Numerical simulation of ultrasonic minimum reflection for residual stress evaluation in 2D case

A number of interesting phenomena at fluid-solid interfaces can be observed when the incident angle approaches the Rayleigh angle, including Schoch displacement and leaky Rayleigh waves. Besides the experimental and theoretical research on these problems, numerical tools have been more and more widely used for these complex problems. Based on previous experimental and numerical researches, a 2D finite element model has been built to reproduce the Schoch effects. With the same model, the minimum reflection profile is investigated for the feasibility of material characterization, especially for residual stress evaluation. Residual stress is one of the important properties for structures, and its measurement is a popular research topic in nondestructive evaluation. However, it is not possible to put the residual stress into the numerical model directly. According to the relation of residual stress with mechanical properties, the material damping and wave speed have been alternatively adopted in this work. The influence of minimum reflection profile by residual stress has been shown by the change of wave speed and damping factor. Simulation results show that the minimum reflection profile is a potential method for residual stress evaluation.     

Lamb wave propagation modeling for structure health monitoring

This study aims to model the propagation of Lamb waves used in structure health monitoring. A number of different numerical computational techniques have been developed for wave propagation studies. The local interaction simulation approach, used for modeling sharp interfaces and discontinuities in complex media (LISA/SIM theory), has been effectively applied to numerical simulations of elastic wave interaction. This modeling is based on the local interaction simulation approach theory and is finally accomplished through the finite elements software Ansys11. In this paper, the Lamb waves propagating characteristics and the LISA/SIM theory are introduced. The finite difference equations describing wave propagation used in the LISA/SIM theory are obtained. Then, an anisotropic metallic plate model is modeled and a simulating Lamb waves signal is loaded on. Finally, the Lamb waves propagation modeling is implemented.     

Model development for tool wear effect on AE signal generation in micromilling

A model for the relation between the acoustic emission signal generation and tool wear was established for cutting processes in micromilling by considering the acoustic emission (AE) generation and propagation mechanisms. In addition, the effect of tool wear on the AE signal generation in frequency and amplitude was studied. In the model development, the finite element analysis was first used to calculate the shear strain rate distribution on the shear plane based on the orthogonal cutting assumption. Conversely, the contact stress distribution of workpiece on the flank wear face was established based on the Waldorf model. Following the finite element method, the dislocation density in materials was calculated based on Orowan’s law with the calculated stress rate. Finally, the AE signal detected by the sensor was calculated by considering the Gaussian probability density function for the distribution of AE source on the shear plane and the one-dimension wave equation for AE signal propagation. Based on the developed model, the effect of tool wear on the AE signal generation was investigated and compared to the experimental results. The results obtained from these investigations indicate that the proposed model can be used to predict the effect of tool wear on the AE signal generation.     

Dynamic crack growth in TDCB specimens

Dynamic crack propagation in tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) specimens is analysed via beam theory and the finite element method. Steady state and transient solutions of the energy release rate G are given for various load conditions. Finite element analysis is performed to obtain the dynamic G at given crack speed or the crack history for a given fracture toughness. The stress wave effects on the dynamic G are discussed. The beam solutions are compared with the finite element results and some experimental phenomena are explained.     

随机加载下缺口局部应力应变的弹塑性有限元计算

根据材料在塑性变形后引起的各向异性和Bauschinger效应,利用Jhansale模型原理,对缺口件在随机加载下的缺口根部的局部应力和应变进行弹塑性有限元分析,有限元分析采用了随动强化模型,并考虑材料瞬态局部应力应变的响应特性,最后,将本文有限元的局部应力应变历程分析结果与工程上常用的Neuber法进行了比较。     

Modélisation,identification et simulations éléments finis des phénomènes de délaminage dans les structures composites stratifiées

Modelling, identification and finite element predictions of delamination in laminated composite structures. In order to forecast the delamination initiation and propagation in a finite element context, a previously defined damage meso-modelling of composite laminates is used. At the meso-level, the laminate is described as an assembly of damageable layers and interlaminar interfaces. The present work concerns the modelling, the identification and the finite element predictions of delamination phenomena in composite structures. Finite element predictions are conducted with non-linear geometric and material hypothesis. The interface modelling is implemented in the finite element code Castem 2000 developped by CEA. Classic edge delamination tension and propagation tests are conducted in order to improve the interface damage model approach in the finite elements context.     

