应力三轴度和应变率对6063铝合金力学性能的影响及材料表征

对6063铝合金试样在不同应力三轴度和不同应变率下进行拉伸试验,得到了该合金在这两种情况下的力学性能.研究结果表明:随着应力三轴度的减小,材料的等效弹性模量、等效屈服应力减小,但等效断裂应变增大;随着应变率逐渐增大,材料的屈服强度和断裂强度略有增大;断裂应变明显减小;抗拉强度基本不变.Johnson-cook本构模型及其断裂应变模型可以用来描述6063铝合金在不同三轴应力度和不同应变率下的本构及失效关系.通过材料表征,得出了Johnson-cook本构模型及其断裂应变模型中各个参数,为有限元(ABAQUS)模拟提供帮助.     

2024 铝合金板材高温拉伸流变行为和微观组织演化研究

目的研究高温拉伸应力状态下,2024铝合金板材的流变行为和微观组织演化行为。方法对退火后的2024铝合金板进行等温拉伸试验,得到其应力应变曲线,并通过金相实验测定平均晶粒尺寸。建立了2024铝合金板材高温拉伸条件下的流变应力本构关系和晶粒尺寸模型。结果流变应力随温度的升高而减小。流变应力对应变速率有正的敏感性,随着温度的升高,应变速率敏感系数变大。变形后的平均晶粒尺寸随Zener-Hollomon参数升高而减小,随应变量的增加先减小后增大。结论所建立的流变应力本构关系和晶粒尺寸模型,有助于在实际生产过程中优化工艺参数,获得细小晶粒,提高零件性能。该研究为2024铝合金板材热成形工艺的开发和组织控制奠定了理论基础。     

高应变率下阻尼铝合金的动态力学性能研究

针对航空用高阻尼铝合金在高应变率载荷下的服役特征,研究了两种高阻尼铝合金在高应变率下的动态力学性能.采用分离式霍布金森(Hopkinson)压杆对高阻尼铝合金进行了动态压缩实验,获得了应变率(140,275,500s-1)对材料应力-应变曲线的影响规律,并同普通铸造铝合金ZL101A的动态压缩力学性能进行比较分析.结果表明:高阻尼铝合金在高应变率下的力学性能明显优于普通铸造铝合金;第一种高性能阻尼铝合金的动态压缩力学性能优异.第二种高性能阻尼铝合金随着应变率的提高,材料的弹性模量和应力均有所下降,但是形变强化效果显著.     

汽车用2024-T351铝合金的动态力学行为各向异性

采用拉伸机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及光学显微镜(OM)等研究了汽车用2024-T351铝合金的动态力学行为各向异性与微观组织演变。结果表明,2024-T351铝合金表现出明显的各向异性且应变率对力学性能与微观组织有一定的影响。相同应变率下,0°方向上的应力最大,45°方向上的应力最小。在0°方向上,合金的抗拉强度随应变率的增加变化相对较小,而屈服强度、延伸率和断面收缩率呈现先增加后保持不变最后持续增加的趋势;在45°和90°方向上,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率与断面收缩率均随着应变率的提高呈现先增加后保持不变最后持续增加的趋势;90°方向相比于其他两个方向有着更强的应变率敏感性。拟合得到三个方向上的Johnson-Cook本构方程,其可以很好地预测2024-T351铝合金在各个方向上的动态力学行为。所有试样断口表面均有大小不一的韧窝,且应变率越高形成的韧窝就会越大且越深。断后晶粒尺寸与方向和应变率基本无关,但晶粒纵横比受方向和应变率的影响较大。     

时效工艺对6061铝合金力学性能各向异性的影响及微观组织研究

采用单向拉伸试验研究了经不同时效工艺处理的6061铝合金轧制板材在轧制方向(0°)、倾斜方向(45°)和横向(90°)的力学性能各向异性.实验结果表明,轧制态6061铝合金的力学性能与热处理工艺密切相关,且表现出明显的各向异性.其中T6态6061铝合金力学性能各向异性最不明显.轧制态6061-T6铝合金有较强的立方织构{001}〈100〉和较弱的织构成分{001}〈100〉,目前采用的人工时效方法对其晶粒的显微组织和织构演化的影响不大.相对于经其他工艺处理的轧制态6061铝合金,经240℃高温时效处理的轧制态6061-T6铝合金位错密度大,且分布更均匀.轧制态6061-T6铝合金中明显的高密度β″析出物是其具备最高强度和最低各向异性的主要原因.     

