常压等离子射流在改善纤维和织物吸湿性能中的应用

使用氦气的常压等离子射流对高强聚乙烯、芳纶、尼龙长丝及羊毛织物进行处理,采用不同的方法来测试处理前后试样的吸湿性,即分别测定纤维的接触角和羊毛织物的润湿时间,系统地研究3种纤维及织物经常压等离子体处理前后的吸湿性能变化.润湿时间和接触角大幅度下降,说明处理后的织物和纤维吸湿性能得到了改善.电子扫描显微镜表明了常压等离子射流处理对羊毛和尼龙纤维表面有刻蚀作用;光电子能谱分析显示,氧、氮元素的百分含量有所提高,有可能导致几种极性基团含量的增加,这些都有助于织物和纤维吸湿性的提高.     

Study on uniformity of wettability improvement of wool fabric treated by atmospheric pressure plasma jet北大核心

The influence of process parameters on uniformity of wettability improvement of wool fabric treated by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) wettability was explored. The wool fabrics were treated by APPJ under different oxygen flow rate, jet-to-substrate distance and treatment time. The wetout time of wool fabrics before and after APPJ treatment was measured. The diffusion photos of water drop on wool fabric surface were taken by digital camera. The morphological and chemical changes on the fiber surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) respectively. It was concluded that the uniformity of wettability improvement of wool fabric treated by APPJ increased and then decreased with the increasing oxygen flow rate and jet-to-substrate distance and increased with the increasing treatment time.     

低温等离子体处理改善PET非织造布润湿性能

采用O2、N2等离子体分别对PET非织造布进行改性处理,使用原子力显微镜(AFM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对其微观结构进行表征与分析。结果显示,低温等离子体处理对PET纤维表面产生明显的刻蚀,处理后PET非织造布润湿性能得到提高;用O2等离子体处理60 s时,PET非织造布瞬间吸水量以及最大吸水量较好。     

低温等离子体处理对精练后棉织物性能的影响

通过改变低温等离子体处理的气体类型，功率、时间工艺参数，对精练后的棉织物进行改性处理，测试了处理后棉织物的性能。结果表明，经等离子改性处理后，棉织物的拉抻断裂强力和毛细管效应有明显提高，撕裂强力和折皱回复角变化不大，在扫描电子显微镜下可观测到棉纤维表面有明显刻蚀现象。     

Optimization of plasma treatment variables to improve the hydrophilicity of polylinen® fabrics

Polylinen^® fabrics are obtained as a result of modification in the physical structure of polyester yarns to replicate the linen fabric. The scanning electron microscope analysis and Fourier transform infrared results reveal that the plasma treated fabric surface is effectively modified to enhance the wettability of the fabrics. In the present study, response surface methodology was employed to investigate the effects of different plasma treatment variables on the wetting behavior of polylinen fabrics. Box–Behnken design was used for the optimization of plasma treatment process and to evaluate the effects and interactions of the process variables, i.e. treatment time, power, and distance between the electrodes on the wettability of polylinen fabrics. The optimum conditions for maximum wicking height (4.3?cm) and spreading rate (86?s) of polylinen fabrics were established at 75?s treatment time, 460 watt power, and 2.5?cm distance between the electrodes. The plasma treated polylinen fabrics showed much better wettability in terms of wicking and spreading rate compared to untreated fabrics, which confirms that the modified structure of polylinen fabric and the plasma treatment influences the wettability of fabrics.     

聚酯纤维的氧等离子体联合亲水剂处理

使用氧等离子体并结合亲水剂对聚酯纤维进行处理,探讨氧等离子体处理对聚酯纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明:氧等离子体对纤维表面形成刻蚀,引入含氧极性基团,提高了纤维的吸湿性,但处理时间超过3 min,纤维表面的极性基团又被溅射掉,纤维的吸湿性下降;聚酯纤维经氧等离子体再施以亲水剂处理,可以显著提高其亲水性及亲水的耐久性;氧等离子体处理过程使聚酯纤维引入羰基含氧极性基团,且纤维的力学性能、热性能不受影响。     

Hot topic: Pathway confirmed for the transmission of melamine from feed to cow's milk

