Combined effect of melt thermal treatment and solution heat treatment on eutectic Si particles in cast Al–Si alloys

The present results showed that in Al&hyphen ;Si alloys, Sr modified (SrM), superheat (SH) and SrM melt thermal treatment (SrMTT) processed castings provide fine eutectic Si particles, with the SrMTT process giving the best modification results. Both size and morphology of the eutectic silicon particles are affected by the modification process used. The SrM, SH and SrMTT castings show well modified fibrous Si particles, whereas the melt thermal treatment (MTT) casting exhibits Si particles that, although refined to a certain extent, still retain their acicular morphology. Cooling rate affects the eutectic Si particle size in that a higher cooling rate produces finer Si particles. However, within the range of cooling rates provided by the end chill mould used in this work, the cooling rate does not affect the morphology of the Si particles. During solution heat treatment at 540°C, the eutectic Si particles undergo fragmentation, spheroidisation and coarsening, affecting the Si particle morphology. The spheroidisation process is determined by the size and morphology of the Si particles in the as cast condition. The SrM, SH and SrMTT processed castings with their refined Si particles require much less solution treatment time for the spheroidisation process to take place than do the non-modified and MTT castings.     

TiC增强高锰钢基复合材料的组织与磨损性能

高锰钢是传统的耐磨材料。为进一步提升高锰钢的耐磨性能,使其能满足复杂工况的使用要求,本文采用凝固析出方法制备了不同体积分数TiC增强的高锰钢基复合材料,系统研究了复合材料的显微组织和磨料磨损性能。热处理后,复合材料由奥氏体和TiC两相组成,TiC颗粒均匀分布在高锰钢基体中,颗粒与基体界面清洁。磨料磨损实验表明,TiC颗粒的引入提高了复合材料耐磨性能。然而,复合材料的磨损性能随着TiC体积分数的增加而降低。研究表明这是因为随着TiC体积分数的提高,陶瓷粒径尺寸增大且部分形成团簇,陶瓷颗粒在磨损过程中发生破碎从而提高磨损率。     

Ti-V-Nb微合金钢第二相粒子在焊接热循环过程中的变化规律

利用萃取复型技术，对Ti-V-Nb微台金钢母材、焊缝及模拟粗晶区中第二相粒子进行了研究结果表明，母材中的粒子为含有Ti，V，Nb的碳氮化台物复合粒子，其尺寸均在100nm以下；粒子的形状不规则，不同粒子具有不同的成分．焊接过程中，溶池中的碳氮化合物粒了绝大部分发生溶解，溶解到溶池中的Ti通过冶金反应生成TiO，TiO与溶池中的其它脱氧(脱硫)产物结合成尺寸较大的夹杂物；而溶解到溶池中的Nb及V未重新忻出．分析表明，TiO位于夹杂物的表面，且其附近一般有MnAl2O4相，两者具有相同晶体位向．焊接热循环旨，焊接粗晶区中仍保留了较多的粒子，但粒子尺寸显著增大，粒子的形状由母材中的不规则状变为方形，粒子的Ti含量显著提高。     

Structural and phase transformations in Hadfield steel upon frictional loading in liquid nitrogen

Structural transformations that occur in 110G13 steel (Hadfield) upon sliding friction in liquid nitrogen (–196°С) have been investigated by metallographic, electron-microscopic, and X-ray diffraction methods. The frictional action was performed through the reciprocating sliding of a cylindrical indenter of quenched 110G13 steel over a plate of the studied steel. A like friction pair was immersed into a bath with liquid nitrogen. It has been shown that the Hadfield steel quenched from 1100°С under the given temperature conditions of frictional loading retains the austenitic structure completely. The frictional action forms in a surface layer up to 10 μm thick the nanocrystalline structure with austenite grains 10–50 nm in size and a hardness 6 GPa. Upon subsequent low-temperature friction, the tempering of steel at 400°С (3 h) and at 600°С (5 min and 5 h) brings about the formation of a large amount (tens of vol %) of ε (hcp) martensite in steel. The formation of this phase under friction is supposedly a consequence of the reduction in the stacking fault energy of Hadfield steel, which is achieved due to the combined action of the following factors: low-temperature cooling, a decrease in the carbon content in the austenite upon tempering, and the presence of high compressive stresses in the friction-contact zone.     

