不同结构面倾角节理岩体三轴试验力学特性

为了掌握贯穿型节理岩体的变形和破坏规律,对人工制备的不同倾角模拟节理岩体圆柱试样进行了系列静力三轴试验,得到了相关的应力应变曲线结果和破坏特征,进而分析了结构面倾角对节理岩体试样力学特性的重要影响.结果表明:1)随着结构面倾角的变化,节理岩体试样的应力应变曲线将不全为典型的四阶段曲线,在结构面倾角较大时结构面的变形特征十分显著,峰前曲线发生了明显转折,结构面变形占据了主导作用.2)峰值强度、残余强度和峰前线性阶段变形模量随结构面倾角增大而单调降低,而试样的脆性和剪胀性强弱、压密阶段的变形模量以及体胀、体缩量最大值等与结构面倾角的变化关系则均为非单调的.3)结构面的倾角大小影响了其与基质的相互作用规律,使得结构面或基质或者两者一起控制了节理岩体试样的变形、强度和破坏,从而形成了节理岩体试样显著不同的变形、强度和破坏特征,其变形和强度各向异性与破坏模式随结构面倾角变化而不同.     

含层状节理岩体力学性质数值模拟研究

采用GDEM软件分析不同角度下平行层状节理岩体力学性质,探讨节理角度与加载方向夹角的变化对试件破坏模式的影响,采用工程常见的不同层间岩体材料建立平行层状节理模型,通过静载单轴压缩、双轴压缩和纯剪切3种加载方式,分析此类岩体模型在不同倾斜角度情况下破坏形式、加载过程应力应变关系和峰值载荷变化趋势。分析结果表明平行层次节理岩体的力学性质和峰值强度与节理倾角有直接关系,并通过模拟发现在3种加载情况下平行层次节理岩体表现出明显的弹脆性力学的特点。     

基于长期强度的节理岩体洞室蠕变特性研究

为了进一步探究节理岩体蠕变特性,摆脱传统意义上从宏观弹塑或粘弹塑本构的角度分析岩体流变特性的方法,将细观单元视为弹脆性的本构关系,采用考虑岩石长期强度的岩石破裂过程分析系统,通过对不同工况下的节理岩体洞室数值模拟,得到了节理间距和节理夹角对围岩蠕变特性及其破坏特征的影响规律。结果表明：节理岩体洞室围岩的蠕变量随着节理面间距的增大而减小;当节理面的水平夹角小于45°时,节理岩体洞室围岩蠕变量随着节理面夹角的增大而增大,但当节理面倾角大于45°时,蠕变量反而随着节理面倾角的增大而减小,当节理面倾角等于45°时,围岩出现大量破坏,并表现出加速蠕变的特征。     

Numerical modelling of stress analysis around rectangular tunnels with large discontinuities(fault) by a hybridized indirect BEM

Tunnels are one of the major transportation routes to pass mountains and difficult geological conditions. The behavior of these structures is significantly influenced by rock mass and discontinuities. Orientation of discontinuities is one of the most important geometrical parameters affecting discontinuities behavior. The effect of large discontinuities(faults) behavior on a jointed medium around rectangular tunnels is studied. A hybridized indirect boundary element code named TFSDDM(fictitious stress displacement discontinuity method) is used to study the stress distribution around the tunnels excavated in jointed rock masses. The code uses advantages of both fictitious stress and displacement discontinuity methods to analyze discontinuity effects more accurately. Results show that the dip angle of discontinuities has significant effect on stress distribution around the tunnel. It is also shown that increase in the discontinuities dip angle located in the roof will result in decrease in tensile stress of the roof. Stresses reaches to 8 MPa in the roof while due to dilation effect they reach up to 13 MPa.     

Numerical investigation on the sensitivity of jointed rock mass strength to various factors

The mechanical properties of jointed rock masses, such as strength, deformation and the failure mechanism, can be understood only by studying the sensitivity of jointed rock mass strength (both the peak and residual strengths) to the factors that affect it. An orthogonal design of uniaxial compression tests was simulated on eighteen groups of jointed rock specimens having different geometric and mechanical properties using RFPA2D (Rock Failure Process Analysis) code. The results show that the peak strength is controlled by the geometric parameters of the joints, but that the residual strength is controlled by the mechanical properties of the joint interfaces. The failure mode of jointed rock specimens is mainly shear failure. Joint quantity, or density, is the most important index that affects jointed rock mass strength and engineering quality.     

