Automatic Generation Control in an Interconnected Power System Incorporating Diverse Source Power Plants Using Bacteria Foraging Optimization Technique

This article presents automatic generation control (AGC) of a two-area interconnected power system with diverse energy sources using the bacteria foraging optimization technique. The control areas of interconnected power systems consist of hydro, thermal, and gas power plants. In this study, the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) structures of AGC regulators are designed for various case studies identified herein. An artificial intelligent optimization algorithm using the modeling behavior of E. Coli bacteria present in human intestines, is applied to tune the gains of PID structured AGC regulators. The closed-loop system dynamic response plots are obtained with designed AGC regulators for various power system models. The effectiveness of the proposed AGC regulators is demonstrated in the wake of a 1% step load disturbance in one of the control areas. It has been shown that the system dynamic responses subject to a step load disturbance are superior over other power plant combinations in a control area with only thermal and gas power plants participating in the AGC schemes, and it is sluggish/poor when only hydro power plants participated in the AGC scheme as one of the diverse sources in the power system.     

Hybrid Taguchi Genetic Algorithm-Based AGC Controller for Multisource Interconnected Power System

This article presents hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm (HTGA) tuned automatic generation controller for two areas interconnected multisource power system model. The control areas consist of thermal, hydro, and doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants. The optimal tuning of AGC controller using genetic algorithm is less robust due to larger standard deviation of the fitness values. Therefore, Taguchi method which is based on modified statistical approach and has systematic reasoning ability is used to enhance the performance of genetic algorithm. The simulation study is carried out with the optimum gains of AGC controller obtained from HTGA, conventional GA and conventional techniques. The dynamic stability of the power system model is examined to analyze the performance of the HTGA technique. From investigations it is quite clear that the optimum gains of AGC system obtained from HTGA technique has better response in the dynamic stability of the interconnected multisource power system as compared to genetic algorithm and conventional technique.     

Study on Dynamic Participation of Wind Turbines in Automatic Generation Control of Power Systems

This article presents the design of optimal automatic generation control regulators for an interconnected power system incorporating dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines. Two power system models are identified for the investigations. Power system model 1 is a two-area interconnected power system consisting of identical plants with non-reheat turbines, whereas power system model 2 consists of identical plants with non-reheat turbines and dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines in both areas. An AC tie-line is used as area interconnection in both power system models. The designed optimal automatic generation control regulators are implemented, and the system dynamic responses for various system states are obtained considering a 1% load disturbance in one of the areas. The pattern of closed-loop eigenvalues is also determined to investigate system stability. From the investigations carried out in the work, it is inferred that the incorporation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines in both areas has appreciably improved the dynamic performance of the system under consideration. Moreover, system stability is ensured for both power system models.     

同一控制区两级调度风电实时协调控制策略

新能源场站普遍存在点多面广、单场容量相对较小的特点,因此部分电网虽按同一控制区运行,但选择将新能源场站控制权下放,形成风电资源两级控制现状。为协调常规能源与风电运行,最大程度消纳风电,通过将下级调度风电整体等效为上级调度的自动发电控制(AGC)虚拟机组,提出同一控制区两级调度风电实时协调控制架构,并投入实际运行。上级调度根据电网当前运行状态、负荷超短期预测和风电实际出力及预测,每5min滚动计算得到电网内各个下级调度的风电发电指标,经余缺调剂后,下发给下级调度风电AGC执行。在大风季、供暖期的运行结果表明,采用所述的两级调度实时协调控制方案后,达到了京津唐地区风电增发的效果。     

考虑风机虚拟惯性的预测优化PIDD2自动发电控制方法

风电的大规模渗透,使分布式发电系统的自动发电控制(automatic generation control, AGC)必须应对自然环境不确定性所带来的影响,构建了风电机组参与频率调节的区域互联电网AGC模型;然后,对风机虚拟惯性的控制特性进行了分析,将其应用于短时负荷波动的快速响应;在此基础上,提出一种对带有二阶微分的比例积分微分控制器(proportional integral differential plus second order derivative, PIDD2)进行预测优化的控制策略。通过建立含PIDD2控制器的AGC模型,采用预测算法计算该系统的最优预测序列,并据此调整PIDD2控制器的参考信号,从而获取最优的AGC效果。仿真结果表明:在大规模风电渗透的AGC系统中,所提方法能有效解决传统固定参数PID控制器对系统动态变化所表现的不适应性问题。     

