中国能源效率评析

2011年我国按购买力平价计算的单位GDP能耗为日本和欧盟的2.1倍,美国和世界平均值的1.5倍;9个行业19项产品能耗指标加权平均比国际先进水平高21%。2010年,我国物理能源效率为36.1%,比国际先进水平低8个百分点左右。本文对我国能源效率和节能作了评析,提出了政策建议。     

Energy comes home

The growth in private energy consumption is an increasing problem in western countries. From an environmental point of view, this consumption has to be reduced. On the basis of two Norwegian case studies, this article discusses private energy consumption and possibilities for reduction, with a special focus on the home. It argues against a rational economic view of the consumer and emphasizes the significance of a more subtle understanding of private energy use. The article approaches the challenges of reducing private energy consumption by analysing the domestication of the home and discusses everyday life activities as well as the phenomenon of rebuilding and redecorating. By using the concept of domestication, the article challenges the linear understanding of technological as well as behavioural change. Private energy consumption is part of a complex network and it is necessary to understand this network in order to achieve a more permanent reduction.     

Compact fluorescent lighting and residential natural gas consumption: Testing for interactive effects

Replacing incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescents (CFLs) has traditionally been seen as a cost effective means of promoting energy conservation. Recently, however, the magnitude of energy savings associated with CFLs has been called into question. Specifically, recent findings suggest an “interactive effect” associated with the replacement of incandescent light bulbs with CFLs in the residential sector. In this scenario, the reduced wattage of CFLs, relative to incandescent bulbs, generates less heat, which in turn, requires additional natural gas usage during the heating season. Engineering studies suggest the magnitude of the effect is significant in energy terms, which implies that the energy savings associated with CFLs may be significantly overstated. In this paper, we use billing analysis to test for the presence of interactive effects. Our analysis is based on a comprehensive dataset that includes monthly household electricity and natural gas usage, the number of CFL bulbs installed, the installation date, and a set of household characteristics. Our results suggest that CFLs do indeed save electricity. However, we do not find any support for the hypothesis that CFLs cause increased usage of natural gas.     

影响全国与北京工业能源消费的关键要素对比分析

全国能源强度2002年开始上升,北京能源强度却一直呈现下降态势;这不仅和北京第三产业快速发展相关,而且北京工业能源强度也保持了下降趋势。基于对数均值迪氏指数分解法,将能源消费分解成规模效应、结构效应和效率效应,对1998～2006年的北京及全国工业能源消费量进行了分解及对比分析。研究表明,效率效应对全国工业能源消费下降起到了比较显著的作用,而结构效应和效率效应共同促使北京的能源消费降低。与全国相比,北京大力促进高科技产业的发展,控制黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、化学工业等高耗能工业的发展,是其工业能源强度迅速降低的一个重要原因。最后,分析了北京能源强度快速下降对全国的启示,并提出了全国能源消费进一步降低的政策建议。     

Optimization of energy consumption and input costs for apple production in Iran using data envelopment analysis

In this study a non-parametric method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to analyze the efficiency of farmers, discriminate efficient farmers from inefficient ones and to identify wasteful uses of energy in order to optimize the energy inputs for apple production in Tehran province, Iran. From this study the following results were obtained: from the total of 56 farmers, considered for the analysis, 34% and 54% were found to be technically and pure technically efficient, respectively. The technical, pure technical and scale efficiency scores of farmers were 0.7857, 0.8982 and 0.8666, respectively. Optimum energy requirement was found to be 37993.15 MJ ha⁻¹; indicating that 11.29% of total energy input could be saved if the recommendations of this study are followed. From total energy saving, the contribution of electrical energy was the highest; it followed by chemicals energy inputs; implying that there was a great scope for saving energy inputs by improving the use pattern of these inputs. The results of economical analysis showed that the total costs of production could decreased from 8227.70 to 7570.01 $ ha⁻¹; also the benefit to cost ratio and productivity improved from 1.24 to 1.34 and 2.52 to 2.74, respectively.     