考虑剪胀效应的节理岩体三维等效模型

研究建立了贯穿节理岩体的三维等效弹性模型,考虑了岩体中节理的剪胀效应,分析了剪胀系数和节理面倾角对各向异性岩体等效弹性模量的影响,编写了节理岩体等效弹性常数实用计算软件,可以方便、快捷地对节理岩体的等效性能进行估算。     

Computing the damage and fracture energy in a coal mass based on joint density

Coal joints and cleats are geological discontinuities that are the most important factors that affect the mechanical responses of a coal mass under stress. The joint and coal mass interaction and the mode of failure dominate the mechanical behaviour of jointed coal masses, and therefore the stability of coal excavations. The shear or mixed shear/tensile failure changes to tensile failure by increasing the confining pressure, discontinuity length and angle. This paper extends a thermodynamic approach to constitutive modelling of the coal mass by developing local and non-local damage models based on the joint and cleat density and the dip angle. A consistent and rigorous statistical framework is constructed, which incorporates both local and non-local features into the constitutive modelling. This is an important consideration in developing damage constitutive models based on the trajectory of the failure surfaces in a coal mass.An equation is derived to calculate the fracture energy which is a function of the joint density either in a single direction or crossed conditions.     

有限元法预测贯通节理岩体三维等效弹性参数

采用节理有限元法对贯通节理岩体的变形特性以及等效本构关系进行研究，分别对含有一组和三组节理的岩体等效弹性常数进行了预测。与解析方法相比，数值方法可以不必做太多的假设，能对节理岩体的力学行为进行综合分析，从而可得到包含完整岩石与节理的统一的本构关系，并可研究节理面几何形态的影响。     

不同倾角节理岩体损伤演化特征分析

为研究节理倾角对岩体损伤的影响规律,运用损伤力学理论建立考虑节理与荷载共同作用的岩体损伤演化模型及损伤本构模型;通过单弱面理论对模型试验进行验证,同时探讨节理岩体损伤演化特征.结果表明:单弱面理论结果与试验结果较为吻合,模型试验能较好地表征含单一结构面的岩体在荷载作用下的力学特征及损伤演化规律;当节理倾角从0增大到90°过程中,初始节理损伤先增后减,在倾角为60°时至最大值,总体呈倒"U"型分布规律;不同倾角节理岩体总损伤演化规律基本一致,均呈"S"型分布规律,先缓慢增加,而后快速增加,最后再缓慢增加其值趋于1;节理倾角只影响总损伤率数值大小不影响其演化规律,总损伤率随应变增加呈正态分布;总损伤率受控于节理面分布规律,当节理倾角从0增大至90°的过程中,总损伤率先减小后增大.     

节理倾角对单节理岩样变形破坏影响的数值模拟

采用FLAC模拟了节理倾角对各向异性岩样峰值强度、力学行为及剪切带图案的影响。节理由实体单元模拟。对于节理之外的岩石,采用莫尔库仑与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,峰后本构关系选择线性应变软化模型;对于节理,采用理想弹塑性的莫尔库仑准则。结果表明,无节理密实岩石的峰值强度最高。节理岩样的剪切应变或集中在节理上,或集中在新剪切带上,峰值强度随节理倾角而改变。新剪切带启动于节理的端部,然后沿其固有方向传播。当节理倾角适中时,节理岩样的峰值强度较低,岩样的行为受控于节理。当节理倾角较高或较低时,可观测到应变软化行为。若节理倾角较低,新剪切带的长度随节理倾角的降低而增加,这导致了陡峭的峰后应力-应变曲线。若节理倾角较高,由于节理倾角对新剪切带的厚度和倾角几乎没有影响,因此,峰后斜率不依赖于节理倾角。     

