采用模拟PID控制的DFB激光器温度控制系统研制

以红外分布反馈激光器激发光源为核心的检测装置中,分布反馈激光器发光波长的控制精度及稳定性直接决定检测装置测量准确性。为此研发了一种采用模拟PID控制的分布反馈激光器温度控制系统。该系统采用模拟比例-积分-微分温度前向控制模块和温度实时后向采集模块达到控制温度的目的。温度控制实验中采用激射中心波长为2 049 nm的分布反馈激光器,结果表明,系统温度控制稳定性为0.05℃,稳定时间小于30 s。同时,利用所研制的温度控制系统对上述可调谐DFB激光器做了光谱测试实验,结果表明,当激光器驱动电流固定时,激光器激射波长与其工作温度呈线性关系。     

用于SERF原子磁力仪的DFB激光器温度控制系统

由于分布反馈式（DFB）激光器的工作温度会影响其激射波长,降低无自旋交换弛豫（SERF）原子磁力仪的磁场测量灵敏度,以TMS320LF2812为核心控制器,采用数字比例-积分-微分（PID）控制技术,设计并研制了一种高精度、高稳定性DFB激光器温度控制系统。在硬件电路设计方面,由温度控制前向通路和温度采集后向通路组成,构成完整的闭环温度控制结构。软件设计中,采用Ziegler-Nichols工程整定方法,实现对P、I和D三个参数的整定。以中心波长为852 nm的DFB激光器为被控对象,利用该温度控制系统对其进行了温度控制实验。实验结果表明:系统的有效控温范围为5～60℃,控温精度为0.02℃,稳定时间为20 s。并且在长时间（220 min）测试中,DFB激光器工作温度稳定性优于7.910-4（RMS）,为其在SERF原子磁力仪的实用化方面提供了性能保障。     

基于BP神经网络的DFB激光器恒温控制系统建模与仿真

为了提高DFB激光器的使用寿命,减小其发射强度和波长等受工作温度变化的影响,采用BP神经网络与数字增量式PID控制相结合的技术,设计并研制了一种基于BP神经网络的DFB激光器恒温控制系统,并对其进行仿真与实验.结果表明,该系统的上升时间是6s,稳定时间是14s,超调量是2.3％,稳定之后的控制精度是±0.05℃,温度控制范围为5℃至65℃,优于基于传统PID控制算法的温度控制系统,实现了高精度、快响应、宽范围的设计目标,具有很好的应用前景.     

用于量子密钥分发的半导体激光器温控系统

由于量子密钥分发(quantum key distribution,QKD)系统对光源的稳定性要求极高,尤其是激光器发出光的波长和光强的稳定性,直接影响了系统的成码率。由此,针对分布反馈式(distributed feedback,DFB)激光器的温度特性,设计一种有效的温度控制系统。系统以 FPGA 为控制核心,采用增量式PID算法,对DFB激光器的工作温度进行实时监控。采用热电制冷控制芯片MAX8520作为半导体制冷器(thermoelectric cooler,TEC)的驱动芯片。利用集成于DFB激光器内部的负温度系数(negative temperature coefficient,NTC)热敏电阻构成温度采集模块,组成闭环负反馈结构。通过实验测试,温度控制精度可达±0.03 ℃,波长漂移可控制在0.01 nm以内。该温控系统具有电路体积小、效率高和可靠性高等特点,可为激光器提供稳定的温度控制,以保证QKD系统的光源波长的稳定性。     

光纤瓦斯气体检测系统中光源的驱动电路分析

全光纤光谱吸收式煤矿瓦斯气体检测系统通过在近红外波段对瓦斯气体吸收光谱分析，利用光谱吸收法实现了煤矿瓦斯浓度测量。本系统采用分布反馈式半导体激光器DFB（Distributed Feed Back）作为系统光源，由于DFB激光器的光强和中心波长与注入的电流和结温有关，因此为了保证光源的稳定性并能实现中心波长的调制，系统采用电流可调的恒流源作为光源的基础驱动，同时采用温度控制电路调节光源的结温，实现对光源中心波长的调节和光源的稳定性控制。由于检测信号很弱，为了消除光源的干扰噪声，提高系统的监测灵敏度，系统采用调制吸收系数法测量气体浓度，通过锯齿波对光源的频率进行调制，实现对气体吸收系数的调制。本文给出了DFB激光器的驱动、温度控制和调制电路，试验证明该电路能满足瓦斯监测系统在煤矿现场的应用要求。     