2219铝合金动态力学性能及其本构关系

针对2219铝合金在高温、高应变率加工条件下的变形特征以及流动应力变化规律,利用分离式Hopkinson压杆设备对该合金进行了室温以及高温动态压缩力学性能研究,并利用电子万能试验机对其进行准静态压缩力学性能测试,得到了2219铝合金在不同应变率和温度下的真实应力-应变曲线。结果表明:2219铝合金对温度有较高的敏感性,其流动应力随着温度的升高而降低;当应变率在1000~3000s-1范围内时,材料的流动应力变化并不明显;基于Johnson-Cook模型拟合出的模型参数,能较好地预测实验中材料的流动应力。     

Mg-3Al-6Zn-2Y合金在不同应变率加载下的力学性能研究

在不同应变率压缩与拉伸下,研究了Mg-3Al-6Zn-2Y合金的力学性能,发现两种条件下合金力学性能变化规律不同。压缩情况下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力增大,极限强度、屈服强度、破坏应变先增大后减小,塑性先增大后减小;拉伸情况下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力、极限强度、屈服强度先增大后减小,破坏应变减小,塑性减小。压缩情况下合金流变应力的应变率敏感性高于拉伸情况。     

Mg-3Al-2Zn-2Y合金的动态力学性能研究

在不同应变率压缩与拉伸下,研究了Mg-3Al-2Zn-2Y合金的力学性能,发现2种条件下合金力学性能变化规律不同。压缩情况下,随应变率增大,极限强度与屈服强度先增大后减小,高应变率下(1300～4800s-1)的流变应力大于中低应变率(0.001～1s-1);在0.001～1450s-1拉伸下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力呈增大趋势,极限强度、屈服强度增大,破坏应变先减小后增大。压缩情况下合金流变应力的应变率敏感性高于拉伸情况。     

2A16铝合金中应变率力学性能研究

为研究2A16铝合金的中应变率力学性能及热处理状态对其应变率敏感性的影响,利用电子万能试验机和高速液压伺服试验机对其(O状态和T4状态)进行常温下准静态和中应变率力学性能试验,得到不同应变率下的应力应变曲线,并基于修正的Johnson-Cook本构模型对其进行拟合。结果表明:在应变率10~(-4)~10~2s~(-1)内,热处理状态对2A16铝合金的应变率敏感性有较大影响,其中2A16-O状态铝合金的应变率敏感性较强,而2A16-T4状态铝合金的应变率敏感性较弱,但两种材料均具有较强的应变硬化效应;此外,修正Johnson-Cook本构模型的拟合结果与试验结果吻合很好,能够很好表征材料的动态力学行为。     

ZL205A铝合金动态力学性能及其本构模型

目的 研究ZL205A铝合金在不同温度和不同应变速率下的流动应力行为,为材料数值模拟提供参数依据。方法 利用高低温电子万能材料实验机和霍普金森压杆设备,在不同变形温度(20~400 ℃)和应变速率(10⁻⁴~2 200 s⁻¹)下进行准静态拉伸实验、高温拉伸实验以及高应变率动态压缩实验。对实验所得真应力-应变曲线进行力学性能分析,考虑到霍普金森实验下的材料绝热温升,构建了ZL205A铝合金的Johnson-Cook本构模型,并将该模型与实验数据进行比对验证。结果 在室温低应变率(20 ℃、10⁻⁴~10⁻¹ s⁻¹)条件下,随应变率的增大,材料的流动应力变化不明显;当材料屈服后,随着应变的增大,材料流动应力增大的趋势变大,应变硬化作用占主导。在室温高应变率(20 ℃、500~2 200 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力与室温低应变率时的数据变化不大,考虑到高应变率下的实验时间短、变形大,材料变形产生的热量来不及散出,受温度升高的影响,材料在高应变率范围内的应变率强化效应不明显。在高温低应变率(100~400 ℃/0.001 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力随温度的升高而迅速降低,表现出较高的温度敏感性,当温度高于200 ℃时,材料产生拉应力回调现象。结论 根据材料真应力-应变曲线,获得了材料的Johnson-Cook本构参数,该模型能较准确地预测材料在不同状态下的流动应力行为。     

Characteristics of serrated flow in commercial Cu–Be–Co alloy

Abstract

Serrated yielding in a Cu–l·8Be–0·3Co (wt-%) alloy has been studied as a function of strain rate and temperature. Serration characteristics, e.g. type, stress drop δσ, frequency ν, vacancy concentrations–strain exponent m, mobile dislocation density–strain exponent β, and activation energy Q_m for serrated yielding, have been determined. Strain rate sensitivity of flow stress δσ/? ln ? and activation volume V parameters have also been derived through strain rate change tests. The results have been interpreted in the light of the static strain aging model of the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect.

