A Thermal Conductivity Experimental Method Based on the Peltier Effect

The objective of this work was to test a novel experimental technique to determine the thermal conductivity of low-thermal conductivity materials and tropical foods. The experimental method was based on the Peltier effect and its application to the thermoelectric heat pump. This device became practical recently with the development of semiconductor thermocouple materials. The module assembly used in this work had 127 thermocouples connected in series electrically and in parallel thermally. The heat transfer area of the module was 3.96×3.96 cm². The equipment was calibrated using standard materials of known thermal conductivity: Plexiglas and Bakelite. Then the values were easily computed from a steady-state energy balance equation.     

螺旋状碳纳米管的热传导系数

分析了螺旋状碳纳米管沿其轴向的热传导特性,给出了螺旋碳纳米管轴向热传导系数ks的经验表达式。为验证ks公式的有效性,还将螺旋碳纳米管ks的理论解和相应的有限元结果进行了比较。结果发现,螺旋碳纳米管的ks理论解和有限元结果较为接近。本文螺旋碳纳米管的轴向热传导系数ks表达式对人们进一步研究螺旋碳纳米管的热学特性具有重要的参考意义。     

热带法测量材料导热系数的实验研究

根据瞬态热带法的基本原理，建立了测量非导电固体材料以及松散材料导热系数的实验装置，采用热电偶直接测量热带的温度变化，整个测量系统更加方便实用、易于实现。对一批试样进行的测试结果表明，本测量装置具有较好的重复性和准确性，可应用于相关的科研部门和工业部门。     

A High-Temperature Transient Hot-Wire Thermal Conductivity Apparatus for Fluids

A new apparatus for measuring both the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of fluids at temperatures from 220 to 775 K at pressures to 70 MPa is described. The instrument is based on the step-power-forced transient hot-wire technique. Two hot wires are arranged in different arms of a Wheatstone bridge such that the response of the shorter compensating wire is subtracted from the response of the primary wire. Both hot wires are 12.7 µm diameter platinum wire and are simultaneously used as electrical heat sources and as resistance thermometers. A microcomputer controls bridge nulling, applies the power pulse, monitors the bridge response, and stores the results. Performance of the instrument was verified with measurements on liquid toluene as well as argon and nitrogen gas. In particular, new data for the thermal conductivity of liquid toluene near the saturation line, between 298 and 550 K, are presented. These new data can be used to illustrate the importance of radiative heat transfer in transient hot-wire measurements. Thermal conductivity data for liquid toluene, which are corrected for radiation, are reported. The precision of the thermal conductivity data is ± 0.3% and the accuracy is about ±1%. The accuracy of the thermal diffusivity data is about ± 5%. From the measured thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, we can calculate the specific heat, C_p, of the fluid, provided that the density is measured, or available through an equation of state.     

Thermal Conductivity and Raman Spectra of Carbon Fibers

Due to its unique physical properties, carbon fiber (CF) has been widely studied for extensive application in aerospace and machinery. In this study, the thermal diffusivity of three kinds of CF sample is characterized by the transient electrothermal technique at room temperature. By subtracting the effect of radiative losses, the effective thermal diffusivity of CFs can be calculated as \(6.46\times 10^{-6}\,\hbox {m}^{2}\cdot \hbox {s}^{-1}\), \(6.58\times 10^{-6}\,\hbox {m}^{2}\cdot \hbox {s}^{-1}\) and \(2.01\times 10^{-4}\,\hbox {m}^{2}\cdot \hbox {s}^{-1}\), respectively. For the first time, the emissivity coefficient of carbon fiber is calibrated as 0.78. Combined with Raman spectra and phonon scattering, we found that the better crystalline structure and low defect in CF have an obvious impact on its thermal diffusivity.     

Measurements of Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Conductivity of a Single Carbon Fiber

In this paper, the thermal conductivity of a single carbon fiber under different manufacturing conditions is measured using the steady-state short-hot-wire method. This method is based on the heat transfer phenomena of a pin fin attached to a short hot wire. The short hot wire is supplied with a constant direct current to generate a uniform heat flux, and both its ends are connected to lead wires and maintained at the initial temperature. The test fiber is attached as a pin fin to the center position of the hot wire at one end and the other end is connected to a heat sink. One-dimensional steady-state heat conduction along the hot wire and test fiber is assumed, and the basic equations are analytically solved. From the solutions, the relations among the average temperature rise of the hot wire, the heat generation rate, the temperature at the attached end of the fiber, and the heat flux from the hot wire to the fiber are accurately obtained. Based on the relations, the thermal conductivity of the single carbon fiber can be easily estimated when the average temperature rise and the heat generation rate of the hot wire are measured for the same system. Further, the electrical conductivity of the single carbon fiber is measured under the same conditions as for the thermal conductivity using a four-point contact method. The relation between the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity is further discussed, based on the crystal microstructure.     

