表面改性纳米氧化钛的强电流变效应

以十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）为表面改性剂,用溶胶凝胶方法制备出无定型改性纳米氧化钛颗粒,平均粒径为100nm．颗粒表面改性极大地提高了纳米氧化钛与硅油的浸润性和所配制电流变液的力学性能．颗粒浓度为3．0g／ml时,材料显示最佳的电流变效应,其挣态剪切应力值可达130kPa（4kV／mm直流电场）．与微米电流变液比较,纳米电流变液的抗沉降性能有较大的改善．颗粒的纳米粒径尺度、与基液良好的润湿性是形成改性纳米颗粒强电流变效应的主要原因．     

改性纳米氧化钛电流变液的制备及其特性

利用水解法与溶液沉积法, 合成了丙烯酰胺、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS) 改性氧化钛纳米电流变颗粒。经XRD 测定颗粒为无定形态, 用TEM 观察了粒子的形貌, 粒度分析表明颗粒粒径分布为70～300 nm , FTIR 图谱显示氧化钛上修饰有丙烯酰胺、SDBS。SDBS 的加入影响了颗粒的尺寸、表面性质及颗粒与硅油的润湿性, 最终引起电流变液介电性质的改善。丙烯酰胺的加入量也会影响电流变效应。电流变性能测试表明, 当SDBS/ 水质量比为1. 875 % , 丙烯酰胺/ 水质量比为0. 750 %时, 材料呈现最佳的电流变效应, 5 kV/ mm 直流电场下的静态剪切应力可达90 kPa , 电流变液具有极好的抗沉淀稳定性。这种优异的电流变效应源于颗粒界面极化的增强。      

电喷法钛氧/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/硬脂酸颗粒及其电流变性能

采用电喷法制备钛氧/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/硬脂酸(钛氧/PVP/SA)微纳米颗粒。SEM、粒径分析表明钛氧/PVP/SA颗粒为规则球状,平均尺寸为236.7nm;FT-IR表明PVP、SA成功引入钛氧颗粒;XRD表明钛氧/PVP/SA颗粒为无定形态。分别以电喷法钛氧/PVP/SA、水解沉淀法钛氧/PVP/SA颗粒为分散相,制备质量分数为43%的电流变液。电流变性能测试结果表明,电喷法钛氧/PVP/SA电流变液比水解沉淀法钛氧/PVP/SA电流变液具有更高的剪切屈服强度及剪切稳定性。     

丙三醇/羧甲基淀粉/改性氧化钛复合颗粒的电流变性能

结合改进的水解法和溶胶-凝胶法,制备了丙三醇/羧甲基淀粉/改性纳米氧化钛复合颗粒,分析表明羧甲基淀粉和纳米氧化钛之间存在有相互作用;同时,介电测试表明此颗粒配制的电流变液的介电极化特性有很大改善.经流变学测试,此复合颗粒电流变液的动态剪切应力在颗粒质量分数为25%,剪切速率为100s-1,3kV/mm DC下为960Pa,剪切增幅比为35.同时,此电流变液的静态屈服应力在更高浓度,5kV/mm DC下可达到18kPa,比同等条件下改性氧化钛和CMS电流变液的静态屈服应力均有所提高.此外,这种电流变液还表现出较好的抗沉降性能.     

包覆型高岭土/二氧化钛纳米复合颗粒的电流变效应

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一种新型高岭土/二氧化钛纳米复合电流变液材料.XRD、FT-IR、SEM分析表明TiO₂以纳米晶的形态包覆于高岭土表面.电流变性能测试表明,不同的TiO₂质量比的复合颗粒电流变液效应不同,且都比纯高岭土电流变有显著提高.同时当复合颗粒中TiO₂质量百分比在34％,颗粒硅油体积分数为25％,直流电场为3kV/mm时,高岭土/二氧化钛纳米复合材料电流变液的静屈服应力达3.4kPa,是纯高岭土电流变液的5倍.     

三元纳米复合电流变液材料的协同效应

采用二步复合法制备了一种以高岭土/二甲基亚砜插层化合物为核、羧甲基淀粉为壳的三元纳米复合电流变液材料.XRD测试表明高岭土的层间距由0.715nm扩大到1.120nm.介电性能测试表明三元体系电流变液的介电常数和电导率比原材料电流变液有很大改善,增强了极化能力和介电失配,从而使电流变性能大幅提高.在颗粒/硅油体积比30%和DCE=5kV/mm下,这种材料的静态剪切应力可达17kPa,分别是相同条件下纯高岭土电流变液和高岭土/羧甲基淀粉电流变液的14倍和4.25倍.研究表明,该材料存在一最佳配比,当三元体系质量配比为10.750.6时,纳米协同效应最佳,表现出最强的电流变效应.     

