Glucocorticoids increase retinoid-X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) expression and enhance thyroid hormone action in primary cultured rat hepatocytes

A dynamic model of glucose overflow metabolism in batch and fed-batch cultivations of Escherichia coli W3110 under fully aerobic conditions is presented. Simulation based on the model describes cell growth, respiration, and acetate formation as well as acetate reconsumption during batch cultures, the transition of batch to fed-batch culture, and fed-batch cultures. E. coli excreted acetate only when specific glucose uptake exceeded a critical rate corresponding to a maximum respiration rate. In batch cultures where the glucose uptake was unlimited, the overflow acetate made up to 9. 0 +/- 1.0% carbon/carbon of the glucose consumed. The applicability of the model to dynamic situations was tested by challenging the model with glucose and acetate pulses added during the fed-batch part of the cultures. In the presence of a glucose feed, E. coli utilized acetate 3 times faster than in the absence of glucose. The cells showed no significant difference in maximum specific uptake rate of endogenous acetate produced by glucose overflow and exogenous acetate added to the culture, the value being 0.12-0.18 g g-1 h-1 during the entire fed-batch culture period. Acetate inhibited the specific growth rate according to a noncompetitive model, with the inhibition constant (ki) being 9 g of acetate/L. This was due to the reduced rate of glucose uptake rather than the reduced yield of biomass.     

Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of Listeria monocytogenes in defined glucose medium

A defined medium with glucose as the carbon source was used to quantitatively determine the metabolic end products produced by Listeria monocytogenes under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Of 10 strains tested, all produced acetoin under aerobic conditions but not anaerobic conditions. Percent carbon recoveries of end products, typified by strain F5069, were as follows: lactate, 28%; acetate, 23%; and acetoin, 26% for aerobic growth and lactate, 79%; acetate, 2%; formate, 5.4%; ethanol, 7.8%; and carbon dioxide, 2.3% for anaerobic growth. No attempt to determine carbon dioxide under aerobic growth conditions was made. The possibility of using acetoin production to assay for growth of L. monocytogenes under defined conditions should be considered.     

Influence of the medium composition and plasmid combination on the growth of recombinant Escherichia coli JM109 and on the production of the fusion protein EcoRI::SPA

Plasmid-free and plasmid-harbouring E. coli JM109 strains were investigated in shaken flasks, stirred tanks in batch and continuous operation. The shaken flask cultivations were performed in M9 minimal medium and in media with various protein supplements. The host hardly grows on M9 minimal medium as opposed to the plasmid-harbouring cells, which grow well on this medium. All of the investigated cells propagate well on protein-containing media. The influence of the combinations of repressor plasmid pRK248cI, the protection plasmid EcoR4 and the production plasmid pMTC48 were determined on the initial specific growth rate of the E. coli JM109 without gene expression, on the yield coefficient of cell growth, acetate concentration and acetate yield coefficient in the yeast extract-containing (HM) medium. The influence of various media on the induction of the gene expression were evaluated. In cultivation media with protein supplement, the growth rate and yield coefficient increased. The variation of the volumetric and specific beta-lactamase activities with the cultivation time were determined in a stirred tank reactor in HM medium. With increasing dilution rate the process performance decreased. Simple relationships exist between the substrate uptake rate and the specific growth rate of the continuous cultivated cells in M9 and HM media. The influence of the dilution rate on the cell mass concentration, colony forming units, acetate formation, yield coefficients of growth and acetate formation, substrate uptake rate, CO2 production rate, ammonium formation rate and beta-lactamase activity in M9 and HM media were determined as well. Carbon balances of the batch and continuous cultivations indicated high carbon recoveries. On account of the higher growth rate of plasmid-harbouring cells than than of the plasmid-free cells, the behaviour of the investigated plasmid-free and plasmid-harbouring E. coli JM109 cells deviates from the published properties of other plasmid-free and plasmid-harbouring E. coli cells.     