Low Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Monoxide

Thermal conductivity of solid CO was investigated over the temperature range 1.3–37 K by steady state flow method. The thermal conductivity coefficient reaches its maximum value 28 mW/cm K at about 6 K. Problem of the dipolar ordering at low temperatures has been discussed.     

磁性液体在均匀磁场中的瞬态双热线导热系数的测试

将封有聚α-烯烃合成油基磁性液体的两玻璃管放置于磁场中,为消除磁场力、重力所引起的磁性液体自然对流的影响,消除端部效应,研制了磁性液体在均匀磁场中瞬态双热线导热系数的实验测量系统,经与蒸馏水、乙醇标准样品的导热系数测量比较,实验装置有较高的测量精度。实验测量了不同方向的均匀磁场对不同体积浓度的磁性液体导热系数的影响。结果显示,当磁场方向与热通量方向一致时,磁场显著强化磁性液体的导热系数,其导热系数随磁场强度的增加而近似线性增加,且体积浓度越大增加量越大;当磁场方向与热通量方向垂直时,磁性液体的导热系数随磁场强度的变化不明显。     

Experimental Study on the Effective Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Nanofluids

This paper reports measurements of the effective thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of various nanofluids using the transient short-hot-wire technique. To remove the influences of the static charge and electrical conductance of the nanoparticles on measurement accuracy, the short-hot-wire probes are carefully coated with a pure Al₂O₃ thin film. Using distilled water and toluene as standard liquids of known thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, the length and radius of the hot wire and the thickness of the Al₂O₃ film are calibrated before and after application of the coating. The electrical leakage of the short-hot-wire probes is frequently checked, and only those probes that are coated well are used for measurements. In the present study, the effective thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivities of Al₂O₃/water, ZrO₂/water, TiO₂/water, and CuO/water nanofluids are measured and the effects of the volume fractions and thermal conductivities of nanoparticles and temperature are clarified. The average diameters of Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, TiO₂, and CuO particles are 20, 20, 40, and 33 nm, respectively. The uncertainty of the present measurements is estimated to be within 1% for the thermal conductivity and 5% for the thermal diffusivity. The measured results demonstrate that the effective thermal conductivities of the nanofluids show no anomalous enhancement and can be predicted accurately by the model equation of Hamilton and Crosser, when the spherical nanoparticles are dispersed into fluids.     

利用稳态法测定不良导体的导热系数

测定不良导体的导热系数需要测出传热速率,利用稳态法可将传热速率的测量转换为测量散热铝盘的冷却速率,指出了稳态法测定导热系数的方案。利用Matlab分析温度随时间变化的函数,并用该函数对时间的一阶导数求出冷却速率。得到温度、时间、冷却速率各量之间的关系图象,给出样品材料导热系数的实验结果。     

Effects of Laser Irradiation on the Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Aqueous Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Suspensions

The effects of KrF excimer laser irradiation (248 nm) on aqueous suspensions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were experimentally examined. MWCNTs and sodium dodecyl sulfate were added to deionized water at a mass fraction of 0.5 %, and the suspension was ultrasonicated for 30 min. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the nanotube samples after laser irradiation indicated fractures and network disentanglement. The laser fluence affected the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the suspensions beyond a threshold of 50 mJ · cm⁻². As the irradiation time progressed at a laser fluence of 144 mJ · cm⁻², the thermal conductivity and viscosity decreased until they reached saturation. The thermal-conductivity enhancement decreased from 16 % to 5 %, and the low shear viscosity decreased dramatically to 1/200 the shear viscosity of the non-irradiated sample. Raman spectra and TEM images showed that the defects in the nanotubes increased upon laser irradiation. In conclusion, excimer laser irradiation of a suspension of MWCNTs provided an effective way to tune the heat transfer and rheological characteristics of suspensions.     

碳纤维对聚碳酸酯/氮化硼复合材料导热性能和力学性能的影响

首先制备了聚碳酸酯/氮化硼(PC/BN)复合材料,考察了BN含量对复合材料导热性能和力学性能的影响,实验结果表明BN可以提高PC的导热性能,当BN含量为30%时,PC/BN复合材料的导热系数为1.38 W/(m·K),比纯PC的导热系数提高了约7倍,但PC的力学性能损坏严重。在PC/BN复合材料中填充少量碳纤维(CF),结果表明少量CF的加入,不仅可以进一步提高PC/BN复合材料的导热性能,而且还可以较显著地改善其力学性能。当CF含量为7%时,PC/BN/CF的导热系数、拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度比PC/BN复合材料的分别提高了14.5%,113%,64%和157%。     

碳纳米管/聚丙烯腈基复合材料的热导率研究

采用原位聚合法制备了碳纳米管/聚丙烯腈(CNT/PAN)复合材料,用MDSC的测试方法研究了复合材料的热性能,并由此推导了复合材料的热导率.应用Cheng-Vachon、Nielsen-Lewis和Okamoto-Ishida 3种导热理论模型对CNT/PAN复合材料的热导率进行估算.对比实验测试与导热理论模型的计算结果,考虑到碳纳米管在聚合物基体中的分散和取向情况,得出Nielsen-Lewis理论在低填充含量及室温条件下可以较准确地估算无规分散的CNT/PAN复合材料体系的热导率.     

