微细加工中的微型铣床、微刀具磨损及切削力的实验研究

由于微机电系统(Micro Electro Mechanical System,MEMS)在微小零件加工中存在不足,微细铣削加工作为一项补充技术正在日益受到人们的重视。介绍了研制的微型精密三轴联动立式铣床(300 mm×300 mm×290 mm)的系统构成,开发了中文控制软件并集成了视频采集系统,此设备在薄膜型工件(膜厚65 μm)的微槽加工中取得了满意的效果(膜厚方向上材料去除率90.7%,成品率大于80%)。对微径端铣刀进行了力学特性分析,并通过刀具磨损试验分析了微径硬质合金TiA1N涂层及非涂层铣刀的磨损机理。最后通过槽铣硬铝2A12的试验研究了切削用量(主轴转速、背吃刀量和每齿进给量)对微细铣削力的影响,为微细铣削切削机理的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Edge micro-creation of Ti(C,N) cermet inserts by micro-abrasive blasting process and its tool performance

Abstract

In this study, the cutting edge passivation by a micro-abrasive blasting method for cermet inserts and its machining performance were investigated. The micro-abrasive blasting parameters for cermet inserts were optimized and the micro-creation of cutting edge was determined with detail. A Back Propagation (BP) neural network prediction model was further established based on our micro-abrasive blasting experiment datum, which can directly evaluate the micro-abrasive blasting ability to generate the specific edge radius. The improvement of cutting performance of micro-abrasive blasted cermet inserts benefits from the strengthening of cutting edge that caused by the obvious elimination of a large number of micro-defects rooted around the edge, and the formation of circular cutting edge is the result of brittle removal and plastic removal. The micro-creation of inserts can acquire a circular cutting edge, and the optimal edge radius is 15?μm under the selected cutting conditions when the tool life was chosen as an optimization target and the surface roughness was simultaneously taken into account. It is found that the blasted cermet inserts can prolong the tool life by at least 86% and the machined-surface quality can be improved by up to 1.65?μm, compared to inserts without micro-abrasive blasting.     

Performance enhancement of cryogenic machining and its effect on tool wear during turning of Al-Ticp composites

The current research is to focus on developing a liquid nitrogen diffusion system to optimize the usage of liquid nitrogen and maximizing cooling and lubrication capability by effective penetration. An atomized liquid nitrogen spray system was developed to diffuse liquid nitrogen effectively at a low flow rate (10–12 L/h) and as a high velocity (8–50 m/s) droplet jet to the machining zone. Using coated carbide tool with varying tool geometry (rake angle, approach angle, and nose radius), an investigation was performed to study the role of atomized liquid nitrogen spray-assisted machining, on performance of tool and surface quality of the machined workpiece during turning of Al-TiCp composite. To analyze the performance of liquid nitrogen spray-assisted machining, various experiments were conducted. The results obtained from the experiments reveal that the effective use of atomized liquid nitrogen spray machining is a feasible alternative to dry, wet, and cryogenically chilled argon gas. This technique significantly reduces heat generation in machining zone. The study also emphasizes the influence of tool geometry on the machinability of Al-TiCp metal matrix composites.     

基于数控铣削的逆铣和顺铣

分析刀补在数控铣床加工中的应用，研究在数控铣床加工中逆铣和顺铣加工对零件加工精度的影响，对数控加工中逆铣和顺铣加工方式的确定提供依据。     

小直径铣刀铣削力与刀位路径曲率关系的研究

在侧铣淬硬钢试验的基础上,研究小直径铣刀侧铣时刀位路径曲率对铣削力影响,建立了小直径铣刀铣削淬硬钢的切削力与刀位路径的灰色模型并进行预测.预测结果表明,此模型有很高的预测精度.同时揭示刀位路径在不同曲率半径下切削力规律,寻找减少小直径铣刀加工淬硬钢时非正常破损的有效途径.     