Lipoprotein profile determinants in children and adolescents from a lipid consultation clinic. The impact of diet, body composition and physical activity]

The production of extracellular beta-amylase by some Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] strains was investigated, and the maximal yields of the enzyme were 3.6; 9.3 and 20.4 U/mL of the culture fluid, respectively (U, 1 mumol of maltose equivalent per min at 30 degrees C). Several cultivation media were used for beta-amylase production. Bacillus cereus and some strains of Bacillus megaterium gave good yields of beta-amylase only in medium with the addition of nutrient broth. However, beta-amylase produced during growth in protein rich medium (nutrient broth) was highly unstable, probably due to inactivation by proteolytic enzymes co-existing in the culture fluid. Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] strains can produce good yields of beta-amylase on a semi-synthetic medium consisting of inorganic salts, potato starch and inexpensive soybean extract instead of costly peptone and meat extract. The most potential beta-amylase producer was the strain Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] NCIB 8524. The tested Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus polymyxa [corrected] strains were apparently differentiated by temperature cultivation (30 and 37 degrees C) suitable for beta-amylase amylase yield.     

Biodegradation of cellulose acetate by Neisseria sicca

Bacteria capable of assimilating cellulose acetate, strains SB and SC, were isolated from soil on a medium containing cellulose acetate as a carbon source, and identified as Neisseria sicca. Both strains degraded cellulose acetate membrane filters (degree of substitution, DS, mixture of 2.8 and 2.0) and textiles (DS, 2.34) in a medium containing cellulose acetate (DS, 2.34) or its oligomer, but were not able to degrade these materials in a medium containing cellobiose octaacetate. Biodegradation of cellulose acetate (DS, 1.81 and 2.34) on the basis of biochemical oxygen demand reached 51 and 40% in the culture of N. sicca SB and 60 and 45% in the culture of N. sicca SC within 20 days. A decrease in the acetyl content of degraded cellulose acetate films and powder was confirmed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. After 10-day cultivation of N. sicca SB and SC, the number-average molecular weight of residual cellulose acetate decreased by 9 and 5%, respectively. Activities of enzymes that released acetic acid and produced reducing sugars from cellulose acetate were mainly present in the culture supernatant. Reactivity of enzymes for cellulose acetate (DS, 1.81) was higher than that for cellulose acetate (DS, 2.34).     

Effects of bacterial host and dichloromethane dehalogenase on the competitiveness of methylotrophic bacteria growing with dichloromethane

Methylobacterium sp. strain DM4 and Methylophilus sp. strain DM11 can grow with dichloromethane (DCM) as the sole source of carbon and energy by virtue of homologous glutathione-dependent DCM dehalogenases with markedly different kinetic properties (the kcat values of the enzymes of these strains are 0.6 and 3.3 S-1, respectively, and the Km values are 9 and 59 microM, respectively). These strains, as well as transconjugant bacteria expressing the DCM dehalogenase gene (dcmA) from DM11 or DM4 on a broad-host-range plasmid in the background of dcmA mutant DM4-2cr, were investigated by growing them under growth-limiting conditions and in the presence of an excess of DCM. The maximal growth rates and maximal levels of dehalogenase for chemostat-adapted bacteria were higher than the maximal growth rates and maximal levels of dehalogenase for batch-grown bacteria. The substrate saturation constant of strain DM4 was much lower than the Km of its associated dehalogenase, suggesting that this strain is adapted to scavenge low concentrations of DCM. Strains and transconjugants expressing the DCM dehalogenase from strain DM11, on the other hand, had higher growth rates than bacteria expressing the homologous dehalogenase from strain DM4. Competition experiments performed with pairs of DCM-degrading strains revealed that a strain expressing the dehalogenase from DM4 had a selective advantage in continuous culture under substrate-limiting conditions, while strains expressing the DM11 dehalogenase were superior in batch culture when there was an excess of substrate. Only DCM-degrading bacteria with a dcmA gene similar to that from strain DM4, however, were obtained in batch enrichment cultures prepared with activated sludge from sewage treatment plants.     