热辐射对碳纳米管纱名义热导率的影响

碳纳米管纱是完全由碳纳米管构成的宏观材料,因其类似“气凝胶”的结构,具有较大的比表面积,相对于普通宏观材料,会有更多的热量通过表面热辐射耗散出去。本文详细地推导了电加热时,准一维热传播材料表面温度分布和热导率计算公式,并引入热辐射项对上述传热过程进行修正,获得表面真实温度分布,进而结合碳纳米管纱的物理性质,分析了测试样品长度对碳纳米管纱名义热导率(指测试获得的热导率)的影响。对于长度为5 mm的碳纳米管纱测试样品,名义热导率约为真实热导率的4倍。     

Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids – Experimental and Theoretical

The thermal conductivity of nanofluids has been studied experimentally using the transient hot-wire method, and it is shown that a significant increase can be obtained. Existing methods for the prediction and correlation of the thermal conductivity are discussed. It is shown that a lot of work still needs to be done in this area.Paper presented at the Seventeenth European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, September 5–8, 2005, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.     

A Nonstationary Method and Experimental Equipment for Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Heat Insulators

A method of measuring the thermal conductivity of solid heat-insulating materials based on the integral form of Fourier's equation, obtained by an integro-interpolation method is described. The theoretical basis for the calculation formula of the method, the results of investigations of the formula using a thermal model, the circuit of a device which realizes the theoretical formula, and the accuracy and time characteristics of the proposed method are presented. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 38–43, August, 2005.     

A New Instrument for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Fluids

The transient hot-wire technique is at present the best technique for obtaining standard reference data for the thermal conductivity of fluids. It is an absolute technique, with a working equation and a complete set of corrections reflecting departures from the ideal model, where the principal variables are measured with a high degree of accuracy. It is possible to evaluate the uncertainty of the experimental thermal conductivity data obtained using the best metrological recommendations. The liquids proposed by IUPAC (toluene, benzene, and water) as primary standards were measured with this technique with an uncertainty of 1% or better (95% confidence level). Pure gases and gaseous mixtures were also extensively studied. It is the purpose of this paper to report on a new instrument, developed in Lisbon, for the measurement of the thermal conductivity of gases and liquids, covering temperature and pressure ranges that contain the near-critical region. The performance of the instrument for pressures up to 15 MPa was tested with gaseous argon, and measurements on dry air (Synthetic gas mixture, with molar composition certified by Linde AG, Wiesbaden, Germany, Ar – 0.00920; O₂ – 0.20966; N₂ – 0.78114), from room temperature to 473 K and pressures up to 10 MPa are also reported. The estimated uncertainty is 1%.M. L. V. Ramires: DeceasedPaper presented at the Seventeenth European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, September 5–8, 2005, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.     

End Effects in the Three-Omega Method to Measure Gas Thermal Conductivity

A two-dimensional analytical solution is derived for the three-omega method for measurement of thermal conductivity of materials with a fine wire. The analytical solution includes the wire heat capacity and the effect of heat losses from the ends of the wire. To derive the solution, finite Fourier transforms are applied in the direction parallel to the wire axis. The solution is compared with a one-dimensional solution and experimental data. It is found that heat losses from the wire ends have a significant effect on the 3ω components at low frequency and tend to be less important at high frequency. Moreover, it is shown that two-dimensional effects will be severe for nano-scale wires, even if the wire length-to-diameter ratio is very large.     

Spectral Method for Thermal Conductivity Calculations

We discuss several post-processing issues in molecular dynamics (MD) calculation of lattice thermal conductivity using the Green–Kubo formula. For crystals with high thermal conductivity such as SiC, converting the MD raw data on heat current fluctuations into thermal conductivity result is non-trivial. One can accelerate the process using Fast Fourier Transform and the spectral method. A few mathematical subtleties are cleared up. Due to finite data length, integration of the correlation function must be terminated before noise takes over; two termination criteria are proposed which give reasonable results for crystalline β-SiC. A simple solvable model that illustrates the above points and can be used for code-checking is presented.