Has energy conservation been an effective policy for Thailand? An input–output structural decomposition analysis from 1995 to 2010

Thailand has depended heavily on imported fossil fuels since the 1990s, which hindered the nation's economic development because it created uncertainty in the nation's fuel supply. An energy conservation policy was implemented in 1995 to require industries to reduce their energy intensity (EI) and consumption immediately. This study investigates the effectiveness of the policy between 1995 and 2010 using the hybrid input–output approach. Surprisingly, EI improvement was observed in only a few sectors, such as transportation, non-metallic, paper, and textile. An embodied energy decomposition analysis revealed that while households were the largest energy consumer in 1995, energy consumption in exports exceeded that of households in 2000, 2005 and 2010. In addition, structural decomposition analysis revealed the final demand effect was the strongest factor in determining the efficacy of energy conservation, whereas the energy efficiency effect was not an effective factor as expected for decreasing energy consumption. Policy barriers and conflicting economic plans were factors that affected the outcome of these energy policies.     

Energy efficiency improving opportunities in a large Chinese shoe-making enterprise

Energy consumption and energy intensity reduction opportunities are quite different from one enterprise to another. It is necessary to understand how much energy is used at individual enterprise, where the most energy is consumed and what the best opportunities are to invest in energy efficiency. Auditing energy efficiency was recently undertaken in one of the top 1000 largest Chinese enterprises. The objectives of this paper are to fill a gap in the literature of auditing energy efficiency for a Chinese manufacturing enterprise and to share the audited energy efficiency results. This paper concludes that if the enterprise invests USD 1.9 million to improve energy efficiency, the investment will be recovered in about 18 months. The net present value of the investment would be about USD 9.8 million at a discount rate of 12%. The investment will reduce a large amount of energy consumption at the enterprise based on its figures in 2008, including 15% of electricity, 40% of fuel oil, and 54% of diesel. Carbon reduction is also very cost-effective. Investment of one dollar in the enterprise will help cut carbon emission by 7.95 kg per year and generate $5.3 net revenue in the economic lifetime of the invested technology.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of an energy efficiency program for new home construction in eastern North Carolina

This paper reports on the evaluation of the effectiveness of an energy efficiency program in eastern North Carolina. This subject program is focused on improved construction methods for residential housing. The program incorporates proven energy saving technologies, construction procedures, onsite inspections, and design construction methodologies in new residential construction. The analysis compared the energy usage associated with the houses built in conjunction with the energy efficiency program (test group) with similar new residential construction unrelated to the program (control group). Several statistical methods were employed to establish differences between the energy efficiency program participants and the control group. The analysis provides significant support for the effectiveness of this energy efficiency program and supports the suitability of similar efforts for inclusion in plans for renewable energy offsets and energy efficiency standards.     

Decomposition analysis of energy consumption in Chinese transportation sector

The purpose of this paper is to identify the relations between transportation energy consumption and its impacted factors. We first analyze the current status of transportation energy consumption in China. Then, the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) technique is used to find the nature of the factors those influence the changes in transportation energy consumption. We find that: (1) In 2006, the transportation energy consumption increased by 7.63 times against that in 1980. (2) Up to 2006, the oil consumed by transportation accounted for 49.6% of that in the whole country, which almost equaled to the net oil import. (3) In the light of the increasing energy consumption intensity, the energy-utilization effectiveness of transportation sector has been declining gradually. (4) The transportation activity effect is the most important contributor to increase energy consumption in the transportation sector and the energy intensity effect plays the dominant role in decreasing energy consumption.     

