内加热式热泵干燥装置的结构与性能分析

内加热式热泵干燥装置可提高干燥器出口空气的温度和相对湿度,增加空气从物料中吸纳水蒸气的能力。介绍了内加热式热泵干燥装置的结构和工作原理,建立了其SMER计算方程,并对干燥器进口空气温度、干燥器出口空气温度和相对湿度、除湿器出口空气温度对SMER的影响进行了计算和分析。     

热泵干燥装置操作参数的分析

分析了热泵干燥装置的独立操作参数,给出了热泵的蒸发温度、冷凝温度、干燥器进口空气的速度、干燥器出口空气的温度及相对湿度与热泵干燥装置除湿能耗比之间的关系式,计算了除湿能耗比随独立操作参数的变化规律,相关结论为热泵干燥装置测控系统的开发提供了较好的参考。     

搅拌流化床干燥器传热特性的研究

以不同粒径的玻璃珠和分子筛为原料 ,对搅拌流化床干燥器进行了气固间传热特性的实验研究。比较了恒速干燥阶段带搅拌和不带搅拌时物料湿含量随时间的变化规律 ,研究了干燥器进口温度、进口气速、搅拌转速等因素对传热过程的影响 ,并得出了相应的传热膜系数关联式 ,计算值与实验值的误差小于 1 5     

两段节流蒸发两段压缩热泵干燥装置模拟分析

为提高干燥后期干燥速率、降低能耗,提出了两段节流蒸发两段压缩热泵干燥装置的构想。模拟分析了以R134a为热泵工质、采用卧式流化床干燥机时,蒸发器1中工质蒸发温度te1、蒸发器2中工质蒸发温度te2、冷凝温度tc、两股空气质量流量比r(q1/q2)对制热系数COPH、除湿能耗比SMER的影响规律。结果表明:r=1,tc1=75℃,te2=15℃时,te1由15℃提高到25℃,COPH值由2.40提高到2.75,SMER由1.46 kg/(kW·h)提高到1.82 kg/(kW·h);tc1=75℃,te1=25℃,te2=15℃时,r由0.5提高到3.0时,COPH值由2.44提高到2.62,SMER由1.26 kg/(kW·h)提高到1.96 kg/(kW·h);在模拟条件范围内的COPH为2.40-3.01,SMER为0.89~1.96 kg/(kW·h)。     

沼气调峰用LNG混空装置的设计与测试

针对沼气产气量不稳定的问题,提出了采用LNG气化掺混空气作为沼气调峰气源的解决方案,设计并加工了一种LNG引射空气混合器,模拟生产实际对引射混合器的运行特性进行了实验研究。结果表明在引射器出口压力一定时,混气比(空气:天然气)随着进口压力的增加而显著提升;进口压力一定时,混气比随着出口压力的增加而逐渐减小;考虑进出口压力对混气比的共同作用时,提高进口压力,混气比随出口压力升高而降低的趋势减缓;提高出口压力,混气比随进口压力升高而上升的趋势加剧。为获得与沼气发酵罐相同的出口压力,引射器进口压力应为0.25 MPa。     

尾气循环气流干燥工艺研究及干燥器的选型

通过实际设计实例分析了循环尾气气流干燥工艺及干燥器的选择关系。气流干燥器的操作压力影响着尾气出口的露点温度;随着载气温度的增加,载气的载湿能力增加;气流干燥器出口的湿度、燃气耗量由物料的干燥特性和循环风量决定。普通干燥器与脉冲气流干燥相比,尽管其需要的高度相对较高,停留时间短,但其压降低、加工制造简单,安装操作简易。     

同轴撞击流浓缩器的浓缩性能研究

从实验和理论上对撞击流浓缩器(ISC)进行了研究。实验主要研究了空气进口温度、空气进口流量、液滴加速管的长度对ISC容积蒸发系数的影响。研究结果表明:ISC的容积蒸发系数随空气进口流量的增加、空气进口温度的升高而增大;并证明,宜使用较短的加速管。在理论分析的基础上建立了ISC浓缩溶液的理论模型,借助基于该模型的数值计算,模拟了ISC内液滴的蒸发过程,通过与实验值的比较证明了模型的正确性。     

膜式水冷壁结构燃磷塔的开发与传质传热的数值模拟（Ⅱ）传热特性影响因素分析

利用已建立的数学模型考察了燃磷量、过剩空气系数、壁面温度、辐射吸收系数对新型燃磷塔的最高燃烧温度、烟气排放温度、壁面最大热流和平均热流的影响.模拟结果表明,无论过剩空气系数固定还是空气流量固定,随燃磷量的增大,最高燃烧温度、烟气出口温度、壁面平均热流和最大热流都呈上升趋势.在燃磷量不变情况下,最高燃烧温度、壁面最大热流和平均热流均随过剩空气系数的增大而减小,但烟气出口温度缓慢增加.壁面温度对最高燃烧温度、壁面最大热流和平均热流影响不明显,但烟气出口温度随壁面温度的升高而增加较大.辐射吸收系数对最高燃烧温度和壁面最大热流影响很大,随辐射吸收系数的增大,最高燃烧温度和烟气出口温度会下降,而壁面最大热流和平均热流会上升.     