Cytochrome c peroxidase from a methylotrophic yeast: physiological role and isolation

Mutant strains of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha defective in catalase (cat) and in glucose repression of alcohol oxidase synthesis (gcr1) have been isolated following multiple UV mutagenesis steps. One representative gcr1 cat mutant C-105 grows during batch cultivation in a glucose/methanol medium. However, growth is preceded by a prolonged lag period. C-105 and other gcr1 cat mutants do not grow on methanol medium without an alternative carbon source. A large collection of second-site suppressor catalase-defective (scd) revertants were isolated with restored ability for methylotrophic growth (Mth+) in the absence of catalase activity. These Mth+ gcr1 cat scd strains utilize methanol as a sole source of carbon and energy, although biomass yields are reduced relative to the wild-type strain. In contrast to the parental C-105 strain, H2O2 does not accumulate in the methanol medium of the revertants. We show that restoration of methylotrophic growth in the suppressor strains is strongly correlated with increased levels of the alternative H2O2-destroying enzyme, cytochrome c peroxidase. Cytochrome c peroxidase from cell-free extracts of one of the scd revertants has been purified to homogeneity and crystallized.     

Biphasic synovial sarcomas arising in the pleural cavity. A clinicopathologic study of five cases

Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I (EGI) was used as a reporter enzyme for screening mutagenized yeast strains for increased ability to produce protein. Sixteen haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, transformed with a yeast multicopy vector pALK222, containing the EGI cDNA under the ADH1 promoter, produced EGI activity of 10(-5)-10(-4) g/l. On the average 93% of the total activity was secreted into the culture medium. Two strains with opposite mating types were mutagenized, and several mutants were isolated possessing up to 45-fold higher EGI activity. The best mutants were remutagenized and a second-generation mutant, strain 2804, with an additional twofold increase in EGI activity was selected. The mutant strain 2804 grew more slowly and reached a lower final cell density than the parental strain. In the selective minimal medium, the 2804 strain produced 40 mg/l immunoreactive EGI protein, but only 2% was active enzyme. In the rich medium the secreted EGI enzyme stayed active, but without selection pressure the EGI production ceased after 2 days of cultivation, when the strain 2804 had produced 10 mg/l of EGI. A sevenfold difference was found between the parental and the 2804 strain in their total EGI production relative to cell density. The difference in favour of the mutant strain was also detected on the mRNA level. The 2804 mutant was found to be more active than the parental strain also in the production of T. reesei cellulases, cellobiohydrolase I, and cellobiohydrolase II.     

The influence of temperature on culture of Staphylococcus aureus for cell adhesion to collagen

The aim of this study was the investigation of adhesion of 88 S. aureus clinical isolates to collagen. The experiments were extended to determine the influence of growth temperature on collagen adhesin-collagen interaction. Bacterial adhesion to collagen was estimated by using immunoenzymatic assay at absorbance of 492 nm and compared with standard curves obtained for 8 different densities of each strain. The amount of collagen adhesin was indicated by colour reaction intensity measured by immunoenzymatic assay. Hydrophobicity of S. aureus strains was measured by aggregation in (NH4)2SO4 test. Almost all S. aureus strains isolated from bone and joint infections adhered to collagen whereas only a part of soft tissue infections isolates showed this feature. The comparison of adhesive properties of S. aureus cells cultured at 21 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C did not make it possible to indicate the optimal culture temperature for S. aureus adhesion to collagen. However, the intensive colour reaction of cells cultured at 37 degrees C with anti-collagen adhesin antibodies proves the production of the highest amount of this adhesin under the mentioned conditions. The influence of growth temperature as well as solid and/or liquid medium on the change of S. aureus hydrophobic properties was not observed. The obtained results show that the S. aureus growth temperature can be one of the factors influencing the staphylococci cells adhesion to collagen.     

