国产重型燃气轮机单管燃烧室性能试验研究

以某国产重型燃气轮机单管燃烧室为研究对象,通过全压试验进行燃烧室出口温度场分布品质、火焰筒壁面温度、燃烧效率和压力脉动等性能参数的录取,将试验结果与中压模拟试验进行对比分析,验证燃气轮机燃烧室性能设计的合理性。试验表明,全压试验燃烧室出口温度场分布指标满足设计要求、出口温度场分布云图和火焰筒壁面温度与中压模拟试验具有相似趋势,中压模拟试验的火焰筒局部壁面温度高于全压试验结果,全压试验所测燃烧室燃烧效率高于中压模拟试验。研究获得的数据为燃气轮机在示范电站的整机运行考核提供参考,同时对国产其余型号燃气轮机燃烧室的全压试验具有一定的指导意义。     

有气膜孔燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧流场的数值模拟

对有气膜孔的某型燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧状况用Fluent软件进行了数值模拟。在模拟中采用了标准k-ε湍流模型、"简单化学反应系统"模型和"快速化学反应"假设,用SIMPLE算法进行压力-速度耦合求解。通过对模拟结果的分析,得到了过量空气系数、火焰长度及火焰筒壁面平均温度等参数随负荷的变化趋势,并与无气膜冷却的相应情况进行了比较,主要在燃烧掺混和火焰筒壁面温度方面有了较大改善,所得结论对燃烧室的结构改进及优化有一定参考价值。     

Bump环强化柴油混合过程的数值模拟研究

对双模式HCCI燃烧,促进其主喷阶段燃油的混合速率至关重要。采用CFD数值模拟方法研究了一种新型燃烧室设计——BUMP燃烧室对直喷柴油机喷雾燃烧过程的影响。结果表明,bump环扰动缸内气流运动产生复杂的流谱,形成强烈的湍流。燃油喷雾撞壁后,bump环剥离壁面射流形成二次空间射流,减少了燃油在燃烧室壁面的沉积,湍流混合速率大大增加。自燃着火时刻,BUMP燃烧室内有38．2％的燃油处于碳烟生成门槛之外,而对比燃烧室仅为28．9％。数值模拟解释了BUMP燃烧室同时降低NOx和碳烟排放的实验现象。此外,模拟还发现燃油混合速率对喷油定时非常敏感,存在一个高湍流混合速率曲轴转角区间。     

9E燃气轮机低氮改造后火焰筒燃烧特性的数值计算

针对改造后的LEC-Ⅲ低NOx燃烧室,运用FLUENT软件对该火焰筒的燃烧流场进行数值模拟。在模拟过程中采用了标准k-ε湍流模型,用SIMPLE算法进行求解,分析了一次模式下火焰筒内速度分布、温度分布、组分分布。结果表明:在一次模式时,火焰筒通过旋流和第一排射流孔形成的回流稳定火焰;文丘里喉道高速气流可以防止预混模式时二级燃烧区的火焰回火,避免一级燃烧区气体再点火燃烧;在一次模式时,火焰筒头部的圆柱形腔室的工作特性相当于六个小型的火焰筒;NOx排放的数值模拟结果与运行值接近。     

某型涡扇发动机燃烧室三维数值模拟

使用FLUENT对某涡扇发动机环形回流燃烧室进行了冷热态流场的三维数值模拟.比较了Standardk-ε、RNGk-ε、Realizablek-ε三种湍流模型,涡团耗散、平衡PDF两种燃烧模型及两种不同燃油雾化直径的数值模拟结果;比较了考虑火焰筒壁换热、大弯管冷却孔前后的数值模拟结果;分析了燃烧室性能.得出如下结论:R...     

燃气轮机燃油燃烧室改用双燃料流场数值分析

针对燃气轮机燃油燃烧室改成双燃料燃烧室对燃料喷嘴进行一体化概念设计,并采用CFD技术对其双燃料燃烧流场进行数值模拟。针对燃烧室燃用C7H16和裂解气燃料的不同情况,采用标准κ-ε湍流模型、化学平衡条件下的快速化学反应系统和简单概率密度函数（PDF）燃烧模型、液体燃料的喷雾模型以及SIMPLE算法。模拟并对比分析了两种燃料燃烧时的燃烧效率、出口温度均匀性、壁面最高温度以及速度分布等参数随工况变化的趋势,并得出结论：1）不同燃料燃烧时的流场特征基本保持一致;2）裂解气燃料燃烧时,其燃烧效率较高,但出口温度均匀性较差;3）在加入相同焓值的燃料进入燃烧室时,裂解气燃料燃烧得到的出口温度低于燃油的燃烧状态。     

降低冒烟数燃烧室火焰筒头部改进设计研究

为了解决某型航空发动机燃烧室冒烟数较大的问题,通过分析航空煤油的燃烧化学反应过程和燃烧室内油气掺混燃烧过程,确认了炭烟的产生主要发生在初级反应阶段火焰筒的头部区域。因此提出改进措施,将火焰筒头部的单级旋流器更换为旋流杯,并对旋流杯的结构参数进行调整。采用数值模拟及扇形试验对改进前后的火焰筒性能进行对比分析。研究表明：相对于单级旋流器,旋流杯使燃烧室头部流场由单涡结构变为双涡结构,燃油分布更加均匀,在头部高温的环境中降低了局部富油程度,从而减少了头部炭烟的生成;改进后,燃烧室冒烟数大幅降低,总压恢复系数变化不大,贫油熄火油气比达到了0.004 6,能够满足发动机使用要求。     

双燃料燃气轮机喷嘴结构设计与数值模拟

针对化学回热循环燃气轮机燃烧室,设计了几种双燃料喷嘴的气体燃料流道结构,应用RNG(重整化群)k-ε双方程湍流模型、PDF燃烧模型以及SIMPLE算法,借助CFD技术对采用这几种不同喷嘴结构的燃烧室燃烧流场进行了数值模拟与对比分析。通过对这几种喷嘴结构模型的火焰长度、高温区的位置、壁面温度、出口温度场的均匀性等关键影响因素的对比分析表明:采用斜气孔气体燃料旋流双燃料喷嘴,可以在气体流道中产生预旋气流,使裂解气与空气能更好地进行掺混燃烧,同时避免了火焰烧到喷嘴和火焰筒壁面,出口温度场也更均匀。     

燃气轮机燃烧室故障分析及试验研究

按等容积流率的燃烧室模化试验相似准则,对某型燃气轮机燃烧室火焰筒联焰管附近主燃孔出现裂纹的故障原因进行了试验研究,验证了火焰筒局部温度过高导致的热应力是故障发生的根本原因。在此基础上,对燃烧室火焰筒和喷嘴进行了结构改型设计,并进行了原型与改型喷嘴和改型火焰筒的燃烧室模化试验。试验结果表明,火焰筒和喷嘴的改型设计可减小火焰筒壁面温升系数及其温度梯度,改善燃烧室出口温度分布及其熄火特性,其中火焰筒最高壁温温升系数可减小5.3%,出口温度分布系数由0.178降至0.154,熄火油气比由0.003降至0.001,而燃烧室出口径向温度分布特性和设计启动状态下的点火特性基本不变。     

湍流预混燃烧的小火焰模型

由Level set方法确定湍流预混燃烧火焰面的位置,考虑CHEMKIN库详细化学反应机理,通过PDF方法建立湍流预混燃烧数学模型,计算组分浓度和温度在火焰内部分布。以矩形突扩燃烧室为例,模拟甲烷/空气预混燃烧的平均火焰位置和火焰内部温度、浓度分布,计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明此模型能较好模拟湍流预混燃烧。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.