作用于GABA受体的兽用杀寄生虫药物

GABA受体是医药、兽药、农药的重要作用靶标,其具有亚型多样性及配体作用位点多样性的特点,是开发高效、安全兽用药的理想靶标。目前已发现4类结构不同的兽用杀寄生虫药物均作用于GABA受体,特别是近年开发出的异噁唑啉类化合物氟雷拉纳作为GABA受体非竞争性拮抗剂具有突出的杀寄生虫活性及安全性,是理想的兽用杀寄生虫药物。作用于GABA受体的杀寄生虫药物研发具有较大的发展潜力。     

作用于GABA受体杀虫剂的代谢、作用机制及开发研究

<正>已知杀虫剂的昆虫神经系统靶标主要有4个:乙酰胆碱酯酶、烟碱乙酰胆碱受体、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和钠离子通道。其中,GABA受体(GABA受体氯离子通道复合物)一般被认为是最重要的杀虫剂和杀线虫剂靶标之一。Matsumura等首次就GABA受体作为杀虫剂作用位点进行了报道,他们发现γ-BHC(六氯环己烷)和狄氏剂与GABA受体非竞争     

离子型GABA受体新型拮抗剂的虚拟筛选

离子型GABA受体是杀虫剂的重要靶标之一.以人GABA受体为模板同源模建了黑腹果蝇GABA受体的三维结构,通过药效团模型和分子对接方法对小分子数据库进行了虚拟筛选,结合对接模式发现了 6个GABA受体拮抗剂苗头化合物,为靶向GABA受体新型杀虫剂的设计和开发提供了重要信息.     

氟虫腈对GABAA受体单通道电流的调节作用

γ-氨基丁酸(QABA)是哺乳动物神经系统中主要的抑制性神经递质。GABAA受体是多种化合物包括巴比妥类、苯二氮卓类、木防己苦毒素、荷包牡丹碱、全身麻醉剂、酒精和杀虫剂的重要的作用位点。     

阿维菌素类杀虫剂与配体门控离子通道相互作用研究进展

介绍了受体对药物的选择性结合与受体中存在的一些关键位点的氨基酸残基有很大关系。氨基酸残基在通道内排成一个装满水的口袋似的结构,这个口袋结构充当着药物与哺乳类GABAA受体和甘氨酸受体的结合位点。阿维菌素的主要作用靶标谷氨酸门控氯离子通道与这两类受体具有密切的关系,因此,可推测阿维菌素与受体的作用方式也有相类似的模式。这对创制新的具有安全、高活性、高选择性的杀虫剂有重要意义。     

4,5-双取代-3-羟基异噻唑衍生物的合成与杀虫活性研究

针对离子型γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体竞争性拮抗位点,设计合成了一系列5-芳基-4-四氢吡啶-3-羟基异噻唑衍生物,通过¹HNMR、¹³CNMR和MS对目标化合物进行了结构表征。活性测试结果表明,在100 mg·L^-1浓度下,部分目标化合物对成年雌性果蝇表现出一定的杀虫活性,为新型GABA受体杀虫剂先导化合物的设计与合成提供了理论依据。     

杀虫剂靶标离子型γ-氨基丁酸受体研究进展

离子型γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体主要介导神经和肌肉细胞中快速的抑制性突触传递。昆虫离子型GABA受体的RDL亚基是环戊二烯类和苯基吡唑类杀虫剂的分子靶标,但目前至少有19种昆虫已报道产生了抗性突变;同时还发现昆虫编码RDL亚基的基因可通过可变剪切和RNA编辑等方式形成多种亚型,从而导致受体功能的多样性,这也为开发新型杀虫剂提供了条件。主要对该杀虫剂靶标的分子生物学、生理功能以及药理学等方面的最新研究成果进行综述。     

作用于γ-氨基丁酸受体的杀虫剂研究进展

随着杀虫剂的不断使用,昆虫会对所使用的化学物质产生抗药性。γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutyric acid, GABA)受体是重要的杀虫剂靶标之一,农药学家和昆虫毒理学家对其进行了广泛的研究。作用于该类受体的杀虫剂杀虫活性高、安全性好,使其成为新农药创制的热点。概述了GABA受体的结构与分类、作用于GABA受体的杀虫剂的化学结构、杀虫活性、致毒机理、分类、抗性研究及其在农业病虫害防治方面的应用,其中新型异唑啉类和间二酰胺类因其独特的作用位点、对哺乳动物低毒以及优异的选择性,具有良好的发展前景。     

杀虫剂解毒果蝇品系作为优化药物开发筛选工具

杀虫剂的创制主要通过多轮筛选并结合化学结构和特性的反复改造来提高其生物活性.成功的生物活性筛选取决于作用于靶标位点的化合物的浓度是否足够,持续时间是否够长.如果化合物活性筛选效果很低或化合物无法达到靶标位点,这可能是由于化合物本身固有活性低或者在体内被解毒,因此研究者对于那些活性易受体内解毒作用影响的化合物甚感兴趣,这为在传统筛选中表现很差的化合物迎来了"曙光",其可利用新的筛选平台开发在靶标位点具有潜在高活性化合物.     