Eight lactating Holstein cows were randomly allotted to 2 groups in a trial to establish whether a pathway exists for the transmission of melamine from feed to milk. All cows received oat hay ad libitum and 15 kg of concentrate pellets per cow daily. The concentrate pellets contained either melamine-contaminated corn gluten meal of Chinese origin (melamine treatment) or locally produced melamine-free corn gluten meal (control treatment). Cows in the melamine treatment ingested 17.1 g of melamine per day. Cows were milked twice daily, and milk samples were taken once daily during the afternoon milking for melamine and milk component analyses. Melamine appeared in the milk within 8 h after first ingestion of the melamine containing pellets. Melamine concentration reached a maximum of 15.7 mg/kg within 56 h after first ingestion, with an excretion efficiency of approximately 2%. Milk solids and milk urea nitrogen were not affected by treatment. The melamine concentration dropped rapidly after changing all cows back to the control pellets, but melamine only declined to undetectable levels in the milk more than 6 d (152 h) after last ingestion of melamine. Results from the current trial are important to the feed and dairy industries because, until now, any melamine found in milk and milk products was attributed only to the deliberate external addition of melamine to these products, not to adulterated ingredients in animal feeds.     

Transfer efficiency of melamine from feed to milk in lactating dairy cows fed with different doses of melamine

This study was conducted to investigate the transfer efficiency of melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) from feed to milk of lactating cows fed with different doses of melamine. Twenty-four China Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 blocks according to milk yield (block 1 and block 2 for low- and high-producing cows). Cows of block 1 or block 2 each were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design and each treatment had 6 cows. The cows of treatments 1 to 4 were dosed with melamine at 0 (control), 90 (treatment 1), 270 (treatment 2), and 450 (treatment 3) mg/d per cow, respectively. The trial lasted 19 d. During the first 13 d, cows were fed melamine at the respective treatment levels, and the last 6 d was the clearance period after melamine was withdrawn. The results indicated that the levels of melamine used did not affect milk yield or composition. The mean milk melamine concentration increased during the initial 3 d after melamine feeding in all the melamine-supplemented groups, and then fluctuated slightly over the remaining 10 d of melamine feeding. No melamine was detected in the milk of any groups on d 4 of the clearance period. Milk melamine concentration measured between 3 to 13 d was significantly affected by melamine feeding doses, but was not influenced by milk yield. The transfer efficiency of melamine from feed to milk was not affected by melamine doses (0.95, 0.70, and 0.66% for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively), but was linearly related with milk yield (0.56% for block 1 and 0.95% for block 2, R² = 0.80). The milk melamine concentration was linearly related with melamine intake (R² = 0.84). The present study demonstrated that when the daily intake of melamine exceeds 312.7 mg/cow, the milk should not be used to produce infant formula powder.     

Pathway for the elimination of melamine in lactating dairy cows

Melamine might be degraded into cyanuric acid and some other analogs by the rumen microorganism. Thus, the metabolism of melamine in ruminants may be different from that in monogastric animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathway for the elimination of melamine in lactating dairy cows. Four late-lactation dairy cows (body weight=524±17 kg, days in milk=265±14 d) fitted with ruminal cannulas were dosed with melamine (purity ≥99.5%) at 800 mg/d per cow that divided into 2 equal daily doses. The trial lasted for 20 d (13-d preliminary period, followed by a 7-d sample-collecting period). The method of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine melamine and cyanuric acid contents simultaneously. Before the trial started, no melamine or cyanuric acid was detected in samples of total mixed ration, milk, plasma, urine, and feces. The melamine concentration in rumen fluid (Y, mg/L) decreased exponentially after the morning feeding (X, h) (Y=3.85591e(-X/9.25674)+1.35924, R(2)=0.99), but no cyanuric acid was detected. Plasma melamine concentration (0.296±0.014 mg/L) was relatively stable in the 3 different sampling times. The percentages of melamine excreted through milk, urine, and feces were 0.48±0.06, 44.07±10.79 and 10.98±3.88%, respectively. It could be inferred that 44.47±7.98% of ingested melamine was degraded in the rumen, because cyanuric acid was detected in plasma, urine, and feces on the condition that no melamine was contained in the total mixed ration fed to the dairy cows. The results of the present study implied that the elimination pathway of melamine in lactating dairy cows was different from that in monogastric animals. A high percentage of melamine was degraded into cyanuric acid gradually by rumen microorganisms. Most ingested melamine was excreted in urine and feces, which are the main elimination pathways for melamine in lactating dairy cows.     