板中Lamb波激励响应计算方法

采用基于半解析有限元的激励响应计算方法来求解薄板中Lamb波的激励响应结果,替代常规的实验方法,实现对薄板中Lamb波传播特性的仿真分析。与三维有限元仿真方法相比,采用激励响应计算方法仿真导波在波导介质中的传播过程可以节省计算量,提高效率。通过求解薄板中Lamb波的一般均质方程,基于频谱叠加原理,可以计算薄板中Lamb波激励响应结果。分别提取激励响应计算结果和实验测量数据,通过小波分析计算两种数据的Lamb波群速度。经验证,激励响应仿真计算结果与实验数据有很好的一致性,通过群速度频散曲线对比两种方法获取的数据,模态分析结论一致。激励响应计算方法还可以仿真计算任意截面波导介质中导波的传播过程,具有较好的通用性。     

Finite element analysis of laser-generated ultrasound for characterizing surface-breaking cracks

A finite element method was used to simulate the wave propagation of laser-generated ultrasound and its interaction with surface breaking cracks in an elastic material. Thermoelastic laser line source on the material surface was approximated as a shear dipole and loaded as nodal forces in the plane-strain finite element (FE) model. The shear dipole-FE model was tested for the generation of ultrasound on the surface with no defect. The model was found to generate the Rayleigh surface wave. The model was then extended to examine the interaction of laser generated ultrasound with surface-breaking cracks of various depths. The crack-scattered waves were monitored to size the crack depth. The proposed model clearly reproduced the experimentally observed features that can be used to characterize the presence of surface-breaking cracks.     

梁杆碰撞激发瞬态波传播的动态子结构模型

针对梁杆碰撞问题,通过推导物理坐标和模态坐标下的动力学控制方程,采用黏结接触模型和单轴压缩局部接触模型处理碰撞产生的接触约束,提出一种适用于梁杆碰撞激发瞬态波传播研究的动态子结构模型。与理论解的比较表明,该动态子结构模型具有良好的数值收敛性和较高的计算精度。数值计算结果显示,该模型能够有效地分析碰撞激发的杆中轴向波和梁中弯曲波的传播、反射和相互干涉。借助该模型,分别研究轴向波和弯曲波通过碰撞接触约束的传播效应,研究结果表明,柔性构件碰撞的一个显著特征是波传播效应直接影响碰撞力响应,并使碰撞力响应形式变得异常复杂。     

冲击作用下的载荷波形对动态应力集中系数的影响

本文从理论上证明了在一定条件下阶越波入射产生的最大应力集中系数是冲击作用下种瞬态波形入射时的极限值。有限元法计算结果不仅证实了这一结论，而且展示了在一般无理论解的情况下获得极值应力集中系数的可行性。     

Simulation of time reversibility of Lamb wave in symmetric composite laminate

In this paper, a computationally efficient scheme to simulate Lamb wave propagation in symmetric laminated composite is presented and used to study time reversibility of Lamb wave. The technique proposed is a modified version of the wavelet spectral finite element (WSFE) which has been earlier developed for one- and two-dimensional wave propagation. The method follows a finite element procedure in the transformed frequency-wavenumber domain. The transformations are done using Daubechies scaling function approximation in time and one spatial dimension. Here, the modified WSFE method is used to simulate time domain Lamb wave response in doubly bounded, symmetric composite laminates. The results have been validated by comparing the wave velocities derived from these simulations with those obtained from experiments. The technique has also been used to emphasize and analyze the time reversibility phenomenon of Lamb wave. Finally, the constraint of the simulation in terms of wrap-around problem is explained with numerical examples.     

滑动接触中摩擦发热的数值分析

在滑动接触中，存在摩擦起热问题，运动机理对接触行为参数特性的影响不同于纯滚动接触，采用有限元方法，利用ANSYS软件，对2维滚滑模型进行分析，通过研究接触区的温度，接触应力和变形在运动学状态下的变化特性，可以看到接触状态的非稳定性必定会造成实际摩擦状态的不同，这也是形成接触表面不均匀磨损的原因之一。     

Blast attenuation in Cymat foam core sacrificial claddings

The mechanism of air blast attenuation in a sacrificial cladding comprising a steel cover plate and a foam core is examined applying an analytical and numerical analysis. For the range of the analysed pressure pulses, the maximum magnitudes of the induced compaction velocities were usually smaller than the acoustic wave speed in the foam material and caused a non-uniform foam density distribution along the compacted region. A significant density decay measured from the proximal end of the cladding was observed within the compacted foam zone due to a rapid reduction of the compaction velocity. An analytical model was developed to reveal the characteristic features of the foam compaction under a moderate velocity impact. It was shown that waves of strong discontinuity, such as shock waves resulting from an overtaking of the stress increments cannot be initiated in the foam. It was revealed, however, that the stress wave propagation in the form of an unloading plastic wave has a significant dynamic effect on the foam compaction and energy absorption. It was concluded that a quasi-static approach cannot be used to accurately estimate the absorbed energy, at least for partially compacted foam. The predictions of the proposed analytical model are compared with other published analytical models for a foam compaction under a high and low velocity impact and with the results from the numerical simulations of the foam deformation in a finite thickness sacrificial cladding subjected to a blast loading. The numerical model was verified with blast loading tests of 50 mm thick Cymat foam claddings having a density of 253 kg/m³. The influence of the cladding characteristics on the reflected stress from the stationary end of the cladding was also analysed when using the proposed model for foam compaction.     