氯离子通道杀虫剂靶标的研究进展

配体门控氯离子通道和电压门控氯离子通道都是杀虫剂的作用靶标,配体门控氯离子通道是抑制剂激发膜兴奋性的基础元件,γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）受体是一种氯离子载体复合物,是目前应用的杀虫剂的主要作用位点。林丹、硫丹、氟虫腈等杀虫剂能阻断弘氨基丁酸门控氯离子通道,引起神经抑制,导致中枢神经系统过度兴奋、惊厥,甚至造成机体死亡。电压门控氯离子通道是氯离子通道的家族又一个大的成员,依赖于电压的氯离子通道与维持电兴奋性、氯离子释放和吸收、内囊酸化、细胞内容物调节等生理活性相关,目前电压门控氯离子通道逐步成为杀虫剂的靶标成为研究热点。本文综述了杀虫剂靶标氯离子通道与杀虫剂作用的研究进展。     

An indole-binding site is a major determinant of the ligand specificity of the GABA type A receptor-associated protein GABARAP

The role of tryptophan as a key residue for ligand binding to the ubiquitin-like modifier GABA(A) receptor associated protein (GABARAP) was investigated. Two tryptophan-binding hydrophobic patches were identified on the conserved face of the GABARAP structure by NMR spectroscopy and molecular docking. GABARAP binding of indole and indole derivatives, including the free amino acid tryptophan was quantified. The two tryptophan binding sites can be clearly distinguished by mapping the NMR spectroscopy-derived residue-specific apparent dissociation constant, K(d), onto the three-dimensional structure of GABARAP. The biological relevance of tryptophan-binding pockets of GABARAP was supported by a highly conserved tryptophan residue in the GABARAP binding region of calreticulin, clathrin heavy chain, and the gamma2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor. Replacement of tryptophan by alanine abolished ligand binding to GABARAP.     

Different Binding Modes of Small and Large Binders of GAT1

Well‐known inhibitors of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter GAT1 share a common scaffold of a small cyclic amino acid linked by an alkyl chain to a moiety with two aromatic rings. Tiagabine, the only FDA‐approved GAT1 inhibitor, is a typical example. Some small amino acids such as (R)‐nipecotic acid are medium‐to‐strong binders of GAT1, but similar compounds, such as proline, are very weak binders. When substituted with 4,4‐diphenylbut‐3‐en‐1‐yl (DPB) or 4,4‐bis(3‐methylthiophen‐2‐yl)but‐3‐en‐1‐yl (BTB) groups, the resulting compounds have similar pK_i and pIC₅₀ values, even though the pure amino acids have very different values. To investigate if small amino acids and their substituted counterparts share a similar binding mode, we synthesized butyl‐, DPB‐, and BTB‐substituted derivatives of small amino acids. Supported by the results of docking studies, we propose different binding modes not only for unsubstituted und substituted, but also for strong‐ and weak‐binding amino acids. These data lead to the conclusion that following a fragment‐based approach, not pure but N‐butyl‐substituted amino acids should be used as starting points, giving a better estimate of the activity when a BTB or DPB substituent is added.     

Homology Modelling of the GABA Transporter and Analysis of Tiagabine Binding

A homology model of the human GABA transporter (GAT‐1) based on the recently reported crystal structures of the bacterial leucine transporter from Aquifex aeolicus (LeuT) was developed. The stability of the resulting model embedded in a membrane environment was analyzed by extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on docking studies and subsequent MD simulations of three compounds, the endogenous ligand GABA and two potent inhibitors, (R)‐nipecotic acid and the anti‐epilepsy drug tiagabine, various binding modes were identified and are discussed. Whereas GABA and (R)‐nipecotic acid, which are both substrates, are stabilised with residues located deep inside the occluded state binding pocket (including residues Tyr 60 and Ser 396), tiagabine, which contains a large aliphatic side chain, is stabilised in a binding mode that extends from the substrate binding pocket (i.e., stabilised by Phe 294) to the extracellular vestibule, where the side chain is stabilised by aliphatic residues. The tiagabine binding mode, reaching from the substrate binding site to the extracellular vestibule, forces the side chain of Phe 294 to adopt a distinct conformation from that found in the occluded conformation of the transporter. Hence, in presence of tiagabine, GAT‐1 is constrained in an open‐to‐out conformation. Our results may be of particular interest for the design of new GAT‐1 inhibitors.     