Comparison of siderophore production and utilization in pathogenic and environmental isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia enterocolitica strains of serotypes lethal to mice have been reported previously to produce an endogenous siderophore. In this study, an ethyl acetate-extractable siderophore was characterized and given the name yersiniophore. Yersiniophore was produced by 16 of 16 human isolates of serotypes O:4, O:4,32, O:8, O:21, and one nonhuman isolate of serotype O:21. It was not produced by isolates of serotype O:3, O:5, or O:9. One strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis produced yersiniophore, but strains of Yersinia kristensenii, Yersinia frederiksenii, and Yersinia intermedia did not produce or utilize yersiniophore. Food and water isolates of Y. enterocolitica produced a water-soluble siderophore but not yersiniophore. Sixty-two strains of Y. enterocolitica including 42 isolates from human infections, 2 animal isolates, and 18 water and food isolates were examined for utilization of yersiniophore, the water-soluble siderophore, and ferrioxamine. Yersiniophore promoted growth rate, iron binding, and uptake in 17 of 62 strains, all of which produced yersiniophore. Ten of 17 food and water isolates and one human isolate were capable of utilizing the water-soluble siderophore. Utilization studies suggest that at least one additional water-soluble siderophore may be produced. Ferrioxamine promoted the growth of 60 of 62 strains examined; however, only the 17 strains which produced yersiniophore actively accumulated [59Fe]ferrioxamine. Yersiniophore production and utilization may be important in clinical infections since all human strains belonging to serotype O:8 produced yersinophore. The water-soluble siderophore was not detected in human isolates.     

D-lactate production and [14C]succinic acid uptake by adherent and nonadherent Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli isolates of different adherence phenotypes produced different amounts of D-lactate. Alterations of culture conditions did not influence the amount of D-lactate produced. The observed pH decreases in tissue culture medium corresponded with increases in D-lactate concentration. Very little [14C]succinic acid was incorporated into cells during the in vitro incubation of adherent and nonadherent E. coli with HeLa cells, but the amounts of tracer removed from the culture medium by adherent and nonadherent strains differed. The results are further evidence of a difference in the metabolic behavior of adherent and nonadherent E. coli.     

The osmotic hypersensitivity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is strain and growth media dependent: quantitative aspects of the phenomenon

Osmotic hypersensitivity is manifested as cellular death at magnitudes of osmotic stress that can support growth. Cellular capacity for survival when plated onto high NaCl media was examined for a number of laboratory and industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During respiro-fermentative growth in rich medium with glucose as energy and carbon source, the hypersensitivity phenomenon was fairly strain invariant with a threshold value of about 1 M-NaCl; most strains fell within a 300 mM range in LD10 values (lethal dose yielding 10% survival). Furthermore, all but one of the strains displayed similar differential death responses above the threshold value, i.e. ten-fold decreased viability for every 250 mM increase in salinity. Addition of small amounts of salt to the growth medium drastically improved tolerance and shifted the hypersensitivity threshold to higher NaCl concentrations. This salt-instigated tolerance could partly be reversed by washing in water. The washing procedure depleted cells of the glycerol that they had accumulated under saline growth, and the contribution from glycerol to the improved tolerance was about 50% in the two strains examined. Growth on derepressing carbon sources like galactose, ethanol or glycerol gave strain-dependent responses. The laboratory strain X2180-1A drastically improved tolerance while the bakers' yeast strain Y41 did so only marginally. It was concluded that all strains of S. cerevisiae display the osmotic hypersensitivity phenomenon in qualitative terms while the quantitative values differ. It was also proposed that growth rate does not dictate the level of osmotic hypersensitivity of S. cerevisiae.     

Selection of C3 alcohols by high and low ethanol selecting mouse strains and the effects on open field activity

Mice of the high-ethanol selecting C57BL/6j strain consume significantly larger amounts of 10% solution of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol than the low-ethanol selecting DBA/2j strain. Both strains uniformly avoid a 10% solution of 1,3-propanediol and 2-propanol. Open field activity was tested 30 min after an IP injection of 3 different equimolar doses of each alcohol. An increase in activity was produced in the DBA/2j strain by high (0.003 ml/mg) and middle (0.0015 ml/lg) doses of 1,2-propanediol and by a low dose (0.0005 ml/mg) of 2-propanol. The C57BL/6j strain were unaffected by these doses. High doses of 2-propanol produced sleep in both strains with the DBA/2j strain sleeping significantly longer, and 1,3-propanediol produced depression in both strains. Death resulted in all animals following injections at the high (0.002 mg/gm) and medium (0.001 ml/gm) doses of 1-propanol while the low dose (0.0005 ml/gm) produced slight depression.     