额定风速以下风力发电系统的双频环优化控制器设计

分别针对低频风速和高频风速建立风力发电系统的双频环基本非线性模型,在此基础上设计双频环优化控制器。该控制器由低频On-Off控制部分和高频H∞动态输出反馈部分组成。仿真实验表明,在额定风速以下时,该控制器低频On-Off部分可以使风力发电系统的叶尖速比λ快速跟踪其最优值λopt,实现最大风能捕获;高频H∞动态输出反馈部分可以抑制过大的电磁转矩振荡,尽量使发电机机械振荡最小,相对于单纯的On-Off控制具有更高的控制精度和更好的鲁棒性能;并且风力发电系统的多个控制目标之间需要进行折衷处理。     

一种考虑风电渗透率变化的AGC方法

新能源发电渗透率的提高给传统自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)带来了新的挑战。数据研究表明,风电渗透率的改变会对AGC系统的参数产生影响,在此基础,提出一种基于系统补偿的AGC方法,在AGC参数不能及时在线整定的情况下,能降低对系统稳定性的影响。首先,构建含有风电的区域互联AGC系统模型;然后,讨论了当风电渗透率发生变化时,AGC系统参数的调整依据;在此基础上,设计补偿环节与传统模型预测控制器(model predictive controller,MPC)形成串联结构,以消除当风电渗透率发生变化时,由于参数不匹配对AGC效果的不利影响;最后,通过仿真验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性,仿真结果表明:当风电渗透率发生变化时,通过补偿环节参数的调整能够有效消除其对系统参数的影响,从而获取更好的频率控制效果。     

Optimal Automatic Generation Control of Asynchronous Power Systems Using Output Feedback Control Strategy with Dynamic Participation of Wind Turbines

Abstract—This article presents the design of optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators for an interconnected power system with dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines. The power systems consist of plants with hydro-thermal turbines and are interconnected via parallel AC/DC links. Efforts have been made to propose optimal automatic generation control regulators based on feedback of output state variables, which are easily accessible and available for the measurement. The designed optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators are implemented, and the system dynamic responses for various system states are obtained considering 1% load perturbation in one of the areas. The dynamic performance is compared with that obtained with optimal automatic generation control regulators designed using full state vector feedback. The pattern of closed-loop eigenvalues is also determined to test the system stability.     

补偿风电扰动的供热机组快速变负荷控制方法

电网消纳扰动性风电的能力是制约风电发展的瓶颈。传统火电机组负荷响应速率较低难以完成这一要求。供热机组热网中大量管道、换热器、散热器具有很大的蓄热能力,可以在短时间内利用其蓄热提高其负荷响应能力。在实验验证这一思路的基础上,通过对自动发电控制(AGC)负荷指令进行非线性多尺度分解,构造了供热机组负荷指令,针对典型供热机组简化非线性动态模型,设计了一种机组优化控制系统方案,可以在不影响热用户的前提下,充分利用供热热网蓄热,大幅度提高机组负荷响应速率,补偿风电随机性扰动。     

含风电的交直流互联电网AGC两级分层模型预测控制

随着大规模风电接入交直流互联电网,传统的自动发电控制(AGC)方法难以有效地抑制风功率波动带来的频率稳定问题。为此,提出基于两级分层模型预测的AGC策略。该两级分层控制方法在下层对多个区域电网采用分散式模型预测控制;在上层对下层分散的控制器采用动态协调控制方式。以含多电源的两区域交直流互联电网AGC模型为例,仿真结果表明:与集中式模型预测控制和分散式模型预测控制方法相比,文中所提控制策略不仅对频率和联络线功率等具有良好的控制效果,还兼具高可靠性。     

ENERGY FUNCTION ANALYSIS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Abstract

This paper describes an application of fuzzy logic to design a fuzzy controller for the automatic generation control (AGC) problem in power system studies. A two area power system is considered. Frequency and tie-line power deviations for a step load increase in one area are plotted as a function of time, and are compared with available responses using the classical integral controller     