TiO_2/尿素核壳纳米颗粒的制备及其电流变性能

在醇盐水解法制备TiO2颗粒的过程中加入尿素,制备TiO2/尿素核壳颗粒。采用SEM和TEM对颗粒的形貌进行表征,结果表明TiO2/尿素颗粒呈规则球形,粒径为400~500nm,具有良好的单分散性和完整的核壳结构;FT-IR分析表明,尿素成功包覆在TiO2颗粒表面;XRD分析表明,TiO2/尿素核壳颗粒呈无定形态。分别以TiO2/尿素核壳颗粒和纯TiO2颗粒为分散相制备同浓度的电流变液,性能测试结果表明,TiO2/尿素电流变液比纯TiO2电流变液具有更高的剪切屈服强度,且剪切应力在较宽的剪切速率范围内(1 000s-1)保持稳定。     

改性高岭土/钛氧化物复合材料的制备及其高电流变活性

采用sol-gel法和机械化学法相结合制备了改性高岭土/钛氧化物颗粒,与甲基硅油配制成电流变液。XRD、FTIR分析表明,钛氧化物以含介孔的非晶态形式包覆在经过机械化学法制备的高岭土/NaCl复合物上,形成改性高岭土/钛氧化物复合颗粒。电流变性能测试表明,当颗粒体积分数为25％,E=3 kV/mm时,复合颗粒电流变液的静态屈服应力达7 kPa,是高岭土电流变液的9倍。同时发现钛氧化物含量对电流变效应有重要影响。电流变液介电性能的变化是其流变学性能提高的起源。     

丙三醇改性对电流变液性能的影响

以丙三醇和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用沉淀法制备丙三醇改性氧钛系(gly-O-Ti)电流变液颗粒,通过实验研究丙三醇加入量对颗粒形态及电流变性能的影响。颗粒结构及形态测试结果表明,gly-O-Ti颗粒呈无定形态,其粒径随丙三醇量增加而增大。电流变性能采用MCR301旋转流变仪测得,结果表明,当丙三醇与钛酸四丁酯摩尔比为2.5时,所制备的gly-O-Ti颗粒具有最佳的电流变效应;以此颗粒为分散相制备颗粒质量浓度为70%的电流变液,其在2.5kV/mm的电场强度下,剪切屈服强度达150kPa,呈低场高强特性。     

Ni/(TiO_2+Urea)纳米核壳颗粒电流变行为

通过Sol-Gel法制备出Ni颗粒表面均匀包覆尿素掺杂二氧化钛涂层的纳米核壳颗粒Ni/(TiO2+Urea),对其电流变行为进行了研究.结果表明颗粒热处理温度和尿素加入量对其电流变活性有较大影响,热处理温度高于320℃以后剪切强度明显降低;尿素与Ti的质量比为30%时,剪切强度达到40kPa(4kV/mm直流电场),是无尿素时的10倍,但过量的尿素使强度下降.显微镜观察直流电场下电流变液的结构显示,尿素与Ti的质量比为30%时核壳颗粒电流变液形成的柱粗壮、致密,尿素过量时柱产生断裂,无尿素时柱纤细、疏松.尿素中的极性分子是影响Ni/(TiO2+Urea)颗粒电流变行为的重要因素.     

分散聚合法制备SiO2/PAM核壳复合微球

采用分散聚合法制备出以SiO2为核、PAM为壳的核壳复合微球。根据Stber法制备了单分散SiO2微球,粒径随着TEOS、氨水浓度的增加而增大。采用硅烷偶联剂对SiO2微球进行表面处理,TEM显示处理后的微球继续保持单分散性,粒径有所增加。以SiO2微球或处理后的SiO2微球为核,采用分散聚合法在其上包覆AM,借助TEM、IR对其进行表征;研究发现,以处理后的Si O2微球为核能得到核壳结构,这种SiO2/PAM核壳微球的粒径大约为163 nm,包覆层30 nm左右。     

Predicting porosity of binary mixtures made out of irregular nonspherical particles: Application to natural sediments

Predicting porosity or packing density of sediments made of coarse and fine components of arbitrary geometry is critical to many science and engineering applications. Well-established analytical models for packing of spheres express porosity of the binary mixture as a function of fine-to-coarse particle size ratio. Nevertheless, the applicability of such models to natural granular materials is limited given the nonspherical and irregular nature of the particles whose packing depends on both particle size and shape. The objective of this study is to develop a model that predicts the porosity of binary mixtures made up of irregular nonspherical particles. We modified a previously developed linear sphere-packing model so that it takes into account the effect of both the particle size and shape. As an input, the modified model uses the coarse-to-fine particles specific surface area ratio instead of using the particle size ratio required by the sphere-packing model. We tested the modified model by predicting the porosities of a binary mixture composed of coarse and fine calcite aggregates. We further validate the model by using published data on the porosity of binary mixtures made of synthesized, cubical and cylindrical particles. Our model predictions show good agreement with the measured porosity.     