非连续岩体破裂机理及其工程稳定性研究

本研究为应用基础研究,以解决工程实际问题为目的,以围岩中客观存在的破裂区为主线,从对地下工程稳定性问题的评价入手,以相似材料模型试验和数值模拟计算为基本手段,以断裂力学为基础,研究了断续节理岩体的细观破坏机理、宏观破坏过程及其对围岩破裂区和围岩碎胀变形的影响规律;研究了断续节理岩体中围岩破裂区的性质、破裂区与地下工程稳定性的关系等问题,提出了以围岩破裂区和围岩收敛量作为判定围岩稳定性方法,为采矿工程的设计、施工和生产提供了较为可靠的决策依据.本文获得以下主要结论:1)围岩破裂区是一个综合数量指标,采用以围岩破裂区厚度作为围岩稳定性评价的指标.2)采用数字照相变形量测方法来测量围岩的变形,较好地解决了平面应变模型试验中的变形量测问题,符合非接触变形量测的发展趋势.3)断续节理岩体的破坏机制为:在集中应力作用下,节理端部岩桥首先发生张拉破坏,新生的岩桥裂纹与邻近原生节理相互串通,最终形成阶梯状滑移面而使岩体强度丧失.4)当节理两端的次生裂纹扩展长度l=h/sinβ时,节理岩体将产生贯通破坏.5)在节理岩体中,围岩破裂区是由于新生裂纹与节理相互贯通导致纵横交错的贯通裂隙所致,断续节理贯通破坏的边界可定义为围岩破裂区的边界.6)通过相似模型试验发现,当节理密度大时,围岩破裂区会跨越相邻节理;反之,节理对围岩破裂区的扩展有阻隔作用.7)围岩收敛速率的第一次突然增大,预示围岩中已产生破裂区,而围岩收敛速率的每一次突然增大,意味着围岩产生了剧烈的破坏.8)当节理角度在30°～75°之间时,节理角度对岩体强度的影响较大,并且在60°左右时岩体强度最低,稳定性也最差.9)当巷道的收敛量达到或超过2.5%时,巷道围岩中将产生破裂区;当巷道的收敛量达到或超过5%时,巷道将发生冒顶事故,已处于失稳状态;当巷道的收敛量达到或超过22.8%时,巷道将完全毁坏,并失去了人工稳定的可能.     

Elasto-plastic Analysis of Circular Tunnels in Jointed Rock Masses Satisfy the Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion

The relationship between the Hoek-Brown parameters and the mechanical response of circular tunnels is illustrated. Closed-form and approximate solutions are given for the extent of the plastic zone and the stress and displacement fields under axisymmetrical and asymmetric stress conditions. For the same rock masses and under axisymmetrical stress conditions, the radius of the plastic zone in terms of Hoek-Brown criterion is generally an approximation of the radius in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The radius in terms of the Hoek-Brown criterion is larger under low stress conditions. For poor quality rock masses （GSI〈25）, measures （such as grouting, setting rock bolts, etc.） that improve the GSI of rock masses are effective in improving the stability of tunnels. It is not advisable to improve the stability of the tunnels by providing a small support resistance p through shotcrete, except for very poor quality jointed rock masses. Without reference to the quality of the rock mass, the disturbance factor D should not less than 0.5. Measures which disturb rock masses during tunnel construction should be taken carefully when the tunnel depth increases.     

广义Hoek Brown破坏准则平面应变问题的滑移线场理论

根据弹塑性力学平面应变问题的特点,推导广义Hoek-Brown破坏准则平面应变问题应力分量的双参数表达式。代入静力平衡微分方程,得到双曲型一阶拟线性偏微分方程组。运用行列式方法,在适当的变量代换后,获得应力偏微分方程组的特征方向和特征上的微分关系。特征方向表明塑性区中的共轭斜交剪切滑移面形成两族非正交滑移线,其共轭角随极限应力状态和Hoek—Brown岩体材料物性参数而变化。由于对称初始应力场条件下圆形硐室理想弹塑性围岩塑性区内最大主应力方向为环向,而滑移线切线方向与最大主应力方向的夹角是最小主应力（径向应力）的函数,结合圆形硐室理想弹塑性围岩的应力分布的分析解,获得滑移线的极坐标曲线所满足的微分方程,进而得到其极坐标曲线方程。     

不同卸荷路径下节理岩体的松动机理研究

利用应力波理论研究了节理岩体在不同卸荷路径下高速卸荷后的运动规律,分别从理论和数值上进行了分析.结果表明,应用动力学的方法求解高速卸荷是适宜的,高速率的卸荷会使岩体产生整体的刚体位移,导致节理面张开,同时使岩体产生振动速度,这些都会造成岩体松动,延时卸荷对岩体的松动作用要低于瞬时卸荷对岩体的影响,相同的卸荷时间下岩体的松动效应受卸荷路径的影响.因此,在工程实践中,可以通过延长卸荷时间、减少一次卸荷量和控制卸荷速率的变化路径等措施来减小卸荷对保留岩体的松动损伤作用.     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels

Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass.     