Three-dimensional finite element stress and strain analysis of a transfemoral osseointegration implant

The percutaneous transfemoral osseointegration implant is an alternative technique for direct prosthetic limb attachment. In order to investigate the stress and strain in the transfemoral osseointegration implant system, finite element (FE) analyses were carried out using three-dimensional femur-implant models and the commercial FE software ABAQUS. The three-dimensional femoral model was reconstructed from presurgery CT scans of an above-knee amputee. The implant was then inserted into the femoral model using Boolean operations in CAD software. Under a typical walking load, stress and strain from the femur-implant FE model were investigated. Stress concentrations were found near to the distal and proximal regions of the femur. To study the effect of different contact ratios between femur and implant, FE analyses were carried out using different implant diameters. The results showed that there were local stress variations near the contact discontinuity areas. A comparison was also made between the results of this study and a previous study using axisymmetric FE models. The results of the two studies revealed different stress levels, but good correlation was found in the overall stress distribution.     

基于反射系数的波导结构不连续位置识别

机械波沿波导结构传播过程中,遇到裂缝、支撑等结构不连续会产生反射和透射现象。基于波幅分解法的反射系数预计结果是不连续位置的函数,只有已知不连续位置的情况下可以准确预计反射系数。提出的广义反射系数模型可以在未知不连续位置的条件下测得反射系数。通过拟合采用两种方法获得的反射系数,可以识别出不连续位置。为了验证该不连续位置识别方法的有效性,以梁为例分别对附加质量和裂缝两种不连续进行位置识别。试验结果表明,位置识别误差分别为0%和0.06%。     

振动切削微观应力波机理分析与有限元仿真

振动切削的加载特定性决定了切削中应力波的产生,应力波传播对振动切削的微观机理产生重大影响。以振动切削中应力波产生及在切削区的传播为切入点,对内反射波,反射断裂及动态应力强度因子加以分析,并进行有限元仿真,解释了振动切削的能量作用集中,剪切角增大的实质。     

超声波流量计中反射装置的声-固耦合分析

对超声波流量计中的反射装置进行有限元模拟计算,利用声-固耦合的方法将流体域内的声压和固体域中的结构变形联系起来。在流体域内求解Helmholtz方程,得到的声压作用于固体表面使得超声波反射装置受到载荷,而结构变形在固体边界的法向上产生结构化加速度。选取一款超声波流量计的反射装置并将其置于无限大空间中,通过一个球体对计算区域进行分割得到有限元计算区域,将超声波换能器简化为垂直入射计算区域的平面波。通过对硬边界、铝材料和不锈钢的模拟结果进行对比,分析3种情况下超声波传播过程中3条路径上的声压级变化,得出固体域的结构变形对超声波传播过程中声压分布产生影响;不锈钢材料宜作为反射装置的材料。     

Ultrasonic based structural damage detection using combined finite element and model Lamb wave propagation parameters in composite materials

This paper presents a combined finite element and model Lamb waves propagation parameters method as a tool for structural health monitoring in composite materials. Modal analysis allows identifying the mode conversions induced by the defects. A simulation combining a lossless finite element approach and Lamb wave propagation parameter for finding natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structures in undamaged and damaged condition is proposed. This analysis is performed on two carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic bars in both undamaged and damaged state, where the two damaged states are (1) having a cut partway through the bar, perpendicular to the long axis of the bar and (2) having a circular hole. The lamb wave propagation parameters are calibrated using the ultrasonic pulse generator test setup. The natural frequencies for the theoretical, finite element and experimental results are compared and close agreement is found between the frequencies obtained experimentally and computationally.     

旋转行波超声电机的冲击动力学模拟及实验

研究了冲击产生的高过载对旋转型行波超声电机结构和性能的影响机理和规律。首先,结合旋转型行波超声电机的工作机理和结构形式,建立了该型超声电机在冲击载荷下的有限元模型,利用显式算法模拟其在冲击过载环境中的暂态过程,分析电机的定、转子及压电元件等部件的应力和应变分布规律,研究和评估了目前超声电机结构对瞬时超大过载的耐受情况;其次,设计了特定夹持装置,对旋转型行波超声电机的耐过载特性进行了马歇特锤击实验,实验结果很好地印证了理论分析结果;最后,综合理论和实验结果评定了当前典型的旋转行波超声电机结构在特殊使用环境中的耐过载能力及易损伤部件。实验结果表明,紧凑和简单的结构特点使得超声电机本身具有较好的适应大过载环境的工作能力,在直接承8千个重力加速度冲击过载后仍能维持一定的输出特性。