Transient behaviour of baker's yeast during enforced periodical variation of dissolved oxygen concentration

The aim of the investigation was to find out the influence of the variation of the dissolved oxygen concentration in the microenvironment of yeast cells on their physiological behaviour in small laboratory reactors and estimate their behaviour in large industrial reactors. Since the morphology of the laboratory and industrial yeasts differed considerably, their transient behaviour was investigated and compared. For this purpose, the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae H620 and an industrial strain were cultivated on synthetic as well as on complex medium in batch operation during periodical variation of the dissolved oxygen concentration, monitoring the most important key parameters. Also the yeast was cultivated in batch as well as in continuous operation, the cell-containing culture medium was recirculated through a nonaerated loop at different recirculation rates (residence times of the cells in the loop), and the key operation variables were monitored. It was found that the transient behaviour of laboratory and industrial yeasts differed slightly. Since cells growing in batch culture are more sensitive to dissolved oxygen concentration variation than cells growing in continuous culture, the transient behavior of cells cultivated in batch operation varied from those in continuous operation. If the anaerobic phase was longer than 1 min, ethanol was produced. However, it was consumed during the aerobiosis again, provided that phase was considerably longer than the anaerobic phase. This means that the yeast cultivation was not influenced by the periodic operation of the dissolved oxygen. Judging from the measurements in large stirred tank and airlift tower loop reactors, in general, the cells would spend more time in the aerobic than in the anaerobic flow region, and they would spend less than 1 min in the anaerobic flow region. Therefore, no considerable effect of the periodically varied dissolved oxygen concentration on the cell cultivation can be expected in large-scale reactors. In the stirred tank-loop-system at high pumping rates/high frequencies of periodically varied dissolved oxygen concentration, unexpectedly, the formation of ethanol was observed, which might be caused by stress imposed on the cells.     

Influence of growth media on potential virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Potential virulence factors of three Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains after growth in three complex media (CM) and in one mineral medium (MM) were evaluated. Cell surface hydrophobicity demonstrated by adherence of bacteria to xylene as well as enzymatic activity (elastase, protease, lipase) of the strains grown in CM varied with composition of CM and with strain. All strains cultivated in CM showed higher hydrophobicity and higher elastase, protease and lipase (with the exception of one strain) activity in comparison with bacteria incubated in MM. Even no production of elastase was detected in the strains after growth in MM. Motility of bacteria was affected by culture media the least. In vitro composition of growth media influenced some potential virulence factors of P. aeruginosa.     

Hippocampal age differences reoccur after modification of stimulus configurations in rabbit jaw movement conditioning

A bacteriocin-like activity produced by Enterococcus faecium BC25, isolated from the the rumen of a cow, was partially purified and characterized. The active substance was prepared by ammonium sulfate and chloroform/methanol precipitation of culture supernatant. The bacteriocin was a protein of molecular mass 17.5 kDa. Activity was inactivated by trypsin and proteinase K. The bacteriocin BC25 inhibited growth of amylolytic ruminal strains of Streptococcus bovis, including S. bovis AO 24/85. Results showed that bacteriocine substance BC25 has a bacteriostatic effect when present in concentrations exceeding 125 AU/ml. Agar overlays and batch culture growth experiments proved that E. faecium BC25 was producing bacteriocin that inhibited the growth of S. bovis.     

Anoxic Biological Phosphorus Uptake∕Release with High∕Low Intracellular Polymers

This study investigates the denitrification∕phosphate uptake and denitrification∕phosphate release characteristics among denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (DNPAO), denitrifier, and nondenitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (non-DNPAO) in a biological nutrient removal process named TNCU-I, using a series of anoxic batch experiments with and without added acetate under high∕low intracellular polymer conditions. The results showed 47% phosphate uptake in the anoxic tank of the TNCU-I process. Additionally, due to the combined attribution of denitrifier and DNPAO, the experiments with both added acetate and phosphate produced higher denitrification rates than experiments with only acetate added. Furthermore, DNPAO contributed 42% of the denitrification reaction. The sludge exhibited simultaneous phosphate uptake and release under anoxic conditions when acetate was added. When no acetate was added, the specific phosphate uptake rate for the high intracellular polymer level was higher than that found at the low intracellular polymer level. Moreover, the phosphate uptake rate of non-DNPAO was observed to be 2.46 times greater than that of the DNPAO. The phosphate uptake per unit polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) consumption (γPO4/PHA) for the non-DNPAO was 1.08 times greater than that of DNPAO. Thus, this study demonstrates that the utilization efficiency of PHA by non-DNPAO is not significantly different with the utilization efficiency of PHA by DNPAO.     