冷却速度对钒微合金钢的组织和析出相的影响

采用光学显微镜和透射电镜研究了不同冷却速度下钒微合金钢的微观组织和析出相变化规律。结果表明:当冷却速度小于或等于5℃/s时,钢的组织均为铁素体+珠光体,且随着冷却速度的增加,铁素体的晶粒尺寸明显变细。当冷却速度达到10℃/s时,钢的组织变为马氏体+少量铁素体。透射电镜研究显示:平衡态时析出相包含大量弥散分布的尺寸主要为45~100 nm的不规则形V(C,N)相和(V,Ti)(C,N)复合相,当冷却速度小于或等于5℃/s时,析出相数量无明显改变,但颗粒尺寸随冷却速度的增加不断减小;但当冷速达到10℃/s时,析出相的数量显著下降,尺寸变小。对含钒微合金钢而言,调整适当的冷却速度,不仅可以细化铁素体晶粒,还可以提高析出强化效果,从而提高钢材的强韧性。     

In-situ observation of grain refinement in the simulated heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steel by Zr-Ti combined deoxidation

The effect of Zr-Ti combined deoxidation on the grain refinement in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of a high-strength low-alloy steel was investigated by means of analytical characterization techniques such as in-situ microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Owing to the Zr-Ti combined deoxidation, a large amount of fine Zr-Ti oxide particles were formed in the steel and retarded the austenite grain growth during simulated welding thermal cycle. The austenite grains were small and uniform. The Mn can diffuse spontaneously from austenite to Zr-Ti oxide inclusion and MnS precipitated on ZrO₂, which can form Mn depleted zone in the vicinity of inclusion. The acicular ferrite grains nucleated on intragranular Zr-Ti oxide inclusions in austenite grains grew in different directions and effectively divided the austenite grain into several finer and separate regions at intermediate temperature. The crystallographic grain size became small in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Zr-Ti-killed steel due to the effective pinning effect by Zr-Ti oxide particles and acicular ferrite formation.     

Mechanism of the ultradeep penetration of accelerated particles into metals and the conditions of its realization

The phase composition and microstructure of the 110G13 (Hadfield) steel cooled to ?196°C and subjected to the action of the flux of explosively accelerated white-iron particles (shots of 2 mm in diameter) were investigated by the metallographic, X-ray diffraction, and electron-microscopic methods. It is shown that the ultradeep penetration of the white-iron microparticles into the steel target can be realized at a relatively low speed of the particle flux (100–150 m/s) in the case where the steel target (and particles) are subjected to deep cooling, which results in the elastic (brittle) character of the interaction between the target material (110G13 steel) and iron particles. This experimentally confirms that the processes of elastic (brittle) interaction between the target material and the accelerated particles play the most important role in the processes of the ultradeep penetration of microparticles into metals and shows that the opportunities of the realization and, consequently, of the commercial use of this effect are wider than it was assumed previously.     

Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled Ductile Iron Castings

This article addresses the effect of cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties as determined by changing molding media and section size. The research was conducted for thin-walled iron castings with 2-5-mm wall thickness and for the reference casting with 13-mm wall thickness, using different molding materials (silica sand and insulating sand “LDASC”) to achieve various cooling rates. Thermal analysis was performed to determine the real cooling rate at the beginning of the graphite eutectic solidification. In general, it was found that the predictions based on theoretical analysis of the solidification process of ductile iron are in good agreement with the experimental outcomes. Finally, the present study provides insights into the effect of cooling rate on the graphite nodule count, the ferrite fraction and mechanical properties of thin-walled ductile iron castings. The study shows that the cooling rate of thin-walled castings varies in a wide range (80-15 °C/s) when changing the wall thickness from 2 to 5 mm, accompanied by significantly changing the mechanical properties of ductile iron. The cooling rate can be effectively reduced by applying an insulating sand to obtain the desired properties of thin-walled castings practically in the whole range of ductile iron grades in accordance with the ASTM Standard.     

锆脱氧对船板EH36夹杂物和耐蚀性能的影响

为研究脱氧方式对船板夹杂物形态和耐蚀性能的影响,采用锆脱氧和铝脱氧,对比两种脱氧条件下钢板晶粒尺寸、夹杂物形态和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,锆脱氧试验钢夹杂物主要为钙铝酸盐夹杂、球形复合氧化物;其中,大颗粒和长条状MnS夹杂物的密度较低,夹杂物弥散细小,可以阻止晶界迁移带来的晶粒长大,有效细化钢板晶粒尺寸。锆脱氧形成的钢中细小氧化物可以作为MnS异质形核核心,降低了钢基体MnS夹杂微区电化学腐蚀敏感性与扩展速度;这种复合氧化物电化学稳定性好,与铝脱氧方式相比,可以有效提升钢板耐蚀性能。     

Modelling of inoculation of metallic melts: application to grain refinement of aluminium by Al–Ti–B

A numerical model is presented for the prediction of grain size in inoculated castings and is tested against measured grain sizes obtained in standard grain-refiner tests on aluminium alloys. It is shown that for potent nucleants, such as commercial grain refiners for aluminium, the nucleation stage itself is not the controlling factor. The number of grains is determined by a free-growth condition in which a grain grows from a refiner particle at an undercooling inversely proportional to the particle diameter. With measured particle size distributions as input, the model makes quantitatively correct predictions for grain size and its variation with refiner addition level, cooling rate and melt composition. The model can assist in optimizing the use of existing refiners and in developing improved refiners.     

