The Young's moduli of in situ Ti/TiB composites obtained by rapid solidification processing

In situ Ti/TiB composites (Ti-6Al-4V matrix reinforced with TiB phase) with different volume fractions of the TiB phase, have been produced by consolidation of rapidly solidified Ti-6Al-4V alloys with different levels of boron addition. The microstructural examination of such composites shows that the reinforcing phase has a fine grain size and a uniform distribution throughout the matrix. The Young's moduli of the in situ composites have been determined experimentally to study the strengthening effect of the TiB phase. It was found that the Young's modulus of an in situ composite with 10 vol % TiB phase can be increased to 140 GPa, compared to 116.7 GPa for the matrix alloy. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the present experimental results and other results of similar composites obtained by the reactive sintering technique.     

Fabrication of Titanium Diboride-Cu Composite by Self-High Temperature Synthesis plus Quick Press

1. IntroductionTitanium diboride ceramic has some special proper-ties, such as high melting points, high hardness, highelectrical and thermal conductivity. These special prop-erties make it has a great potential to be used as contactmaterials. However, this application is still limited forpoor sinterability and brittle of TiB2[1~3]. To improve itssinterability and toughness, some metals were selected asadditives for liquid phase sintering of TiB2. Metals likeFe, Co and Ni were studied in m…     

长径比对TiB/Ti6Al4V网状复合材料力学行为的影响

目的 针对高性能钛基复合材料开发过程中所面临的强韧性倒置问题,对网状构型钛基复合材料拉伸行为进行仿真,以揭示增强体长径比对材料强度与韧性的影响机理。方法 针对TiB/Ti6Al4V网状构型复合材料体系,构建增强相长径比不同的复合材料有限元模型,分别进行拉伸行为仿真,并对其应力-应变曲线、应力集中系数、应力云图和应变云图等进行预测与分析。结果 随着增强相TiB长径比的增大,复合材料的断裂伸长率单调递增,弹性模量与抗拉强度则呈先下降后上升的趋势。结论 增强相长径比是影响复合材料力学性能的重要参数。增强相的长径比和局部体积分数的共同作用导致复合材料模量和强度随长径比的增大先降低后升高。此外,随着TiB长径比的增大,断口更加曲折,主裂纹多次偏转扩展方向,并沿着TiBw/Ti6Al4V-Ti6Al4V“限域”界面扩展,进而消耗了大量的体系能量,这对材料韧化有积极影响。     

激光熔化沉积(TiB+TiC)/TA15原位钛基复合材料的显微组织与力学性能

利用激光熔化沉积工艺制备了TiB+TiC增强相体积分数分别为9%、11%、22%及57%的4种(TiB+TiC)/TA15原位钛基复合材料。随增强相含量提高,TiB形态由片层状向棱柱状转化,TiC形态由不规则颗粒状向枝晶状转化,钛基复合材料硬度及弹性模量均显著提高而塑性明显下降。增强相体积分数约为9%的复合材料表现出较好的综合力学性能,增强相体积分数大于11%后复合材料的抗拉强度急剧降低。与激光熔化沉积态TA15钛合金相比,TiB+TiC增强相体积分数约为9%的复合材料抗拉强度（1040 MPa）及屈服强度（935 MPa）均提高约12%。      

挤压铸造TiB2P/Al复合材料室温力学性能

采用挤压铸造法制备不同体积分数的TiB_2P/Al复合材料, 利用扫描电镜、 硬度计、 拉伸试验机等对复合材料的室温力学性能进行了研究, 系统地分析了体积分数和热处理工艺对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明: 挤压铸造TiB_2P/Al复合材料的布氏硬度、 抗弯强度和弹性模量随增强相TiB₂体积分数的增加而提高。45% TiB_2P/Al复合材料T6处理后硬度和抗弯强度分别比退火态时提高了23%和40%, 但热处理状态对弹性模量的影响不大。      

Fabrication of (TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites with a controlled laminated architecture and enhanced mechanical properties