Metabolic consequences of phosphotransferase (PTS) mutation in a phenylalanine-producing recombinant Escherichia coli

E. coli strain PPA305, which has a wild-type PTS system, and PPA316, which utilizes a proton-galactose symport system for glucose uptake, were used as host strains to harbor a phenylalanine overproduction plasmid pSY130-14 and to study the effects of using different glucose uptake systems on phenylalanine production. The non-PTS strain (PPA316/pSY130-14) produced much less phenylalanine, ranging from 0 to 67% of that produced by the PTS strain (PPA305/pSY130-14) depending on cultivation conditions used. The non-PTS strain PPA316/pSY130-14 had an intracellular PEP concentration only one-sixth that of the PTS strain, PPA305/pSY130-14. Additionally, PPA316/pSY130-14 had a substantially lower energy state in terms of the size of the pool of high-energy phosphate compounds and the magnitude of the pH difference across the cytoplasmic membrane. The non-PTS strain consumed oxygen at a higher rate, attained lower biomass concentration, and produced no acetate and phenylalanine during fermentation, suggesting more carbon was oxidized to CO2, most likely through the TCA cycle. Analysis of intracellular fluxes through the central carbon pathways was performed for each strain utilizing exponential phase data on extracellular components and assuming quasi-steady state for intermediate metabolites. The non-PTS strain had a higher flux through pyruvate kinase (PYK) and TCA cycle which, in agreement with the observed higher oxygen uptake rate, suggests that more carbon was oxidized to CO2 through the TCA cycle. Further analysis using rate expression data for PYK and NMR data for the intracellular metabolites identified the regulatory properties of PYK as the probable cause for lower intracellular PEP levels in PPA316/pSY130-14.     

Biologic and serologic characterization of the 161A strain of Naegleria fowleri

The 161A strain of Naegleria isolated from the nasal swab of a boy (9) was grown axenically in Nelson's medium. When 10,000 amoebae from the axenic medium were inoculated onto each monkey kidney cell (Vero) culture, characteristic cytopathic effects (CPE) were noticed in 4 to 5 days. The CPE consisted of granulation of the host cell cytoplasm, cell shrinkage, nuclear pycnosis, and discontinuity of cell sheet. When 10,000 amoebae were instilled intranasally into a group of ten 2- to 3-week-old mice, 8 of the 10 mice exhibited characteristic symptoms of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and died within 10 to 12 days. Histopathology of the brain revealed necrotic tissue and an acute inflammatory reaction in the superficial regions of the brain. In the gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests the sonically disrupted antigens of 161A amoebae reacted extensively with the hyper-immune sera against 3 strains (CA, CJ, HB-1) of pathogenic N. fowleri and produced patterns very similar to those produced by the homologous systems. Further, anti-HB-1 serum absorbed with the 161A antigens failed to react with the antigens of HB-1, CA, CJ, and 161A strains thus indicating antigenic identity of 161A strain with N. fowleri. In view of these observations it was concluded that the strain 161A is pathogenic and should be reclassified as N. fowleri.     

A serial CT scan and MRI verification of diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis: a case report with stereotactic diagnosis and radiological confirmation

The purpose of this work was to study H2/CO2-utilizing acetogenic population in the colons of non-methane-producing individuals harboring low numbers of methanogenic archaea. Among the 50 H2-consuming acetogenic strains isolated from four fecal samples and an in vitro semi-continuous culture enrichment, with H2/CO2 as sole energy source, 20 were chosen for further studies. All isolates were Gram-positive strict anaerobes. Different morphological types were identified, providing evidence of generic diversity. All acetogenic strains characterized used H2/CO2 to form acetate as the sole metabolite, following the stoichiometric equation of reductive acetogenesis. These bacteria were also able to use a variety of organic compounds for growth. The major end product of glucose fermentation was acetate, except for strains of cocci that mainly produced lactate. Yeast extract was not necessary, but was stimulatory for growth and acetogenesis from H2/CO2.