插层高岭土/改性氧化钛纳米复合颗粒及其电流变性能

采用插层法制备出甲酰胺插层高岭土,然后通过液相沉积法制备了插层高岭土/改性氧化钛纳米复合颗粒.XRD、FT-IR测试结果表明极性物质甲酰胺很好的插入层状黏土高岭土中,且插层率受反应时间影响显著.SEM照片证实了改性氧化钛包覆于高岭土上.该纳米复合颗粒所配电流变液具有较好的电流变效应,电流变效应受钛酸丁酯用量显著改变.通过介电性能解释了电流变液性能优良的原因,为制备高性能电流变液提供理论依据.     

THE CALCULATION OF PARTICLE DEPOSITION FROM A TURBULENT FLOW IN A PARALLEL VERTICAL PLATE

The formation of ash deposits may cause slagging and fouling problems in furnaces. The difficulties of predicting particle depositions are caused by the complexity of two-phase flow, which includes the particle size effects in a turbulent flow and the interparticle force between particles. Although some models were proposed to predict the particle deposition, few attempts were made for larger particles in the region of the dimensionless relaxation time (τ⁺) greater than 20. Thus, a reliable deposition model experimental results are needed for model verification, In this study, the modified turbulent intensity and apparent turbulent viscosity of the fluid were used to describe particles in suspension flow. And, an isothermal flow model was developed for calculating particle deposition rate in a parallel vertical plate, and for comparison with the experimental data. The predicted particle deposition rates under selected conditions are found to be in good qualitative agreement with available experimental results.     

2-羟基-1-萘甲醛功能化SBA-15吸附剂的制备及其对Cr(III)的吸附性能

为去除水体中Cr(III)的污染, 本研究利用席夫碱反应原理制备了2-羟基-1-萘甲醛功能化SBA-15吸附剂(Q-SBA-15)。通过不同测试手段对所制备样品的形貌、孔道结构、元素组成和表面化学状态进行了系统表征。结果表明, SBA-15经2-羟基-1-萘甲醛修饰后, 其比表面积和孔径明显减小, 但表面形貌和晶体结构没有明显变化。为研究Q-SBA-15对Cr(III)的吸附性能, 详细分析了溶液pH和离子强度的影响, 以及吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附热力学和再生性能。结果表明, Q-SBA-15对Cr(III)吸附过程遵循准二级吸附动力学模型和Langmuir模型。当吸附温度为 40 ℃、pH为6、吸附时间为120 min时, Q-SBA-15对Cr(III)的吸附容量最大, 达到102.3 mg/g。Q-SBA-15对Cr(III)的吸附作用主要依靠其表面官能团与Cr(III)的配位螯合作用, 且为自发吸热过程。再生实验表明Q-SBA-15具有良好的重复使用性。该Q-SBA-15吸附剂在去除Cr(III)方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

聚线型反式喹吖啶酮的合成及电流变性能

合成并表征了平面梯形聚合物聚喹吖(2,3-b)啶-7,14(5,12)二酮(聚线型反式喹吖啶酮,PTQA);以PTQA为基础粒子,溴代二苯甲烷(BDPM)为分散介质制备了无水型电流变流体(ERF),考察了其电流变性能。研究了体系中粒子浓度、外加电场强度、剪切速率等对电流变流体的剪切应力、屈服应力和表观黏度的影响,考察了电流变流体的温度效应。结果表明,PTQA-BDPM体系是一种性能优良的电流变流体,粒子质量分数为30%的流体室温屈服应力达到6.0 kPa(3 kV/mm);体系的剪切应力随温度升高而增大,且在高温区间具有较强的温度效应。     

Influence of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cr(III) on the formation,morphology and molecular adsorption properties of α-FeOOH rust particles prepared by aerial oxidation of neutral Fe(II) solutions

To elucidate the role of alloying metals such as Ni, Cu and Cr in weathering steels on the formation of α-FeOOH rust by atmospheric corrosion of the steels in industrial and urban districts, influence of alloying metal ions on the formation, morphology and adsorption properties of α-FeOOH particles synthesized by aerial oxidation of neutral FeSO₄ solution was examined. The addition of Cu(II) and Cr(III) dramatically suppresses the crystal growth of α-FeOOH and turns the rod-shaped α-FeOOH particles into nano-sized irregular ones. Besides, increase of amount of added Cr(III) forms the iron oxyhydroxysulfate named as Schwertmannite (Fe₈O₈(SO₄)(OH)₆). Whereas, the Ni(II) addition shows no noticeable influence on the growth of α-FeOOH crystal and particles. These results imply that the inhibitory effect of crystal and particle growth of α-FeOOH is in order of Cr(III)?>?Cu(II)?>>?Ni(II). The adsorption of CO₂ gas on the α-FeOOH particles is impeded by adding Cu(II) and Cr(III). Whereas, the formation of Schwertmannite by adding Cr(III) enhances the CO₂ and SO₂ adsorption. These results suggest that alloying Cu and Cr in weathering steels inhibit the crystal and particle growth of α-FeOOH to accelerate the formation of protective rust layer composed of fine α-FeOOH and/or Schwertmannite rust particles on the steels in urban and industrial atmosphere.