Transfer of melamine from feed to milk and from milk to cheese and whey in lactating dairy cows fed single oral doses

A study was conducted to evaluate the excretion pattern, after a single oral dose, of melamine from feed into milk, and the subsequent transfer to cheese and whey. The transfer of cyanuric acid was also investigated. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were randomly allocated to 4 treatments and received single doses of melamine as follows: 0.05, 0.50, 5.00, and 50.00 g/cow for groups D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively. Individual milk samples were collected for melamine and cyanuric acid analyses on d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. Milk collected individually from the second milking after melamine ingestion was used to make cheese on a laboratory scale. Melamine and cyanuric acid were extracted using a solid-phase extraction cartridge, and analyses were carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Maximal melamine concentrations occurred between 6 and 18 h after treatment and increased with log dose (linear and quadratic), ranging from 0.019 to 35.105 mg/kg. More than 60% of the melamine that was transferred to the milk was observed within 30 h after melamine ingestion. Melamine was not detected (limit of detection was 0.002 mg/kg) in milk 5 d after treatment in group D1, and 7 d after treatment in groups D2, D3, and D4. Blood urea nitrogen was not influenced by melamine ingestion. During cheese making, melamine was transferred mainly to the whey fraction. Cyanuric acid was not detected in any of the samples (milk, cheese, or whey). The excretion pattern of melamine in milk and whey may represent a health concern when cows ingest more than 0.50 g of melamine/d. However, only at intake levels of 5 and 50 g/d did cheese exceed the limits as set forth by the European Union. The results confirmed that melamine contamination of milk and milk products may be related not only to direct contamination, but also to adulteration of animal feeds.     

常压等离子体处理对锦纶6纤维性能的影响

针对等离子体处理改善纤维材料性能的问题,通过显微镜表征染料在纤维横截面的扩散,探索常压等离子射流处理对锦纶6纤维性能的影响。采用DCA322动态接触角仪测得纤维的前进角和后退角分别降低10°～20°和20°～30°。通过普通、荧光和激光扫描共焦3种显微镜观察发现,染料在纤维横截面的扩散增加,从而证明常压等离子体射流处理改善了锦纶6纤维的吸湿和染色性能。扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱分析结果表明,常压等离子体射流处理使纤维表面变得粗糙,并在纤维表面引入极性基团,有利于纤维吸湿和染色性能的提高。     

The removal of impurities from gray cotton fabric by atmospheric pressure plasma treatment and its characterization using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

Gray cotton fabric shows hydrophobic characteristics due to presence of non-cellulosic impurities in outermost layers of cotton fiber. In the present study, atmospheric pressure plasma treatment for the removal of the non-cellulosic impurities from gray cotton fabric is investigated. Gray cotton fabric is treated with air dielectric barrier discharge at different time interval, and characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different species formed in plasma are identified using optical emission spectroscopy. The results clearly show that the plasma treatment improves wettability of gray cotton which is due to the removal of non-cellulosic impurities and due to the formation of polar carboxylate group. Removal of wax after plasma treatment is clearly reflected in ATR-FTIR spectra as disappearance of symmetric and asymmetric stretching of alkyl group at 2852.24 and 2917.81?cm^?1. Further, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides a fast and satisfactory assessment of removal of impurities from cotton surface when untreated and plasma-treated cotton fabric is exposed to HCl vapor and subsequently spectra are collected. We observed a strong carboxyl peak is induced at 1749?cm^?1 in case of untreated cotton. While for plasma-treated cotton fabrics substantial variation in the intensity of 1641 and 1749?cm^?1 peak is observed with increase in plasma treatment time. The morphological changes observed by SEM are in accordance with ATR-FTIR results. The results are compared with conventionally (alkaline scouring) treated cotton fabric. The study reveals that atmospheric pressure plasma has potential to become dry and environment friendly process to improve wettability of gray cotton fabric.     