微细铣削硬铝时切削用量对表面粗糙度的影响

利用自研的三轴微小型立式数控铣床和微径立铣刀(直径小于1mm),通过双因素及中心复合实验设计的方法,分析微细铣削硬铝LY12过程中的铣削参数(包括每齿进给量、轴向切深、主轴转速、刀具直径以及刀具悬伸量)对工件表面粗糙度的影响,重点探讨了每齿进给量和轴向切深对表面粗糙度的交互影响,并建立了数学模型,为微细铣削工艺参数的选择和表面质量的控制提供了基本依据。     

Modeling and evaluating of surface roughness prediction in micro-grinding on soda-lime glass considering tool characterization

The current research of micro-grinding mainly focuses on the optimal processing technology for different materials. However, the material removal mechanism in micro-grinding is the base of achieving high quality processing surface. Therefore, a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography is proposed in this paper. The differences of material removal mechanism between convention grinding process and micro-grinding process are analyzed. Topography characterization has been done on micro-grinding tools which are fabricated by electroplating. Models of grain density generation and grain interval are built, and new predicting model of micro-grinding surface roughness is developed. In order to verify the precision and application effect of the surface roughness prediction model proposed, a micro-grinding orthogonally experiment on soda-lime glass is designed and conducted. A series of micro-machining surfaces which are 78 nm to 0.98 ~tm roughness of brittle material is achieved. It is found that experimental roughness results and the predicting roughness data have an evident coincidence, and the component variable of describing the size effects in predicting model is calculated to be 1.5x 107 by reverse method based on the experimental results. The proposed model builds a set of distribution to consider grains distribution densities in different protrusion heights. Finally, the characterization of micro-grinding tools which are used in the experiment has been done based on the distribution set. It is concluded that there is a significant coincidence between surface prediction data from the proposed model and measurements from experiment results. Therefore, the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated. This paper proposes a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography, which would provide significant research theory and experimental reference of material removal mechanism in micro-grinding of soda-lime glass.     

Calculation of tool paths for a torus mill on free-form surfaces on five-axis machines with detection and elimination of interference

Within the framework of a study carried out in cooperation with the Sapex Company, we sought to develop an overall machining program for free-form surfaces on a 5-axis NC machine tool. This program comprises a certain number of general cases that will then have to be adapted to specific situations. In this paper, we present the algorithms allowing the following cases to be dealt with:Positioning a torus mill at a given point on the surface with automatic search for interference between the end of the tool and the surface.Angular correction or the raising of the tool to avoid interference.Calculation of trajectories for a rolling torus mill on a ruled surface resting on a free-form surface of the NURBS (Non Uniform Rational B-Splines) type.The latter can be broken down into two parts:Seeking the axis position on the adjusted surface.Determination of the tool's point of contact on the freeform surface.     

Development of meso-scale milling machine tool and its performance analysis

To overcome the shortcomings of current technologies for meso-scale manufacturing such as MEMS and ultra precision machining, this paper focuses on the investigations on the meso milling process with a miniaturized machine tool. First, the related technologies for the process mechanism studies are investigated based on the analysis of the characteristics of the meso milling process. An overview of the key issues is presented and research approaches are also proposed. Then, a mesoscale milling machine tool system is developed. The subsystems and their specifications are described in detail. Finally, some tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the system. These tests consist of precision measurement of the positioning subsystem, the test for machining precision evaluation, and the experiments for machining mechanical parts with complex features. Through test analysis, the meso milling process with a miniaturized machine tool is proved to be feasible and applicable for meso manufacturing. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(11): 162–167 [译自: 机械工程学报]     

高速微铣削铝合金表面粗糙度的多指标正交试验研究

利用小型高速精密微铣削机床在6061铝合金表面加工微沟槽结构,对加工后的试件表面质量进行研究,以试件表面粗糙度Ra、Rz值为衡量指标,利用正交试验方法分析主轴转速、刀具悬伸量、进给量和轴向切深等因素对表面质量的影响。试验结果表明：试件表面粗糙度值整体变化趋势从大到小依次为中线区、顺铣区、逆铣区。主轴转速对表面粗糙度影响最显著,而其他因素随着表面质量要求的不同有所变化。综合考虑表面质量要求,最优组合为:刀具悬伸量为18mm,轴向切深为10μm,进给量为30mm/min,主轴转速为48 000r/min时,试件表面粗糙度最小,此时表面粗糙度Ra值为0.075μm,表面粗糙度Rz值为0.579μm。     

Tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass soda-lime

For the technology of diamond cutting of optical glass, the high tool wear rate is a main reason for hindering the practical application of this technology. Many researches on diamond tool wear in glass cutting rest on wear phenomenon describing simply without analyzing the genesis of wear phenomenon and interpreting the formation process of tool wear in mechanics. For in depth understanding of the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, experiments of diamond turning with cutting distance increasing gradually are carried out on soda-lime glass. The wear morphology of rake face and flank face, the corresponding surface features of workpiece and the surface roughness, and the material compositions of flank wear area are detected. Experimental results indicate that the flank wear is predominant in diamond cutting glass and the flank wear land is characterized by micro-grooves, some smooth crater on the rake face is also seen. The surface roughness begins to increase rapidly, when the cutting mode changes from ductile to brittle for the aggravation of tool wear with the cutting distance over 150 m. The main mechanisms of inducing tool wear in diamond cutting of glass are diffusion, mechanical friction, thermo-chemical action and abrasive wear. The proposed research makes analysis and research from wear mechanism on the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, and provides theoretical basis for minimizing the tool wear in diamond cutting brittle materials, such as optical glass.     

Finishing performance of die-sinking EDM with ultrasonic vibration and powder addition through pulse train studies

Abstract

Die-sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM) is widely used in die and mold-making industry. Finish EDM conditions are often selected to produce good quality surfaces. Attempts to enhance the finishing capabilities using ultrasonic vibration and powder-added dielectric medium have been reported in the literature. However, the changes in the gap phenomena with ultrasonic assistance and powder addition have not been analyzed. In this article, finish EDM of hardened D3 steel has been carried out based on full factorial design of experiment with three levels of setting voltage, setting current and pulse on time. The performance of ultrasonic assisted and graphite powder-added EDM are evaluated by analyzing the voltage and current pulse trains in finishing operation for the first time. Based on two new parameters, namely energy expended over a second (E) and ratio of energy due to sparks in relation to total discharge energy (PF), the results are discussed and also compared with those obtained with conventional EDM for selected conditions. Even though E of 102.9 J (PF?=?0.862) with ultrasonic vibration is higher than E of 43.0 J (PF?=?1.0) with powder mix, the molten metal is removed effectively from the gap by ultrasonic vibration which results in a relatively better surface. The micrographs of cross-section and surface of the workpieces obtained using optical and scanning electron microscopes, respectively, also reveal their relative performance.     

高速铣削曲面工件的表面粗糙度仿真

在实际生产中,空间曲面一般采用行切法加工。无论是三坐标还是两坐标联动铣削,走刀行距的选择对加工表面粗糙度都有很大影响。本文针对球头铣刀对Bezier双三次曲面工件的高速铣削,结合走刀行距经验公式,提出了一种表面粗糙度的仿真算法,并通过仿真实例进行了验证。     

Influence of minimum quantity lubrication parameters on tool wear and surface roughness in milling of forged steel

The minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) technique is becoming increasingly more popular due to the safety of environment.Moreover,MQL technique not only leads to economical benefits by way of saving ...     

微铣金属表面微沟槽结构的粗糙度及形貌分析

为了提高和改善微沟槽表面质量,设计了高速微铣削实验,研究了微沟槽底面表面粗糙度和侧壁残留毛刺的变化规律。从理论角度引入了已加工表面的形成机理,建立了微观表面粗糙度理论模型,提出了刀具跳动对侧壁形貌变化影响的规律。利用三轴联动精密微细铣削机床加工微细直沟槽,并选取主轴转速、轴向切深、进给速度、刀具跳动量和材料组织结构为研究因素。采用多因素正交实验和极差分析法,对表面粗糙度值进行数值分析。铝合金,钢和钛合金三类微沟槽底面对应的最佳表面粗糙度值变化范围分别为1.073~1.481 μm,0.485~0.883 μm,0.235~0.267 μm;无刀具跳动钛合金微沟槽壁毛刺的最大高度为7.637 μm,而当刀具存在0.3 μm的径向综合跳动量时对应的微槽壁毛刺的最大高度为21.79 μm。铣削参数对表面粗糙度值的影响按从大到小依次为进给速度、主轴转速、轴向切深,且随着进给速度和轴向切深的增大,表面粗糙度值增大;随着主轴转速的增大,表面粗糙度值先减小后增大;在相同加工条件下,若微圆弧刀刃无磨损,微刀具的跳动量对微直沟槽侧壁表面质量有较大影响。同时,不同金属材料特性也是影响微沟槽表面质量的潜在因素。     