MST/540     

A Macroscopic Model for the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect

The Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect means serrated yielding or jerky flow phenomenon in some alloys. In this paper a macroscopic model is developed to investigate the PLC effect with the emphasis on mechanical response of the structure evolution on microscopic scale. In addition to the normal work hardening effect, the model takes account of the thermal activation of dislocation moving with the aid of stress and the collective interactions between mobile dislocations and solute atoms due to dynamic strain ageing (DSA). It can satisfy the negative strain rate sensitivity of flow stress, which is believed to be one of the most special features associated with the PLC effect. The heterogeneous nature of the deformed material is also considered by introducing a nonuniform spatial distribution of some model parameters. The serrated yielding and localized deformation behavior can be successfully reproduced via numerical simulation based on this model.     

Serrated plastic flow

This paper attempts an assessment of the current understanding of the phenomenon of “serrated plastic flow”, which manifests itself as serrations, load drops, jerkiness or other discontinuities in the stress-strain curves obtained in constant extension rate tensile tests, and as sudden bursts of strain in constant loading rate tests and in constant load (stress) creep tests (the so called staircase creep). Though one can identify at least seven physical processes that can cause serrations, the discussion here is restricted mainly to serrated yielding in tension tests originating from dynamic strain ageing (dsa). The characteristics of the five types of serrations that have been identified so far and the experimental conditions under which they occur are discussed. The various models of serrated flow that have been put forward are reviewed critically. Some recent results on 316 stainless steel are presented to illustrate the effects of grain size, temperature and strain rate on serrated flow. Manifestations ofdsa other than serrations such as a negative strain rate sensitivity, positive temperature dependence for flow stress and work hardening, and the ductility minimum are also discussed. Finally the various issues to be resolved are enumerated.     

Study on dynamic strain aging phenomenon of 3004 aluminum alloy

3004 Aluminum alloy has been subjected to tension test at a range of strain rates (5.56 × 10⁻⁵ to 5.56 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹) and temperatures (233–573 K) to investigate the effect of temperature and strain rate on its mechanical properties. The serrated flow phenomenon is associated with dynamic strain aging (DSA) and yield a negative strain rate dependence of the flow stress. In the serrated yielding temperature region a critical transition temperature, T_t, was found. The critical plastic strain for the onset of serrations has a negative or positive temperature coefficient within the temperature region lower or higher than T_t. According to the activation energy, it is believed that the process at the temperature region lower than T_t is controlled by the interaction between Mg solute atom atmosphere and the moving dislocation. In the positive coefficient region, however, the aggregation of Mg atoms and precipitation of second phase decrease the effective amount of Mg atoms in solid solution and lead to the appearance of a positive temperature coefficient of the critical plastic strain for the onset of serrations.     

Substitutional dynamic strain ageing in an iron — 1.1 at. % niobium alloy

The mechanical properties of an Fe-1.1 at. % Nb alloy have been studied in compression over the temperature range 300 to 1100°K. The substitutional niobium atoms were responsible for dynamic strain ageing which resulted in a small peak in the temperature dependence of the flow stress, negative strain rate sensitivity, and serrated stress strain curves.The serrations were preceded by a strain rate and temperature dependent critical strain. These dependencies were analysed using theories that have been successfully applied to substitutional strain ageing in fcc structures. The analysis showed that, unlike in fcc structures, the apparent activation energy for the onset of serrated flow increased at the faster strain rates; this was attributed to the vacancies produced by the plastic deformation rapidly annealing out due to the high temperatures involved at the faster strain rates.     

In-situ SEM observation of tensile deformation in rapidly solidified Ni3Al ribbons

Mechanical properties of Ni₃Al ribbons have been studied using in-situ SEM tensile tests between room temperature and 400°C, The onset of plastic strain of the annealed material is characterized, after exceeding the yield stress, by the appearance of a plastic instability region followed by the homogeneous deformation region. The slope of the serrated zone decreases with annealing temperature and increases with test temperature. However, ribbons in the as-rapidly solidified (RS) condition do not show the plastic instability zone. This different behavior is related to distribution, arrangement and density of dislocations generated during rapid solidification and to their evolution during thermal treatments. Serrated yielding takes place due to the nucleation and propagation of Lüders bands, which are nucleated in high stress concentration regions and subsequently propagate through the gauge length. A model is proposed in order to explain strain hardening in the serrated zone and its dependence on annealing temperature and test temperature.     

