美国政府在住房抵押市场中的角色:促进流动性和风险担保

住房市场和住房抵甲市场在美国经济中一直发挥着重要的作用,美国住房金融系统被认为是世界上最具效率的资本市场结构之一.本文系统地介绍了美国住房金融市场的结构,住房抵押贷款市场和二级抵押贷款市场的运行及其机构,重点阐述了美国政府在促进住房资产资金兑现和风险管理中承担的角色.     

特别关注 关于调整住房供应结构的大讨论——任志强：用市场手段解决市场风险

在市场经济中产业结构的调整是个永远的话题，房地产业中多年来一直争论不休的也正是产业结构的调整问题，特别是住宅生产结构的合理性问题。     

Housing Consumption and Residential Crowding in U.S. Housing Markets

As families progress through the life cycle they generate different needs for housing space. The ability to satisfy these needs is clearly dependent on income, but at the same time it is affected by changes in household composition. The aggregate outcomes of the individual ability to adjust housing needs can be seen as a measure of the success of the housing market. This article examines changes in housing space consumption in the United States in the last two and a half decades at both the individual level and in aggregate outcomes. The research uses the data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to explore the relationship of housing consumption to income, and the overall success of the adjustment process. Despite the concerns about housing affordability and income polarization in large metropolitan housing markets, the US housing market as a whole, as measured by crowding and roomstress, is continuing to provide a wide range of paths to increased consumption. At the same time the research shows that there is greater pressure on housing consumption in markets with substantial recent immigration.     

Mortgage Markets: Why US and EU Markets Are So Different

The US mortgage market has been characterised by a number of factors that have encouraged the growth of securitisation and this, in turn, has substantially reduced the need for mortgage lenders to hold own funds. The situation in Europe is rather different (see Boleat, 1985; Coles, 1999; European Mortgage Federation 1996). This paper looks at the key differences between the US and Europe, their implications with regard to capital adequacy regulation and why a similar evolution for Europe seems unlikely.     

1970年代以前美国联邦政府与郊区的横向蔓延

20世纪30年代后,在美国联邦政府一系列政策的作用下,美国郊区获得了快速发展,甚至出现了郊区过度蔓延的趋势,对城市的发展产生了深远的影响.本文拟对20世纪30年代至70年代间联邦政府推出的促使郊区横向蔓延的政策及其影响进行探讨.     

The Evolution of the Federal Role in Supporting Community Recovery After U.S. Disasters

Problem, research strategy, and findings: The process of long-term recovery, if done well, can minimize post-disaster disruption, address problems that existed before the disaster struck, and improve the future resilience of a community. The U.S. government, however, historically has lacked a systematic approach to supporting community recovery. This study describes the history of federal policies for supporting community recovery after disasters, with particular attention to the roles of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). We conclude by considering the new National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF). This historical review suggests that the federal government needs to emphasize the following: providing resources for community recovery planning; facilitating increased flows of information after disasters; streamlining FEMA assistance to public agencies; explicitly working to reduce the barriers between FEMA and HUD; and incorporating equity into recovery policies. Recovery policies also need to include incentives to achieve substantive goals of rebuilding in a way that is sustainable, equitable, cost-effective, and timely, and that reduces the chances of future disasters.

Takeaway for practice: Local community planners can draw several lessons from this historical account. First, they should become aware of the various post-disaster programs now, before disaster strikes. Second, knowledge of post-disaster policies and programs will enable planners to use them creatively and effectively if disaster strikes. Third, in the midst of reconstruction, planners need to continually seek opportunities to promote betterment and resilience to natural hazards.     

The agglomeration of U.S.-owned and foreign-owned plants across the U.S. States

Agglomeration in U.S. manufacturing is more common than initially thought. This clustering arises from location natural advantages and spillovers. Extant studies on agglomeration do not distinguish the activities of U.S.-owned plants from those that are foreign owned. This distinction is crucial since policies seem to have differential impacts on both types of plants. I find that industry scale, resource intensity and urbanization economies have larger impacts on foreign plant agglomeration whereas knowledge intensity has a larger effect on domestic plant agglomeration. Received: September 2001/Accepted: April 2002 I would like to thank the UNO University Committee on Research for support of this project and Ke Yang for invaluable research assistance. The paper has benefited from the comments made by an anonymous referee. The usual caveats apply.     

城市房屋拆迁中政府角色的法律分析

x城市房屋拆迁问题是开发商经济利益、被拆迁人个人利益以及政府城市建设的公共利益之间的冲突。本文从现行《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》入手,分析政府、开发商、被拆迁人在城市房屋拆迁管理活动中的不同利益,立足于政府的适度干预手段,实现政府对开发商拆迁行为的规制,以及对被拆迁人弱势利益的保障,以寻求调和三者矛盾的途径。