The(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites with a laminated structure composing of alternating TiB/Ti composite layers,α₂-Ti₃Al interfacial reaction layers of andγ-TiAl layers were successfully pre pared by spark plasma sintering of alternately stacked Tib₂/Ti powder layers and TiAl powder layers.And the influence of thickness ratio of Tib₂/Ti powder layers to TiAl powder layers on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the re sulting(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites were investigated systemically.The results showed that the thickening ofα₂-Ti₃Al layers which originated from the reaction of Ti and TiAl was significantly hindered by introducing Tib₂particles into starting Ti powders.As the thickness ratio of Tib₂/Ti powder layers to TiAl powder layers increased,the bending fracture strength and fracture toughness at room temperature of the final(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites were remarkably improved,especially for the(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites prepared by Tib₂/Ti powder layers with thickness of 800μm and TiAl powder layers with thickness of 400μm,whose fracture toughness and bending strength were up to 51.2 MPa·m^1/2and 1456 MPa,respectively,293%and 108%higher than that of the monolithic TiAl alloys in the present work.This was attributed to the addition of high-performance network TiB/Ti composite layers.Moreover,it was noteworthy that the ultimate tensile strength at 700℃of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites fabricated by 400μm thick Tib₂/Ti powder layers and 400μm thick TiAl powder layers was as high as that at 550℃of network TiB/Ti composites.This means the service temperature of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites was likely raised by 150℃,meanwhile a good combination of high strength and high toughness at ambient tempe rature could be maintained.Finally,the fracture mechanism of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites was proposed.     

原位合成TiC和TiB增强钛基复合材料

分析了增强体ＴｉＣ和ＴｉＢ在钛中的原位生成机理,利用普通的熔铸设备,原位合成制备了ＴｉＣ和ＴｉＢ颗粒增强的钛基复合材料,ＳＥＭ和Ｘ射线衍射的研究结果表明,ＴｉＣ和ＴｉＢ以不同形状在钛基体中生长,较为细小,且分布均匀,钛基复合材料的室温和高温性能了较大的提高。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ TiB reinforced titanium matrix composites based on Ti–FeMo–B prepared by spark plasma sintering

The in situ synthesized TiB reinforced titanium matrix composites have been prepared by spark plasma sintering at 800–1200 °C under 20 MPa for 5 min. The effects of sintering temperature and reinforcement volume fraction on flexural strength, Young’s modulus and fracture toughness of the composites are investigated. The titanium matrix consists of -Ti and β-Ti phases, and the volume fraction of β-Ti increases with increasing sintering temperatures. The in situ synthesized TiB reinforcements are distributed randomly and uniformly in matrix. The transverse section of TiB has a hexagonal shape aligned along [0 1 0] direction, and the crystallographic planes of the TiB needles are always of the type . The 10 vol% TiB reinforced composite sintered at 1000 °C exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The flexural strength, Young’s modulus and fracture toughness of this composite are 1560 MPa, 137 GPa and 8.64 MPa · m^1/2, respectively.     

Effects of extrusion and heat treatment on the microstructure and tensile properties of in situ TiBw/Ti6Al4V composite with a network architecture

In situ TiB whisker reinforced Ti6Al4V (TiBw/Ti64) composites with a network architecture were extruded and heat treated in order to further improve their mechanical properties. The microstructure results show that the equiaxed network architecture was extruded to column network architecture and TiB whisker to alignment distribution. The transformed β phase is formed and the residual stress generated during extrusion obviously decreases after water quenching and aging processes. The tensile test results show that the strength, elastic modulus and ductility of the composites can be significantly improved by the subsequent extrusion, and then, the strength can be further improved by water quenching and aging processes after hot extrusion deformation. The elastic modulus of the as-sintered composites with a novel network microstructure follows the upper bound of Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) theory before extrusion, while that of the as-extruded composites with a column network microstructure agrees well with the prediction from Halpin-Tsai equation.     

原位生成TiBw/Ti复合材料的微观组织及高温压缩变形过程的演化规律

用粉末冶金原位合成法制备了TiB晶须增强钛基复台材料。利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法对经挤压变形后复合材料的微观结构进行了分析。在复合材料中观察到反应生成的TiB晶须。复合材料经过热挤压变形后,TiB晶须沿挤压方向定向排列。对挤压态TiBw／Ti复合材料进行高温压缩变形,TiB晶须在热压缩变形过程中发生转动或折断现象，变形温度越低，晶须折断现象越严重。     