The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on fluid quenching characteristics

Abstract

Nanofluids are colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids. Some of the particles used in recent research are metal oxide and carbide particles, such as SiC, CuO, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, graphite and carbon nanotubes and particles. Quenching in such colloids results in better cooling abilities, higher impact toughness and smaller dimension changes of steels, compared with pure quenching media. In this investigation, nanofluids with TiO₂ powders of 50 nm average particle size were investigated. Base fluids of primary interest were deionised (DI) water, some commercial quenching oils and polyalkylene glycol water solution of various polymer concentrations, 5–30 vol.-%. The investigated fluids were prepared with the addition of the same TiO₂ powder with different concentrations, from extremely low, 10 mg nanopowder per litre to 1 g L^?1. The cooling characteristics of these colloids were compared with the results of base fluids, but also with the results of previous measurements carried out on the fluids with addition of Al₂O₃ micrometre and submicrometre size particles. All of the cooling curves were measured and recorded by the IVF Smart Quench system using a stainless steel probe of 12·5 mm diameter in accordance with ISO 9950 standard. The cooling rate (CR) versus temperature and time was compared for all of the investigated media. The preparation of fluids was conducted with great care, with respect to mechanical stirring and sonification times. The average particle size was measured for each case. In order to better understand the phenomena that occur during the quenching process, a high speed camera was used for recording the experiments. Titanium oxide nanoparticles show the most significant effects on the cooling properties of the water based polymer solution. The maximum cooling rate increases with higher particle concentration. When comparing the results of experiments with alumina particles, smaller and thermally less conductive TiO₂ particles show greater effects on nanofluid properties.     

GCr15钢奥氏体化工艺对快速球化退火效果的影响

研究了快速球化退火的奥氏体化温度、保温时间以及双相区冷却速度对GCr15钢残留碳化物粒子的数量和分布形态的影响。根据"离异共析"的原理和奥氏体状态对残留碳化物粒子影响的研究结果,制定了GCr15钢的快速球化退火工艺。试验表明,GCr15钢经790℃×10 min奥氏体化,炉冷至720℃等温60 min炉冷快速球化退火后,其球化组织为2.5级,总退火时间为3.5 h,明显优于传统球化退火工艺。     

Prediction of cooling curves during solidification of Al 6061–SiCp based metal matrix composites using finite element analysis

In recent years, aluminium based cast composites have gained popularity in all the emerging fields of technology owing to their superior high stiffness and strength. The properties of cast composites are dictated largely by the solidification phenomenon, which needs to be well understood by foundry technologists. Information on the solidification studies of cast composites is scarce. However, the theoretical prediction of the solidification behaviour of cast composites by the use of commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) software has not yet been reported. The theoretical prediction can definitely yield good lot of information as regards the cooling rates of the cast composites saving enormous time in experimentation. In light of the above, the present investigation is aimed at the prediction of cooling curves of Al 6061–SiC_p composites using finite element analysis. L-shaped composite castings were prepared using stir cast technique. The temperature of the composite during solidification was measured by K-type thermocouple, from which the cooling curves were constructed. Experiments were carried out over a range of particle weight percentage of 2–6 wt% in steps of 2 wt%. Comparison of the cooling curves of Al 6061–SiC_p composite with the un-reinforced alloy reveals significant decrease in cooling rate with the addition of SiC particles. A two-dimensional transient heat transfer model was used in commercial finite element analysis software to predict the cooling curves of composite castings. The predicted cooling curves are compared with results obtained from experiments and found to be in good agreement.     

Influence of particle parameters at impact on splat formation and solidification in plasma spraying processes

A measurement system consisting of two high- speed two- color pyrometers was used to monitor the flattening degree and cooling rate of zirconia particles on a smooth steel substrate at 75 or 150 °C during plasma spray deposition. This instrument provided data on the deformation behavior and freezing of a particle when it impinged on the surface, in connection with its velocity, size, and molten state at impact. The results emphasized the influence of temperature and surface conditions on particle spreading and cooling. When the substrate temperature was 150 °C, the splats had a perfect lenticular shape, and the thermal interface resistance between the lamella and the substrate ranged from 10^{− 7} to 10^{− 8} W/m² · K. The dependence of the flattening degree on the Reynolds number was investigated.     