Serrated yielding in 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel

Abstract

Tensile tests were performed on specimens in quenched and tempered and thermally aged conditions over a wide temperature range (300–873 K) to assess the occurrence of serrated flow, a manifestation of dynamic strain aging (DSA), in 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel, with an emphasis on the influence of prior thermal aging on serrated yielding. The alloy exhibited jerky/serrated flow in the load–elongation curves at intermediate temperatures. Types A, B, and C serrations were observed, depending on the test temperature and applied strain rate. The apparent activation energy of 83 kJ mol^-1 measured for serrated flow suggests that diffusion of an interstitial solute such as carbon is responsible for dynamic strain aging in 9Cr–1Mo steel. Prior thermal aging at 793 K for 5000 h and at 873 K for 1000 and 5000 h resulted in a significant decrease in the height of serrations, i.e. the magnitude of the stress drop, as well as an increase in the critical strain for the onset of serrations. Both of these observations indicate reduced propensity to DSA as a result of increased precipitate sinks as well as a reduced carbon concentration in solid solution owing to an increased density of carbides in the thermally aged conditions. Reduced propensity to DSA resulted in a significant reduction in the strength values at intermediate temperatures.     

熔体发泡法泡沫铝的力学性能研究

对采用熔体发泡法制造的不同密度泡沫铝进行了准静态压缩试验、拉伸试验和弯曲试验。结果表明,泡沫铝的压缩特性曲线包括线弹性变形区、平台区和密实化区。试样的高宽比H/D明显影响压缩应力-应变曲线。当H/D较小时,平台应力曲线较平滑;当H/D较大时,平台应力曲线剧烈波动,呈显著的锯齿状。且在试样中间部位出现与加载轴线呈25°—45°的剪切带。拉伸和弯曲过程中,泡沫铝应力快速增加,当达到应力峰值即屈服点后急剧减小,在最终破断失效前,没有明显的屈服变形带。压缩坪应力Rpl、拉伸屈服应力RUTS和冷弯屈服应力Rf随密度的增加而增加。     

The Portevin-Le Châtelier effect of gradient nanostructured 5182 aluminum alloy by surface mechanical attrition treatment

Nanocrystalline surface layers and gradient nanostructure in 5182 aluminum alloy have been produced through surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The results indicate that the gradient nanostructure can not only improve the mechanical properties of 5182 Al alloy, but also has a certain effect on the Portevin-Le Châtelier (PLC) effect. The yield and ultimate tensile strength of 5182 Al alloy with SMAT are significantly improved combining with the decrease of fracture elongation compared with the as-received one. The PLC effect of 5182 Al alloy could be effectively postponed by the formation of gradient nanostructure after SMAT. It leads to the increase of critical strain of the PLC effect, more concentrated distribution of serrated strain, and increase of average stress amplitude in special strain range. The influence of grain size and gradient nanostructure on the PLC effect of 5182 Al alloy was also discussed in detail. Grain refinement could sharply increase the density of dislocations and hinder the movement of dislocations, which results in the decrease of moving speed of dislocations and the more concentrated distribution of solute atoms. The solute atoms would aggregate to form nano precipitates and further impede movement of dislocation. The stronger interaction between the dislocations and the nano precipitates is the main mechanism of postponed PLC effect.     

Deformation and fracture behaviour of flax fibre reinforced thermosetting polymer matrix composites

The mechanical properties of unidirectional flax fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites were studied with particular emphasis on their tensile deformation behaviour. These materials displayed characteristic non-linear behaviour when loaded parallel to the axis of the fibre, with a distinct knee preceding a drop in stiffness. Further deformation resulted in strain hardening behaviour. Load cycling and acoustic emissions analysis were used to investigate the nature of the knee and it was found that this corresponded with yielding behaviour in the composite. A well-defined yield point could be identified, which in composites of around 60% fibre volume fraction, occurred at a strain of some 0.12% and a tensile stress of 32 MPa. Varying the interfacial properties, through chemical modification of the fibre prior to lamination, was found to have a marked effect upon the onset of yielding and the yield point itself, as well as the deformation and fracture behaviour of the laminate. It is considered that this behaviour is intimately linked to the straining behaviour of the fibre as well as the fibre–matrix interaction and hypotheses to explain the observed behaviour are presented.