Ti合金插层厚度对反应连接TiB_2基陶瓷/Ti-6Al-4V梯度复合材料的影响

将Ti合金插层引入(Ti+B_4C)反应原料和Ti合金底板之间,研究Ti合金插层厚度变化对超重力反应连接TiB2基陶瓷/Ti-6Al-4V梯度复合材料界面显微组织与力学性能的影响。热力学计算表明:合成反应的绝热温度远超Ti合金的熔点,可以保证不同厚度的Ti合金插层全部熔化。XRD、FESEM及EDS分析结果表明:在陶瓷和Ti合金底板之间形成梯度界面区,且随着Ti合金插层厚度的增加,梯度界面区的厚度也不断增大。自陶瓷基体至Ti合金底板,TiB_2和TiC_(1-x)的体积分数不断减少,而TiB的体积分数先增加而后减少,最终形成以TiB_2、TiC_(1-x)及TiB陶瓷相尺寸和分布为特征的梯度复合结构。而梯度连接区的硬度分布趋势更加平缓,其剪切强度不断提升。     

Rapid synthesis of Ti alloy with B addition by spark plasma sintering

The in situ TiB/Ti–4.0Fe–7.3Mo composites were fabricated by plasma spark sintering (SPS) technique using mechanical alloying of Ti, Fe65Mo and B powder. The effects of sintering temperature on densification of the composites and microstructure of the in situ synthesized TiB were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). A dense composite was obtained after sintering at 1000 °C for 5 min. Under proper ball milling and SPS conditions in situ TiB reinforced Ti–4.0Fe–7.3Mo composites have been prepared. The in situ TiB showed a typical needle shape grow along [0 1 0] direction. The transverse cross-section of TiB grain is a hexagonal shape with the planes of (1 0 0), (1 0 1) and . The stacking faults in the (1 0 0) plane were observed in the TiB needles.     

A novel spark plasma sintering route to process high-strength Ti–4Al–2Fe/TiB nano-composite

Ti–4Al–2Fe alloy and Ti–4Al–2Fe/TiB nano-composite were processed by a novel spark plasma sintering route. KBF4 was used as an alternative and inexpensive boron precursor to form TiB reinforcement in situ during sintering. Fe was used as an alternative to vanadium to make the (α?+?β) Ti matrix. The processed Ti–4Al–2Fe alloy exhibited excellent mechanical properties (CS?=?1798 MPa). The TiB whiskers were distributed homogeneously and were fine (widths 130?nm and lengths from 100?nm to 3?µm). No residual TiB2 was found in the composite, in contrast with other methods. The TiB homogenised and refined the microstructure, while the hardness (710?HV), compressive strength (2414?MPa) and elastic modulus (140?GPa) all increased significantly when compared to the unreinforced alloy.     

Ti_2AlC-TiB_2对TiAl基复合材料组织及力学性能的影响

以Ti、Al和B4C为原料,采用真空电弧熔炼的方法制备了含Ti_2AlC-TiB_2增强相的TiAl基复合材料;分析了添加不同含量的Ti_2AlC-TiB_2对复合材料的物相组成、组织结构及力学性能的影响,并探讨了微观组织结构的形成机制。结果表明:Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料主要由TiAl、Ti3Al、TiB_2和Ti_2AlC等物相组成,TiB_2和Ti_2AlC分布在层片状的TiAl+Ti3Al基体中;随着原料中B4C含量的增多,复合材料组织中Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量增多,且TiAl基体的晶粒被明显细化,TiB_2和Ti_2AlC分布于基体晶界或晶内。Ti_2AlC主要为层片状和板条状,尺寸5~15μm,而TiB_2颗粒形态与其含量有关,当Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量小于20wt%时,TiB_2颗粒呈针棒状,尺寸为0.5~5μm,当Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量增加到30wt%时,TiB_2颗粒主要呈块状,尺寸为5~20μm。Ti_2AlC由TiC与Ti-Al熔体发生包晶反应生成,Ti_2AlC和TiB_2的形成提高了Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料的硬度、塑性和抗压强度。当4Ti+Al+B4C的加入量为10wt%时,复合材料的变形量比纯TiAl提高14%,而抗压强度达到最高值1 591 MPa。Ti_2AlC和TiB_2通过裂纹偏转、颗粒钉扎、拔出等机制对Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料起到增强增塑的作用。     

熔炼法原位合成TiB-Nd2O3-Ti复合材料的组织与力学性能

用熔炼法原位合成了TiB-Nd2O3-Ti复合材料。采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等对其组织及性能进行了观察和分析。结果显示,原位合成的复合材料中,增强体为TiB与Nd2O3,它们均匀分布在Ti基体中,与基体之间没有发生显著的界面反应。原位合成复合材料的压缩屈服强度及其在500℃和600℃时的高温拉伸强度与基体Ti相比均有大幅度提高,其断裂机理与组织结构及变形温度有关。     