Tissue deposition and residue depletion of melamine in fattening pigs following oral administration

The adulteration of animal feed as well as milk products with melamine has led to concerns about the ability to establish appropriate withdrawal intervals to ensure food safety. Two experiments were conducted in this study. The first was to investigate the deposition and depletion of melamine in blood and tissues of pigs exposed to adulterated feed with high doses of melamine. A total of 500 or 1000 mg kg^–1 melamine was added to the diet for fattening pigs (initial BW = ±60.24 kg). Melamine residues were detected in tissues (brain, duodenum, liver, heart, muscle and kidney) by LC-MS/MS. Dose-dependent effects were found between melamine residual concentration and its dose in feed. Five days after the withdrawal of melamine from the diets, the residue concentration in tissues fell below 2.5 mg kg^–1. In the second experiment, blood samples were taken at different time points from fattening pigs (BW = 100 kg) fed with adulterated feed with 1000 mg kg^–1 of melamine for 42 days. Results from the pharmacokinetics analysis showed that it would take 83 h for the melamine level in plasma depleting to the safe level of 50 ng ml^–1 after an expose of 1000 mg kg^–1 melamine contaminated feed for 42 days.     

Surface morphology and chemical composition of lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella locusta) after exposure to a low-pressure oxygen plasma

The influence of a low-pressure oxygen glow discharge plasma on secondary metabolites of lamb’s lettuce was examined. After extraction and hydrolysis the compounds were analysed by means of RP-HPLC. Whereas pure compounds showed a time-dependent degradation (flavonoids) or remained unchanged (phenolic acids), the exposure of lamb’s lettuce to the oxygen plasma led to a significant increase of protocatechuic acid, luteolin, and disometin after 120 s treatment time, independent of the applied plasma driving voltage. Contact angle (CA) measurements show an increased wettability of adaxial leaf surfaces after plasma exposure. A successive degradation of epicuticular waxes and cutin of the plant’s epidermis has been indicated by means of FTIR (ATR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These findings suggest that reactive species in the plasma play a crucial role for the observed changes upon exposure to non-thermal plasma.     

碳纤维表面改性处理及其基本性能表征

为改善碳纤维与树脂基体之间的界面性能,提高碳纤维的摩擦性和表面浸润性,以T300碳纤维为原料,在空气条件下采用低温等离子体技术对碳纤维表面进行改性处理。通过正交试验分析法,得到等离子体处理的最佳方案;通过场发射扫描电镜观察得出,经过改性处理后的碳纤维表面变得凹凸不平且具有明显的剥离现象,表面粗糙度增加;通过傅里叶红外光谱测试分析得出,等离子体处理后碳纤维表面引进了-CH2-0H和-COH等新的官能团。等离子体处理使得碳纤维断裂强力减小,摩擦性能提高,表面浸润性提高。在制备碳纤维复合材料时有利于纤维与树脂的结合,利于碳纤维复合材料的制备。     

Cold plasma hydrophilization of soy protein isolate and milk protein concentrate enables manufacturing of surfactant-free water suspensions. Part I: Hydrophilization of food powders using cold plasma

In this study, we found that treatment with cold plasma influenced the wetting properties of soy protein isolate and milk protein concentrate powders. Cold plasma treatment significantly decreased the apparent contact angle of the powders, indicating hydrophilization of the powders. Cold radiofrequency low-pressure plasma treatment had a larger effect on powder wettability than corona atmospheric plasma discharge. In addition, cold plasma treatment had a more noticeable effect on the wettability of the hydrophobic milk protein concentrate than on the inherently hydrophilic soy protein isolate. Both the soy protein isolate and milk protein concentrate demonstrated zero hydrophobic recovery over time. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cold air plasma treatment of food powders caused minor surface oxidation, though these changes were not observed using FTIR spectroscopy. We suggest that cold plasma treatment has important implications for the production of stabilizer-free food suspensions.     