从主要能耗指标变动看江苏省的节能形势

我国在"十一五"规划纲要中提出"十一五"末万元GDP能耗下降20%左右的目标,江苏正在积极落实这一目标。本文通过对江苏能源生产与消费状况,以及能源利用效率和节能潜力的分析,提出了加强江苏节能工作的具体建议。     

试论“节能评估”典型行业节能新技术

文中论述了节能评估和审查过程中经常遇到的生产工艺和设备的节能分析,从这些工艺和设备的公共用能分析出发,阐述了能源的供应方式、能源的品种选择以及公共设施的节能,给出了用电、用蒸汽的节能新技术。同时对于化工行业、有色金属行业、建材行业等典型行业进行了节能分析,介绍了几种这些行业的节能新技术,供相应行业节能决策参考。     

Assessment of energy savings from the revised building energy code of Thailand

The government of Thailand legislated an Energy Conservation Promotion Act (ECP Act) in 1992 and set bye-laws that identify designated buildings (DBs) and detail mandatory requirements for energy conservation for DBs in 1995. An Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund) was also created to fund energy audits on 1900 DBs. Recently the requirements and procedures for energy conservation in buildings have been revised where system performance requirements for building envelope, lighting, air-conditioning, and hot water generation are adopted. Moreover, the new building energy code (BEC) distinguishes different categories of DBs, provides credit for use of solar energy, and introduces a new option of whole building energy compliance. The authors develop building models from data obtained from energy audit reports and use them to estimate savings on energy and peak demand from future new buildings using forecasted energy and peak demand data from the Load Forecast Subcommittee, a panel tasked to forecast future electric load of Thailand. From a modest level of energy saving in the first year that the code is expected to be enforced, the level of saving rise to over 10% and 20% annually of requirement of target buildings in 6 and 12 years respectively.     

节能减排目标下北京能源消费布局优化分析

随着北京经济的快速发展,能源消费增长迅猛,但环境问题也格外突出,当前最现实、最根本的出路是节能减排。本文分析了北京市能源消费强度和能源消费结构,以及各种能源消费对环境的影响程度,在此基础上,提出节能减排目标下北京市能源消费布局的优化方向。     

我国电力产业能效指标的国际对比

电力产业既是能源的生产者,又是能源的主要消耗者,电力产业节能在我国能源节约中起着极为重要的作用。选择电力产业能效的主要代表指标,研究发电、输配电及用电过程的能效,通过与发达国家实证性的对比,揭示我国电力产业在能效方面存在的不足,提出我国电力产业节能的战略途径。     

吹风冻结过程中的节能

指出了吹风冻结过程中节能的必要性,分析了吹风冻结过程中各阶段的能源消耗,并对吹风冻结过程中的节能技术进行了探讨．     

Adding apples and oranges: The monitoring of energy efficiency in the Dutch food industry

This article develops indicators to monitor energy efficiency developments in the food and tobacco industry based on physical production data at the firm level provided by the statistics office of the Netherlands in a confidential basis. We measure energy efficiency by using an energy efficiency indicator which is the aggregate specific energy consumption. Our results show that the food and tobacco industry has improved their energy efficiency indicator in primary terms by about 1% per year (uncertainty range between 0.9 and 1.3). In terms of final energy, there has been a decrease on the indicator for final demand of fuels of about 1.8% p.a. while there has been no improvement in the indicator for final demand of electricity. The development in energy efficiency is coherent with the reported implementation rate of energy conservation projects. We conclude that the type and the quality of the data compiled by Statistics Netherlands for the food sector is sufficient to develop indicators as required by energy and climate policy.     

How much energy to process one pound of meat? A comparison of energy use and specific energy consumption in the meat industry of four European countries

In this paper, we have used energy and physical production data to develop energy efficiency indicators for the meat industry of four European countries for the last 15 years. Our results show a significant increase in the energy use per tonne of product in all countries (between 14% and 48%). In order to understand the drivers behind the trends, factors such as the share of frozen products, the share of cut-up products and increasing food hygiene measures are analysed. We find that strong hygiene regulations can explain between one and two-thirds of the increase while the role of increasing shares of frozen and cut fresh meat it is found to be of no significance.