分级循环加载下缺陷砂岩裂纹扩展及声发射频谱特征分析

针对因岩石力学性能劣化而诱发的工程灾害,以砂岩为研究对象,开展不同裂纹倾角下分级循环加载试验,分析了裂纹倾角对砂岩力学特性和裂纹扩展特征的影响;结合声发射频谱特征对微裂纹的发展情况进行了分析,最后利用关联维数对其变形破坏的有序度进行定量描述。结果表明:随着裂纹倾角的增大,试件的峰值荷载呈逐渐降低的趋势,但是预制裂纹的扩展无明显规律。其中频域信号的出现具有一致性,说明岩石内部微裂纹的萌生、发育、扩展形成大尺度裂纹具有同步性。岩石变形破坏的有序度可用关联维数进行定量描述,表现为关联维数越大,岩石破坏越复杂,其中关联维数变化幅度可以表征岩石内部裂纹的发展剧烈程度。     

Effect of rock mass structure and block size on the slope stability——Physical modeling and discrete element simulation

Rock slope has many geological structures with different sizes, configurations and mechanical properties such as joints, fissures, faults, shear bands and so on[1]. These geological structures may make the slope unstable, producing toppling, fracturing or sliding failures. A lot of investigations have focused on the stability of jointed rock slope, however, the mechanisms on the progressive failure of jointed rock slope is still an open issue in either physical modeling or numerical simulation…     

Mechanical characteristics of columnar jointed rock at dam base of Baihetan hydropower station

Irregular columnar jointed structure is a primary irregular columnar morphological tensile fracture. In order to study the geometric features of irregular columnar joints and the new problems in geotechnical engineering, hydraulic and hydropower engineering caused by columnar jointed basaltic mass, Voronoi graph from geometry was introduced to simulate the irregular columnar jointed basaltic mass at Baihetan hydraulic station. Discrete element software UDEC was used to simulate the whole process of rigid bearing plate test. Anisotropic constitutive of columnar joints was adopted to analyze the stress diffusion of rock mass at dam base of Baihetan. The results show that, the compaction property and hysteresis effect are well simulated based on discrete element simulation of Voronoi joint structure by UDEC. Four stages of cyclic loading and unloading process are imaged clearly. The results from in situ rigid bearing plate tests are explicated and the stress diffusion rule of anisotropic body is affected by structure surface. The elements in the stress state of 4–5 MPa are the most, about more than 35% of the total. Appropriate constitutive must be proposed to columnar jointed rock mass with different styles. It has important significance to realize the nonlinear mechanical behavior of irregular columnar jointed basaltic mass.     

Effect of rock mass structure and block size on the slope stability--Physical modeling and discrete element simulation

This paper studies the stability of jointed rock slopes by using our improved three-dimensional discrete element methods (DEM) and physical modeling. Results show that the DEM can simulate all failure modes of rock slopes with different joint configurations. The stress in each rock block is not homogeneous and blocks rotate in failure development. Failure modes depend on the configuration of joints. Toppling failure is observed for the slope with straight joints and sliding failure is observed for the slope with staged joints. The DEM results are also compared with those of limit equilibrium method (LEM). Without considering the joints in rock masses, the LEM predicts much higher factor of safety than physical modeling and DEM. The failure mode and factor of safety predicted by the DEM are in good agreement with laboratory tests for any jointed rock slope.     

Shear behaviour of a rock bridge sandwiched between incipient joints under the influence of hydraulic pressures

The rock bridges sandwiched in incipiently jointed rock mass were considered as barriers that block the fluid seepage, and provide certain shear strength reservation. For better revealing the influence of hydraulic pressure on the failure behaviour of rock bridges, direct shear tests were carried out through a newly proposed method on rock samples that contain two parallel incipient joints. By developing the gypsum-silicone pad coupling samples, a conventional triaxial test system was qualified ...