印刷烘干用热泵系统的管板式回热装置设计及性能分析

介绍了一种回热式空气能热泵系统,其回热装置采用管板式结构,在回收利用废气余热的同时避免了废气中墨料杂质和水蒸气对新风的污染。CFD数值模拟了新/回风在回热装置中的流动换热过程,结果显示:新风管道沿程压降和表面换热系数基本保持恒定,回热装置稳定连续工作;新/回风出口温度随环境温度线性变化,回风入口温度变化则会整体改变出口温度变化幅度。极端环境温度-20℃时,新风通过回热装置预热后温度可达272.7K以上,可保证热泵系统的正常工作。热泵系统COP计算结果显示:回热装置大幅提升了印刷烘干用热泵系统的COP值。对应热风烘干最优工作温度50℃,此时热泵COP值在2.81～7.94。     

LiCl溶液除湿系统的试验研究

溶液除湿空气调节装置具有不受气候和地域限制的特点,是最可能被大规模推广的空气调节技术之一。本文进行了逆流填料式单级LiCl溶液除湿过程实验研究,针对除湿过程,研究了进口空气的温度(30~36℃)和相对湿度(50%~70%)对除湿性能的影响。结果表明,除湿性能会随着进口空气温度或相对湿度的升高而增强。此外,针对溶液再生过程,本文考察了再生风进口温度和再生溶液进口温度对再生性能的影响,结果表明,两个温度值的升高均会增大再生能力,且后者的作用更强,但是再生溶液出口温度也会随之上升,从而导致了系统冷源负荷的增大。     

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Drying Using Two Industrial Concurrent and Countercurrent Rotary Dryers for Ammonium Nitrate

Drying of ammonium nitrate (AN) is accomplished in the Shiraz Petrochemical Complex (SPC) using a concurrent rotary dryer following a countercurrent rotary dryer. A mathematical model for these rotary dryers including heat and mass transfer was developed. The model was checked against industrial-scale data, which showed a good agreement. The average absolute deviation of the simulation results compared to the industrial data for the concurrent dryer was 4.0% for solids moisture, 1.3% for solids temperature, and 1.8% for air temperature and for the countercurrent dryer it was 9.0% for the solids moisture, 2.0% for solids temperature, and 4.6% for air temperature. These simulation results reveal that for outlet solid moisture, inlet AN moisture, and air temperature as well as the outlet temperature of product, the inlet solid and air temperature have major effects for both concurrent and countercurrent flow.     

Effects of Drying Parameters on Heat Transfer during Drying of Fermented Ground Cassava in a Rotary Dryer

The effects of drying parameters on heat transfer during drying of fermented ground cassava in a rotary dryer were studied. The fermented ground cassava was dried in a bench-scale rotary dryer at different inlet air temperatures, inlet air velocities, relative humidities, feed rates, drum drive speeds, and feed drive speeds. It is shown that inlet air temperature, inlet air velocity, and feed rate have significant effects on the specific heat transfer coefficient and heat load in the material. Models that predict the specific heat transfer coefficient as a function of inlet air temperature and inlet air velocity and the heat load as a function of inlet air temperature, inlet air velocity, and feed rate are also presented. Predictions of the models are compared with experimental data and good agreement is obtained.     

Characterization of a Spray Drying System for Soymilk

Soymilk slurries were spray dried at various combinations of inlet air temperature (1255. 265, and 275°C), feed rate (0.38 and 0.57 Lpm), and atomizer speed (119,300 and 26,800 rpm). Monitored dryer parameters included dry and wet bulb temperaturea of ambient and exhaust air, drying chamber's inlet and outlet air temperatures, product and feed temperatures, velocity pressure at exhaust pipe, atomizer speed, and feed rate. Weather data was included in the analysis.

Collected data was used to estimate the state of the outlet air using psychrometrics and assuming adiabatic saturation. Equations to predict outlet and product temperatures were developed. Average thermal and eveporative efficiencies were 65.9 and 78.4%. respectively.     

Spray Drying Performance of a Laboratory Spray Dryer for Tomato Powder Preparation

This work investigates the performance of a spray dryer for tomato powder preparation by spray drying of tomato pulp. Samples of tomato pulp with a 14% constant total solids concentration were used, and a pilot scale spray dryer (Buchi, B-191) with cocurrent operation and a two-fluid nozzle atomizer was employed for the spray drying process. Twenty-four different experiments were conducted keeping constant the feed rate, the feed temperature, and the atomizer pressure, and varying the compressed air flow rate, the flow rate of drying rate, and the air inlet temperature. In each experiment the air outlet temperature was recorded. Data for the residue remaining in the chamber and cyclone walls was gathered and two types of efficiencies were calculated as an indication of the spray dryer performance. Analysis of experimental data yielded correlations between residue accumulation and the variable operating conditions. The same operating parameters had a great influence on the air outlet temperature whereas temperature deviations were observed comparing measured air outlet temperatures with corresponding outlet adiabatic saturation temperatures.     