Release of formaldehyde and melamine from tableware made of melamine-formaldehyde resin

The relationship between the concentrations of formaldehyde and melamine released into 4% acetic acid from dishes and bowls made of melamine-formaldehyde resin was determined. The average concentrations in the migration solution after the sample had been treated at 60, 80, and 95 degrees C for 30 min with 4% acetic acid were 0.0 +/- 0.1, 0.5 +/- 0.4 and 3.0 +/- 2.2 ppm, respectively for formaldehyde and 0.04 +/- 0.07, 0.21 +/- 0.20 and 1.19 +/- 1.18 ppm, respectively for melamine. The correlation between the concentrations of formaldehyde and melamine released at 95 degrees C was y=0.4858x-0.2728 (r=0.8860), where y is melamine concentration (ppm), x is formaldehyde concentration (ppm) and r is the correlation coefficient. The molar concentration ratios of formaldehyde to melamine (F/M ratio) were 15.4 +/- 11.6 at 80 degrees C and 14.9 +/- 10.1 at 95 degrees C. Hence the release of both migrants was affected by temperature but the F/M ratio was not affected. The release of both compounds was was increased on repetition of the migration test at 95 degrees C but their concentrations remained constant after the tenth and seventeenth repetitions of the treatment. During this period, the F/M ratio decreased according to the equation 1n y=-1.4344 1n x+3.7814 (r=-0.9984) for a sample before the tenth repetition of the treatment and remained between 1.7 and 1.9 after the twelfth repetition, where y is the F/M ratio and x is the number of repetitions of the treatment.     

Improving characteristics of melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin by addition of blocked polyurethane prepolymer

In this paper, the effect of blocked polyurethane prepolymer (BPUP) with four R values (the ratio of –NCO to –OH) and different blending proportions on the characteristics of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin were first investigated. The properties of the modified adhesive systems were examined by dynamic wettability and shear strength. The results indicated that the bonding performance and the wettability of high R value blending modification were superior to that of low R value case. In addition, the optimal bonding performance came from the MUF resin modified by 15% BPUP (R = 5) addition. Besides, the K value on wood substrates with different moisture contents (MC) was calculated by wetting model to interpret the wetting kinetics. The polymer blending adhesive has a potential capacity for making wood-based panels from high-moisture raw materials.     

Effect of Low-pressure Cold Plasma (LPCP) on the Wettability and the Inactivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Listeria innocua</Emphasis> on Fresh-Cut Apple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Granny Smith</Emphasis>) Skin

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-pressure cold plasma (LPCP) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua on fresh-cut apple skin and its influence on wettability. Cold plasma treatments have shown to be effective to decontaminate foods, but their effect on the wettability has not been well studied. Surface-inoculated apple samples were treated with argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O₂), and argon-oxygen (Ar-O₂) cold plasma using a commercial LPCP unit. Three different models were used to fit bacterial survival curves after the LPCP treatments. Changes in surface wettability were also determined by measuring the contact angle. The LPCP treatments using Ar, O₂, or Ar-O₂ mixture for 20 min were the most effective to inactivate E. coli with O₂, while the LPCP treatment with N2 for 20 min reduced L. innocua the most for (p?<?0.05). The highest increase in surface wettability was observed in samples treated for 20 min with O₂ and Ar-O₂. Different LPCP treatments have not great effectivity on the inactivation of E. coli and L. innocua on fresh-cut apple surface, but the all treatments changed the surface wettability of apples, making it more hydrophilic. This can be considered as a negative effect of the LPCP treatment because it can facilitate the adhesion and proliferation of re-contaminating microorganisms. More research should be undertaken to explore the use of other gases and complex surfaces.     

应用1-辛烯涂层与常压等离子体处理的苎麻纤维疏水性能改性

为提高苎麻纤维与聚丙烯（PP）之间的界面相容性,采用1-辛烯涂层结合常压等离子体射流(APPJ)技术对苎麻纤维表面进行疏水性改性,并研究了改变 2 种方法的处理顺序对改性效果的影响。通过改性前后苎麻纤维的表面形态、润湿性、表面化学成分及苎麻/PP界面剪切强度的变化分析改性效果。实验结果显示,经等离子体处理后再进行1-辛烯涂层处理的苎麻纤维表面的C元素含量提高最明显,且该组苎麻纤维/PP界面剪切强度与未处理组相比提高了近40.0%,而改变处理顺序后得到的苎麻纤维与PP的界面剪切强度仅提高了18.2%。