-half wavelength and the circumference of the loop is less than one wavelength. Calculated values of the propagation constant of an array are in good agreement with the measured results.     

Efficient analysis for infinite microstrip dipole arrays

A moment method analysis of infinite microstrip dipole arrays which uses an efficient technique to evaluate the generalised impedance matrix is described. A particularly simple formulation is obtained through the use of the periodic Green function. Results for the reflection coefficient magnitude against scan angle are given for a typical array.     

Analysis of an infinite phased array of dipole elements with RAMcoating on ground plane and covered with layered radome

An analysis of an infinite array of dipole elements over a radar absorbing material (RAM) coated ground plane and covered with a radome is presented. The radiation impedance of the dipole element is obtained when the array is in transmitting mode, and a scattering analysis is carried out when the array is excited by an incoming plane wave and the dipole elements are terminated in loads. The electric field Green's function in terms of Floquet mode expansion due to a periodic δ-function horizontal dipole source is derived to satisfy the layered boundary conditions. The method of moments is used to solve the current distribution on the dipole. Numerical calculation of the radiation impedance of a dipole array covered with a radome has been verified with results from waveguide simulator measurements. Numerical examples are given to show the effect of the RAM coated ground plane on the radiation impedance and the scattering characteristics