Characterization of a Spray Drying System for Soymilk

ABSTRACT

Soymilk slurries were spray dried at various combinations of inlet air temperature (1255. 265, and 275°C), feed rate (0.38 and 0.57 Lpm), and atomizer speed (119,300 and 26,800 rpm). Monitored dryer parameters included dry and wet bulb temperaturea of ambient and exhaust air, drying chamber's inlet and outlet air temperatures, product and feed temperatures, velocity pressure at exhaust pipe, atomizer speed, and feed rate. Weather data was included in the analysis.

Collected data was used to estimate the state of the outlet air using psychrometrics and assuming adiabatic saturation. Equations to predict outlet and product temperatures were developed. Average thermal and eveporative efficiencies were 65.9 and 78.4%. respectively.     

SPRAY DRYING DYNAMIC MODELING WITH A MECHANISTIC MODEL

In this work we suggest the dynamic modeling of a spray dryer considered as a series of well-stirred dryers. That is, a series of dryers in which the output variables are equal to the state variables. The state equations were obtained from the heat and water mass balances in product and air. Additionally, heat and water mass balances in interface jointly with water equilibrium relation between product and air were considered. A pilot spray dryer was modeled assuming one, two, five and 20 well stirred steps. Low-fat milk with 10-20% of solids was dried at different inlet air temperatures (120-160°C), air flow rate of 0.19 kg dry air s^-1 and different feed rates (1.4 - 4.2 × 10^-4 kg dry solids s^-1). Stationary result showed that the model predicts the experimental air outlet temperature, at different inlet conditions with a maximum deviation of 6°C. The dynamic simulation reproduce the experimental one with moderate accuracy. Experimental dynamic showed that the pilot plant spray dryer has a well-stirred process behavior. The model represents a method for estimate outlet product moisture as function of the outlet air temperature. This has application for automatic control because there is not an easy way to measure on-line measure the outlet product moisture content.     

Drying Behavior of Carrots Dried in a Spout–Fluidized Bed Dryer

The effect of water blanching treatment and the inlet air temperature on drying kinetics as well as the quality attributes of carrot cubes dried in a spout–fluidized bed dryer at 60, 70, 80, and 90°C were analyzed. The material shrinkage and the rehydration potential were calculated to assess the changes in quality of dried carrots. It was found that the value of the air velocity during the drying of carrot cubes in a spout–fluidized bed dryer should be related to the moisture content of the carrot particles. A high value of air velocity at the beginning of the drying cycle and a lower value for the later stages were also required. The linear equation was correlated to the data of shrinkage of raw and blanched carrots. Blanching significantly influenced the coefficients in the shrinkage model derived for drying of carrot cubes in a spout–fluidized bed dryer, while drying temperature did not influence the shrinkage of carrot particles. The intensity of heat and mass transfer during spout–fluidized drying of carrot cubes was dependent on the drying temperature. A correlation was developed to calculate the values of effective moisture diffusivity of dried carrot cubes as a function of the moisture content and temperature of the material. It was observed that for any given time of rehydration, both the moisture content and the rehydration ratio calculated for samples dried at 60°C were higher than for samples dried at temperatures of 60, 70, 80, and 90°C.     

Spray Drying Performance of a Laboratory Spray Dryer for Tomato Powder Preparation

Abstract

This work investigates the performance of a spray dryer for tomato powder preparation by spray drying of tomato pulp. Samples of tomato pulp with a 14% constant total solids concentration were used, and a pilot scale spray dryer (Buchi, B-191) with cocurrent operation and a two-fluid nozzle atomizer was employed for the spray drying process. Twenty-four different experiments were conducted keeping constant the feed rate, the feed temperature, and the atomizer pressure, and varying the compressed air flow rate, the flow rate of drying rate, and the air inlet temperature. In each experiment the air outlet temperature was recorded. Data for the residue remaining in the chamber and cyclone walls was gathered and two types of efficiencies were calculated as an indication of the spray dryer performance. Analysis of experimental data yielded correlations between residue accumulation and the variable operating conditions. The same operating parameters had a great influence on the air outlet temperature whereas temperature deviations were observed comparing measured air outlet temperatures with corresponding outlet adiabatic saturation temperatures.     

Partial Crystallization Behavior during Spray Drying: Simulations and Experiments

Simulations of crystallization behavior in a spray dryer have been performed using modifications to a model developed by previous workers and applied to a Buchi-290 laboratory-scale dryer. The potential crystallization behavior has been modeled using Williams-Landel-Ferry kinetics. Explorations using the model have suggested that the air inlet temperature is an important variable affecting crystallization in the dryer. The explorations suggested drying conditions that permitted reasonable drying while controlling the degree of crystallization. These conditions were examined and tested experimentally, also showing that the apparent degree of crystallinity was affected by the inlet air temperature over the range of inlet temperatures from 134°C (∼55% crystalline) to 210°C (∼76% crystalline). The simulation also predicted the trends in the experimental results from previous workers where their experimental results are considered in terms of the measurement techniques used in each case, suggesting that the simulation is a reasonable tool for developing operating conditions for drying equipment to give low or high degrees of crystallinity in the products.