铸钢件无熔剂表面合金化的研究

利用正交试验方法研究了铸钢件的无熔剂表面合金化。研究表明。合金涂层中不加熔剂也能形成质量较好的合金层；铸型中合金膏块相对厚度是决定铸件表面合金层厚度的主要因素；浇注温度提高。合金颗粒适当增大。有利于增加合金层厚度；铸钢合金层的耐激冷激热性能好。     

铸钢件表面铲磨用砂轮的选用

介绍了不同材质铸钢件本体硬度的分类,分析了砂轮的选用原则及其使用注意事项,指出应根据所铲磨铸件的表面硬度和强度,重点考虑磨料的种类、粒度,砂轮的硬度、最高工作线速度等影响砂轮使用性能的主要因素,综合生产效率和经济性选用合适的铸钢件表面铲磨用砂轮,以提高铸件清理效率,降低生产成本。     

Grain growth simulation with the second phase particle pinning for heat-affected zone of microalloyed steel welds

The second phase particle dispersed in microaUoyed steel has different effects on grain growth depending on their size and volume fraction of the second phase particles which will change during welding thermal cycles.The particle coarsening and dissolution kinetics model was analyzed for continuous heating and cooling.In addition,based on experimental data,the coupled equation of grain growth was established by introdacing limited size of grain growth with the consideration of the second phase particles pinning effects.Using Monte Carlo method based on experimental data model,the grain growth simulation for heat-affected zone of microalloyed steel welds was achieved.The calculating results were well in agreement with that of experiments.     

超高强度船体钢中马氏体/奥氏体的演变

利用彩色金相法研究了TMCP(Thermal-Mechanical Control Process)工艺生产的超高强度船体海洋工程钢中马氏体/奥氏体(M/A)在等温过程、连续冷却过程和回火时的演变特点。结果表明M/A的形态尺寸与分布主要取决于组织转变的温度,加长转变的时间长只对0.5μm以下微粒状M/A略有影响。冷却速度低于2℃/s时会形成尺寸在2μm以上较大的M/A,对钢的韧性有损害。另外,回火过程中尤其是600℃以上回火时,M/A的总量明显减少,M/A球团化趋势明显,M/A个体尺寸有明显增大,对钢的韧性起到破坏作用。     

Preparation of ultrafine/nano Mo particles via NaCl-assisted hydrogen reduction of different-sized MoO2 powders

The current study investigated the effects of the amount of NaCl addition, particle size of MoO₂, temperature (under isothermal condition) and heating rate (under non-isothermal condition) on the morphology, particle size and dispersivity of prepared Mo by hydrogen reduction of MoO₂. The formation of sufficient dispersed Mo nuclei and their controllable growth were crucial for transforming the large MoO₂ particles to dispersed ultrafine/nano Mo particles. It was found that in the absence of NaCl, it was hard to control the nucleation and growth of Mo grains, and the morphology and particle size of products still retain those of the raw MoO₂ in the temperature range of 840–1000 °C. However, as the amount of NaCl addition was above 0.05%, it was successful to control the nucleation and growth of Mo. Ultrafine/nano Mo powders with the average particle size from 100 nm to 800 nm were successfully prepared via adjusting the particle size of MoO₂ and temperature under isothermal condition. The use of MoO₂ with small particle sizes can increase the reaction rate and the number of Mo nuclei number, thus improve the particle dispersivity and decrease the particle size. Additionally, after reaction at 900 °C and 1000 °C, the residual Na was reduced to 140 ppm and 33 ppm from the initial value of 380 ppm, respectively. Under non-isothermal condition, the temperatures for the nucleation and growth could be adjusted by changing heating rate and particle size of raw MoO₂ particles. Mo nanoparticles with smaller particle size and better dispersivity were successfully prepared, and the average particle size can decrease to about 80 nm.     

钢芯铝脱氧剂在铸造炼钢中的应用

钢芯铝作为1种新型脱氧剂,较传统铝锭比重大、加入便利、脱氧效率高、成本低,且LF氧活性降低明显。钢芯铝在一些碳含量要求不高的铸钢件上脱氧更为明显,越来越多的铸造炼钢企业以钢芯铝作为脱氧剂进行推广、具有良好的发展前景。