Identification of sensilla involved in taste mediation in adult western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)

A group of sensilla present on the maxillary galea of adult western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) beetles has been identified morphologically and physiologically to be involved in taste mediation. There are approximately 15 chemosensory hairs on each galea. Bilateral removal of these structures resulted in a significantly reduced consumption of a strongly phagostimulant triterpenoid, cucurbitacin B, and led to increased ingestion of a phagodeterrent alkaloid, strychnine. Electrophysiological responses obtained via tip-recording of galeal chemosensilla with submillimolar concentrations of host and nonhost plant compounds resulted in dose responses overlapping with the effective behavioral ranges. Cucurbitacin B was found to evoke chemosensory responses at levels as low as 0.1µM. Since-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an agonist. (-)--hydrastine and strychnine are antagonists, and cucurbitacin B has been proposed to act at a separate modulatory site of classical synaptic GABA and glycine receptor-channel complexes, results reported here raise the possibility that there are peripheral chemosensory receptor sites that may resemble, functionally and structurally, synaptic receptor sites in the central nervous system.     

Development of Benzophenone‐Alkyne Bifunctional Sigma Receptor Ligands

Sigma (σ) receptors are unique non‐opioid binding sites that are associated with a broad range of disease states. Sigma‐2 receptors provide a promising target for diagnostic imaging and pharmacological interventions to curb tumor progression. Most recently, the progesterone receptor (PGRMC1, 25 kDa) has been shown to have σ2 receptor‐like binding properties, thus highlighting the need to understand the biological function of an 18 kDa protein that exhibits σ2‐like photoaffinity labeling (denoted here as σ2‐18k) but the amino acid sequence of which is not known. In order to provide new tools for the study of the σ2‐18k protein, we have developed bifunctional σ receptor ligands each bearing a benzophenone photo‐crosslinking moiety and an alkyne group to which an azide‐containing biotin affinity tag can be covalently attached through click chemistry after photo‐crosslinking. Although several compounds showed favorable σ2 binding properties, the highest affinity (2 nM ) and the greatest potency in blocking photolabeling of σ2‐18k by a radioactive photoaffinity ligand was shown by compound 22 . These benzophenone‐alkyne σ receptor ligands might therefore be amenable for studying the σ2‐18k protein through chemical biology approaches. To the best of our knowledge, these compounds represent the first reported benzophenone‐containing clickable σ receptor ligands, which might potentially have broad applications based on the “plugging in” of various tags.     

MS-binding assays: kinetic, saturation, and competitive experiments based on quantitation of bound marker as exemplified by the GABA transporter mGAT1

A new kind of binding assay is described in which the amount of a nonlabeled marker bound to the target is quantified by LC-ESI-MS-MS. This new approach was successfully implemented with nonlabeled NO 711 as marker and the GABA transporter subtype mGAT1 as target. The native marker bound to the target was liberated from the receptor protein by methanol denaturation after filtration. A reliable and sensitive LC-ESI-MS-MS method for the quantitation of NO 711 was developed, and data from mass spectrometric detection were analyzed by nonlinear regression. Kinetic MS-binding experiments yielded values for k+1 and k-1, while in saturation MS-binding experiments, Kd and Bmax values were determined. In competitive MS-binding experiments, Ki values were obtained for various test compounds covering a broad range of affinities for mGAT1. All experiments were performed in 96-well plate format with a filter plate for the separation step which improved the efficiency and throughput of the procedure. The method was validated by classical radioligand-binding experiments with the labeled marker [3H2]NO 711 in parallel. The results obtained from MS-binding experiments were found to be in good agreement with the results of the radioligand-binding assays. The new kind of MS-binding assay presented herein is further adapted to the conventional radioligand-binding assay in that the amount of bound marker is securely quantified. This promises easy implementation in accordance with conventional binding assays without the major drawbacks that are inherent in radioligand or fluorescence binding assays. Therefore, MS-binding assays are a true alternative to classical radioligand-binding assays.     

A Chemogenomic Analysis of Ionization Constants—Implications for Drug Discovery

Chemogenomics methods seek to characterize the interaction between drugs and biological systems and are an important guide for the selection of screening compounds. The acid/base character of drugs has a profound influence on their affinity for the receptor, on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) profile and the way the drug can be formulated. In particular, the charge state of a molecule greatly influences its lipophilicity and biopharmaceutical characteristics. This study investigates the acid/base profile of human small‐molecule drugs, chemogenomics datasets and screening compounds including a natural products set. We estimate the acid‐ionization constant (pK_a) values of these compounds and determine the identity of the ionizable functional groups in each set. We find substantial differences in acid/base profiles of the chemogenomic classes. In many cases, these differences can be linked to the nature of the target binding site and the corresponding functional groups needed for recognition of the ligand. Clear differences are also observed between the acid/base characteristics of drugs and screening compounds. For example, the proportion of drugs containing a carboxylic acid was 20 %, in stark contrast to a value of 2.4 % for the screening set sample. The proportion of aliphatic amines was 27 % for drugs and only 3.4 % for screening compounds. This suggests that there is a mismatch between commercially available screening compounds and the compounds that are likely to interact with a given chemogenomic target family. Our analysis provides a guide for the selection of screening compounds to better target specific chemogenomic families with regard to the overall balance of acids, bases and pK_a distributions.