基于DSP的DFB激光器温度控制系统设计

为了提高红外分布反馈式激光器的工作稳定性,减少其受工作温度波动的影响,采用PID控制技术,设计并研制了一种基于DSP的DFB激光器智能温度控制系统,并利用该系统对DFB激光器进行温度测试仿真实验。实验表明,该系统的温度控制精度为±0.1℃,上升时间为19s,达到稳定的时间为70s,超调量为11.3%,温度控制范围为10℃~60℃,优越于基于单片机的激光器温度控制系统,具有一定的应用价值。     

基于波长调制技术的近红外甲烷检测仪

为了在煤矿环境中实时检测甲烷(CH4),利用中心波长为1.654μm的分布反馈(DFB)激光器,基于可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱法(TDLAS),实验报道了一种近红外(NIR)CH4检测仪。为了驱动DFB激光器并从差分信号中提取二次谐波信号,自主设计了激光器智能温度控制器、激光器扫描和驱动电路以及高性价比的锁相放大器,对各模块的性能做了测试和表征。利用各光学模块和电学模块,对系统进行了集成;为了得到其检测性能,开展了详细的CH4检测实验。结果显示,在0~100%的浓度范围内,相对测量误差小于7%,最小检测下限(MDL)为1.1×10-5。对两种标准浓度气体样品(浓度为1×10-3和2×10-1)的24h浓度测量结果表明,检测仪具有较好的稳定度,两组测量结果较真值的波动范围分别小于7.0%和2.5%。利用相似的检测机理和相同的硬件系统,通过更换其他波长的激光器,本文检测仪也可实现对其它气体的检测。     

采用数模混合双闭环方法的DFB激光器驱动电源

由于驱动电流波动会影响分布式反馈式（DFB）激光器激射波长及发光功率,采用数模混合双闭环技术,以TMS320LF28335为核心控制器,设计并研制了一种高稳定性DFB激光器驱动电源。在硬件电路设计方面,该激光器驱动电源采用运算放大器深度负反馈原理,提高了系统的稳定性（优于410-5）。软件设计中,引入Ziegler-Nichols PID算法,消除了实际驱动电流值与理论值之间的微小差异（小于0.5%）。同时,该驱动电源具备防上电/断电冲击保护电路、延时软启动电路和过流保护电路等保护电路。利用该驱动电源,对中心波长为1742 nm的DFB激光器做了驱动测试。实验表明,在长时间（220 h）稳定性测试中,驱动电流稳定度优于410-5（RMS）,满足DFB激光器对驱动电流的要求,具有很强的实用价值。     

可调谐激光器波长控制

文章介绍了可调谐激光器的波长调节及稳定控制的设计方法,并通过试验验证了其可行性.该设计由温度控制、偏置电流控制及锁波电路3部分组成,温度控制粗调波长,偏置电流控制微调波长,而锁波电路主要是针对外界温度发生变化时提供反馈.它适用于温度控制型分布反馈式 (DFB)可调谐激光器的外围电路设计.     

功率稳定且波长可调谐的窄线宽分布式反馈半导体激光器

提出一种新型的分布式反馈(DFB)半导体激光器,该激光器具有宽带波长可调谐、线宽窄、功率稳定的特点。该DFB激光器芯片通过采用非对称相移光栅结构,有效地压窄了输出光信号的线宽。基于高精度的温度和电流控制,有效控制激光器内部载流子动态特性与材料折射率,使得激光器输出波长可以实现宽带调谐,并且输出光功率保持稳定。其中,电流控制精度为10μA,温度控制精度为0.004℃,激光器的波长调谐范围为3.5nm,输出光功率为7.4mW,边模抑制比为52.7dB,线宽约为220kHz。该激光器有望应用于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)的研究中。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.