原位自生TiB_2/A356复合材料拉伸行为的细观分析

采用原位自生法制备了TiB2/A356复合材料,并对该材料的拉伸性能进行了研究。结果表明,随着颗粒体积分数的增加,复合材料的弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度增大,而延性稍有下降。断口观察表明,其主要断裂机制为颗粒与基体界面脱粘和颗粒团聚内部疏松引起的脆性开裂。针对此种复合材料提出一种弹性模量简化计算模型,同时对其屈服强度也进行了细观分析。     

The influences of trace TiB and TiC on microstructure refinement and mechanical properties of in situ synthesized Ti matrix composite

Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Fe–1Cr Ti alloy and Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Fe–1Cr Ti matrix composites containing different weight fractions of trace TiB and TiC are fabricated via in situ synthesis method. The as-cast ingots are subjected to thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment. The Widmannstatten structure is obtained after the heat treatment. The microstructure length scales of the materials are identified. The identification indicates that 0.4 wt.% TiB and 0.1 wt.% TiC can reduce the average size of the β grains by more than 50%. Whereas the extent of the microstructure refinement gradually decreases while increasing the weight fraction of the trace reinforcements. The influences of weight fraction and morphology of the trace TiB and TiC on microstructure refinement are researched in this work. Moreover, the tensile properties of the heat-treated materials are examined. It is revealed that Hall–Petch mechanism plays an identically important role in improving the mechanical properties of the composites comparing with the load bearing and dispersion strengthening of the trace reinforcements.     

The influences of trace TiB and TiC on microstructure refinement and mechanical properties of in situ synthesized Ti matrix composite

Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Fe–1Cr Ti alloy and Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Fe–1Cr Ti matrix composites containing different weight fractions of trace TiB and TiC are fabricated via in situ synthesis method. The as-cast ingots are subjected to thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment. The Widmannstatten structure is obtained after the heat treatment. The microstructure length scales of the materials are identified. The identification indicates that 0.4 wt.% TiB and 0.1 wt.% TiC can reduce the average size of the β grains by more than 50%. Whereas the extent of the microstructure refinement gradually decreases while increasing the weight fraction of the trace reinforcements. The influences of weight fraction and morphology of the trace TiB and TiC on microstructure refinement are researched in this work. Moreover, the tensile properties of the heat-treated materials are examined. It is revealed that Hall–Petch mechanism plays an identically important role in improving the mechanical properties of the composites comparing with the load bearing and dispersion strengthening of the trace reinforcements.     

原位TiB2/7055铝基复合材料的力学性能与阻尼性能

采用混合盐法制备了原位TiB2颗粒增强7055铝基复合材料,研究了该复合材料的力学性能和阻尼性能.结果表明:随着TiB2颗粒质量分数的增加,复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度提高;在阻尼测试的温度、频率范围内,复合材料的阻尼性能随着温度的提高和TiB2颗粒含量的增加而提高.复合材料的强化机制主要是位错强化和弥散强化;复合材料阻尼性能提高的主要机制是位错阻尼和界面阻尼.     

原位自生TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料微观组织和力学性能

采用混合盐反应法制备TiB2含量分别为0%,2%,5%,8%(质量分数,下同)的TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料,T6热处理后,采用XRD,ICP,OM,SEM,EDS等测试手段和室温拉伸实验进行微观组织观察和力学性能测试。XRD和ICP测试证实,合金体系中仅含α-Al,Al2Cu及TiB2,无Al3Ti,Al2B等反应中间产物。OM和SEM发现,基体材料中α-Al平均晶粒尺寸为167.5μm,而在2%,5%,8%的TiB2/Al-4.5Cu中,其平均晶粒尺寸依次为110.4,87.2,75.2μm,晶粒细化效果显著。TEM观察发现,TiB2颗粒主要分布在晶界处,呈四方和六方结构。室温拉伸实验表明,随着TiB2含量的增加,强度、显微硬度值均呈增加趋势,但伸长率不断下降。当加入8%TiB2时,屈服强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量和显微硬度分别达到356 MPa,416 MPa,92.5GPa和96.5HV,但其伸长率从10.3%降低到4.3%。载荷传递强化、细晶强化、位错增殖强化是TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料力学性能得以大幅提升的影响因素,尤其是在位错增殖强化作用下,TiB2颗粒周边致密分布的位错胞、位错环对强度的提升起到了决定性作用。