Firefly Optimization Algorithm for the Reactive Power Control of an Isolated Wind-Diesel System

This paper investigates the application of firefly optimization algorithm to design an optimal control for voltage stability of a stand-alone hybrid renewable generation unit based on reactive power control. The studied renewable generation unit mainly consists of a permanent magnet induction generator driven by wind turbine and a synchronous generator driven by diesel engine. A STATCOM is used to stabilize the terminal load bus voltage via compensating of reactive power. The main control objective aims to stabilize the terminal load voltage against any disturbances in load reactive power and/or input wind power by adjusting the total system reactive power. This is accomplished by controlling STATCOM phase angle and hence to control the load bus voltage and also by controlling the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. The proposed renewable energy power system based on the proposed optimal controller has been tested through step change in input wind power and load reactive power. The system performance based on the proposed control is compared with model predictive control, a robust H_∞ control, and a classical PI control.     

基于鲁棒方差优化的电力系统频率控制研究

随着新能源发电大规模并网,随机负荷扰动给电力系统稳定优化运行提出了新的挑战。针对自动发电控制过程中存在的随机扰动和参数摄动的问题,提出了一种基于鲁棒方差约束的状态反馈控制器的参数优化方法。根据鲁棒方差控制(Robust Variance Control,RVC)中不等式约束条件,分析了闭环系统在抑制随机扰动和提高阶跃扰动响应动态性能之间的博弈关系。构造了融合稳态状态方差和控制能量输出约束的优化问题,利用线性矩阵不等式(Linear Matrix Inequality,LMI)获得了鲁棒方差控制器参数。在此基础上,对配置的区域极点圆心坐标值和正标量两个参数进行遗传优化,得到性能指标最优的控制策略。以两区域电力系统模型为例,表明该方法能够有效抑制随机扰动并保持良好的控制性能和鲁棒性能。     

考虑电网约束的风电场自动有功控制

主动进行风电场有功控制,将其纳入电网自动发电控制(AGC)管理是电网与风电场都十分关心的课题.文中首先定量讨论了风电场有功控制能力及电网AGC对风电场的要求,提出了考虑储能的风电场有功控制3层模型,即能量管理层、风电场调度层及风力发电机控制层,可实现输出限制、AGC曲线跟踪控制、调峰控制等综合控制目标.对上述模型进行了仿真验证.通过与现有风电场运行模式进行效益对比,证明了风电场可以在较小的调节开销下实现上述控制目标.     

基于PSO-GSA算法的含DFIG互联系统AGC优化控制研究

传统双馈感应风力发电机(DFIG)的解耦控制使其无法响应电网的频率变化。随着风电渗透率的不断提高,电网调频压力不断增大,有必要对含DFIG互联系统AGC优化控制进行研究。首先建立了将风电作为"负的负荷"的两区域AGC模型,通过引入改进的虚拟惯性控制使DFIG具有更好的频率响应的能力。同时以快速消除系统区域控制偏差和风机转速偏差为目的,采用PSO-GSA算法对控制区PID控制器和DFIG转速控制单元PI控制器参数进行优化。仿真结果表明,单个区域受负荷扰动时,风电参与调频时能提供更多的有功功率支撑以减小同步机调频出力,能有效缓解同步机调频压力。PSO-GSA算法较PSO和GSA迭代速度快且适应度值更好,基于PSO-GSA参数优化后的控制器对系统区域频率偏差、联络线功率变化和区域控制偏差信号的超调量和调节时间都有明显改善,增强了系统的稳定性。     

Automatic generation control of power system using a novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm

The present work approaches a novel quasi-oppositional harmony search (QOHS) algorithm, as an optimization technique, for its optimum performance in the subject area of automatic generation control (AGC) of power system. The proposed QOHS algorithm is applied with an aim to converge rapidly towards the optimal solution(s) that houses both the characters of two guesses, i.e. opposite-point and quasi-opposite point. The area of concern of this study is to discuss the multi-objective problems of an interconnected power system for the benefits of AGC. The proposed QOHS algorithm is, individually, applied to single-area, precede to two-area considering the non-linearity effects of governor dead band and generation rate constraint and, finally, extended to four-area power system showing the consequences of multiple load disturbances. A case of robustness and stability analysis are also investigated for the studied two-area power system model. The control strategy, for the dynamic power system model, is based on area control error. The simplicity of the structure and acceptability responses of the well-known proportional–integral–derivative controller enforces to implement as a controller in this work. The comparative evaluation of the proposed QOHS algorithm is carried out by the way of comparing the dynamic performances of the studied power system model with those offered by other algorithms reported in the recent state-of-the-art literature. The simulation works, presented in the paper, reveal that the proposed QOHS algorithm may be effectively utilized for the purpose of AGC study of power system having varying degrees of complexities and non-linearities. Moreover, the proposed QOHS based control strategy adopted in this work provides a robust and stable speed control mechanism.     

含抽水蓄能电站的互联电网负荷频率自抗扰优化控制研究

针对发电能源结构的多元化发展给互联电网负荷频率的稳定性控制带来较大的挑战,建立含抽水蓄能电站的两区域互联电网多元混合发电的负荷频率控制模型,提出一种基于粒子群优化算法的负荷频率线性自抗扰控制器参数整定优化策略,通过粒子群算法的迭代寻优计算获得最优的线性自抗扰控制器参数。考虑互联电网各区域发生不同的负荷扰动,在抽水蓄能电站的抽水和发电2种工况下,对所提出的控制方法进行系统仿真。仿真结果表明,通过粒子群算法优化的负荷频率线性自抗扰控制器,与传统PI控制器对比,前者具有更强的抗扰动能力和适应性,系统动态稳定性更好。     

Cascade controller based modeling of a four area thermal: gas AGC system with dependency of wind turbine generator and PEVs under restructured environment

This paper investigates automatic generation control (AGC) of a realistic hybrid four-control area system with a distinct arrangement of thermal units, gas units and additional power generation. A proportional-integral-double derivative cascaded with proportional-integral (PIDD-PI) controller is employed as secondary controller in each control area for robust restructured AGC considering bilateral transactions and contract violations. The Harris Hawks algorithm is used to determine the optimal controller gains and system parameters under several scenarios. Electric vehicle (EV) aggregators are employed in each area to participate fully along with thermal and gas units to compensate for the unscheduled system demand in the local area. A comparison of non-cascaded controllers such as PI-PD, PD-PID and the proposed PIDD-PI proves the superiority of the last. The effect of the decline in inertia is closely examined because of the sudden outage of a generating unit while at the same time considering the change in area frequency response characteristics and area control error. EV fleets make significant contributions to improving the system dynamics during system inertia loss. The use of EVs in the presence of a wind energy-supported grid can provide a stable efficacy to the power grid. Numerous simulations with higher load demands, stochastic communication delays in presence of the WTG plant, and violations in system loadings and changes in gas turbine time constants in the absence of WTG demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control approach.     

Fault Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of VSC HVDC connected Offshore Wind Power Plants

To achieve active control of the AC voltage magnitude of wind power plant(WPP) collector network and improve the fault ride-through (FRT) capability,an FRT scheme based on feed forward DC voltage contr...     

风光氢联合式独立发电系统的建模及仿真

提出了一种独立使用的风光氢联合式独立发电系统，该系统由风力发电、太阳能发电、氢能系统(包括电解水制氢、燃料电池系统、超级电容等)及其他系统单元组成。各单元通过2条直流总线联接，并采用功率流控制。由于风力发电与太阳能发电所输出的功率随风速和日照的变化而变化，因此采用燃料电池系统与超级电容堆与风光发电系统配合使用，以保证系统在任何条件下都具有可靠的供电性能。当风能与太阳能充足时，风机与光伏阵列可满足负荷的需要，同时还可向电解池供电；如果不能满足负荷的需要则由燃料电池提供额外的电能，同时由超级电容在短时期内向负荷提供燃料电池最大功率以外的那部分电能。最后在Matlab环境下建立了系统仿真模型，并以西藏边远村落为例对该系统的动态响应进行了仿真分析，仿真结果表明本文提出的供电系统可以用于以西藏为典型代表的风速和光能变化较大的边远地区。