On the prediction of surface roughness in the hard turning based on cutting parameters and tool vibrations

This research work concerns the elaboration of a surface roughness model in the case of hard turning by exploiting the response surface methodology (RSM). The main input parameters of this model are the cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and tool vibration in radial and in main cutting force directions. The machined material tested is the 42CrMo4 hardened steel by Al₂O₃/TiC mixed ceramic cutting tool under different conditions. The model is able to predict surface roughness of Ra and Rt using an experimental data when machining steels. The combined effects of cutting parameters and tool vibration on surface roughness were investigated while employing the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The quadratic model of RSM associated with response optimization technique and composite desirability was used to find optimum values of cutting parameters and tool vibration with respect to announced objectives which are the prediction of surface roughness. The adequacy of the model was verified when plotting the residuals values. The results indicate that the feed rate is the dominant factor affecting the surface roughness, whereas vibrations on both pre-cited directions have a low effect on it. Moreover, a good agreement was observed between the predicted and the experimental surface roughness. Optimal cutting condition and tool vibrations leading to the minimum surface roughness were highlighted.     

实现三轴联动电火花机床仿铣加工刀具补偿的新方法

这里根据笔者在开发一套三轴联动电火花机床的数控系统软件，该控制软件具有C功能刀具半径补偿，为了达到这一功能，笔者采用了矢量计算法来实现仿铣加工刀具补偿功能，屏弃了传统的通过三角函数的计算方法来实现刀具补偿的功能。此方法具有简单，运算精度高，可用于电火花加工机床的CNC系统中。     

金刚石飞切加工微结构表面的工艺参数优化

为了获得具有纳米级表面质量的微结构表面,利用‘Nanosys-300'超精密复合加工系统实现了微结构表面的三维金刚石飞切加工,研究了主轴转速、进给量以及背吃刀量对微结构表面粗糙度的影响.理论分析表明,金刚石飞切加工微结构时理论表面粗糙度沿法线方向并没有变化,而沿进给方向存在着周期变化.减小进给量和金刚石飞刀前端角或增大切削半径可以降低理论粗糙度值.实验分析表明,表面粗糙度值Ra随进给量的增加而增加,主轴转速对Ra影响不大.切削聚碳酸酯(PC)时,在5～40 μm Ra随背吃刀量的增加而增加;而切削铝合金(LY12)时,在2～10 μm Ra随背吃刀量的增加而减小.实验中Ra最好可达38 nm(LY12)和43 nm(PC).最后,利用优化工艺参数加工出了微沟槽阵列和微金字塔矩阵微结构.     

Ball burnishing of tool steel

In place of the traditional methods of finishing a surface, the ball-burnishing process was investigated. Experimental work was conducted on a vertical machining center to establish the effects of various burnishing parameters on the surface finish of ASSAB XW-5 steel (high-carbon, high-chrome steel), including burnishing speed, ball material, lubricant, burnishing forces (depth of penetration), and feed. Within the parameter space explored, it was found that the burnishing speed affects the surface finish, with a burnishing speed of 1,200 mm/min giving the worst surface finish. WC (Tungsten carbide) ball gave the best and most consistent surface finish. Grease was a better lubricant than cutting oil. By varying the burnishing speed, the burnishing forces varied also, and these forces showed no obvious relationship to the surface finish of the burnished workpiece.     

Investigation of the burnishing process with PCD tool on non-ferrous metals

It is well known that the no-chip machining process, burnishing, can easily improve surface roughness, waviness and hardness. To get the practical useful parameters, the effects of various burnishing parameters (spindle speed, depth, feed, burnishing radius and lathe) on surface roughness and waviness of the non-ferrous components were studied experimentally with a theoretical analysis. The experiments were conducted with a simply designed cylindrical surfaced polycrystalline diamond tool developed by us. It was found that smaller parameters do not mean lower surface roughness or waviness and different optimum burnishing parameters can be got under different burnishing conditions.