On the Impurity Parameters for Impurities Detected in the Eutectics Co?CC and Pt?CC and Their Role in the Estimate of the Uncertainty in the Eutectic Temperatures

In this paper, impurity parameters m _i and k _i have been calculated for a range of impurities I as detected in the eutectics Co?CC and Pt?CC, by means of the software package Thermo-Calc within the ternary phase spaces Co?CC-I and Pt?CC-I. The choice of the impurities is based upon a selection out of the results of impurity analyses performed for a representative set of samples for each of the eutectics in study. The analyses in question are glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-mass). Tables and plots of the impurity parameters against the atomic number Z _i of the impurities will be presented, as well as plots demonstrating the validity of van??t Hoff??s law, the cornerstone to this study, for both eutectics. For the eutectics in question, the uncertainty u(T _E ? T _liq ) in the correction T _E ? T _liq will be derived, where T _E and T _liq refer to the transition temperature of the pure system and to the liquidus temperature in the limit of zero growth rate of the solid phase during solidification of the actual system, respectively. Uncertainty estimates based upon the current scheme SIE?COME, combining the sum of individual estimates (SIE) and the overall maximum estimate (OME) are compared with two alternative schemes proposed in this paper, designated as IE?CIRE, combining individual estimates (IE) and individual random estimates (IRE), and the hybrid scheme SIE?CIE?CIRE, combining SIE, IE, and IRE.     

Structure and evolution of innovation research in the last 60 years: review and future trends in the field of business through the citations and co-citations analysis

The field of innovation studies has grown considerably in the last four decades, which has led to the emergence of new approaches and theoretical aspects that need to be examined and considered. Therefore, this paper aims to understand what are the main theoretical pillars that support the structure of innovation theories and fields, how it evolved over the years and what are the directions that lead to future trends in innovation research. The procedure consists in a mix-methods using the citation and co-citation analysis associated with bibliometric methods, Social Network Analysis, and a systematic review of the literature. The results were validated by Delphi with academic specialists in innovation. Considering publications between 1956 and 2016 divided into four 15-years timespan, the longitudinal analysis results indicate the evolution of the main streams of thoughts that support the current innovation research fields and depict a research orientation for future works that can be developed to generate relevant contributions for the theoretical development of the area. This paper differentiates itself bringing results based on a large database, by the research methods employed, and by the perspective adopted provides solid contributions to the understanding of the past, present, and future of the scientific research in innovation to business administration field.     

Precipitation of α Phase in the Massive and Feathery Structures in TiAl Alloys during Aging in the Single α Field

1.IntroductionThemechanicalpropertiesofTiAl-basealloysareverysensitivetotheirmicrostructures,which,inturn,arecontrolledbyheattreatments.Forthecomposi-tionsofengineeringimportance,the7-TiAlalloyscanbesolution-treatedinthesinglea-phasefieldandsub-jectedtothea-7transformationduxingsubsequentcooling.Dependingoncoolingrate,theadecompo-sitioncanoccurinseveralpaths,yieldingalamel-larstructureunderrelativelyslowcooling,afeath-ery7structureunderaircoolingandamassive7structureforwater-quenching.Curren…     

Reflections on identifying the real ΔKeffective in the threshold region and beyond

The use of the crack tip stress intensity factor, K, has survived almost 50 years as the key parameter correlating fatigue crack growth. As time past the range of the stress intensity, ΔK, was recognized as causing alternating plasticity at the crack tip. The threshold level for ΔK was discovered. Further, the occurrence of crack closure was noted which affected the ΔK for different load ratios, R of cyclic loading. The ASTM method of counting the linear part of the load displacement for determining ΔK_open was found to understate the ΔK_effective, which correlates data for different load ratios. One approach to adjust for this problem is the “Partial Closure Model”, where the closure only occurs away from the crack tip. Here it will be discussed that such a model leads to a universal growth law. Moreover, this law shows application in estimating the order of magnitude of crack growth life (<10⁷ cycles) for example with very high cycle fatigue (>10⁹ cycles). Some advances in this application will also be cited.     

Particle Size Analysis—Problems and Possibilities in the Fine and Ultrafine Range

The paper discusses some experiences in the field of particle size analysis and is restricted to the off-line techniques measuring the particle size distributions of solids. A survey concerning the developments of methods and instruments is followed by a representation of some actual problems (sampling procedure, coincidence, distance between particles, and interaction forces).     

Age and dose-limited PET-CT scan regime in lymphoma: between the devil and the deep blue sea?

In this study the authors speculate about hypothetical effective-dose (E) reduction through limiting post-chemotherapy PET-CT scanning to lymphoma sites previously identified on pre-treatment CT. E reductions/scan time savings are compared between post-treatment standard and theoretically limited PET-CT scans. The influence of patient age with E savings and associated clinical implication for 100 subjects are discussed. The greatest E theoretical savings of 52 and 32% for the CT contribution and combined PET-CT, respectively, were seen in patients <18 y old using limited scans in this study, with a potential mean time saving of 16 min per patient across the entire cohort. However, the limited PET-CT regime here missed a 1% rate of unexpected cancer that standard PET-CT recorded. The authors recommend performing larger scale multi-centre studies comparing PET-CT pre- and post-chemotherapy to establish full clinical efficacy of this method.     

State-of-the-Art and Perspectives in the Field of Particulate Nanostructured Materials

A great attention has been paid to the research and development of nanostructured materials.The main preparation methods of ultrafine particles and nanostructured materials have been summarized. The applications of zone typical nanostructured materials have also been reviewed.The peculiar characteristics and properties. such as density, grain size, hardness, superplasticity,magnetic and catalytic properties have been discussed     

Nuclear Energy—the Strategic Role and Sustainability in China

analyzing the challenges of China’s energy supply, an excellent perspective of nuclear power development in china has been described. Taking into account the midlong term development requirements, a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable nuclear power strategic consideration and proposal is put forward. Thus our national nuclear industry can not only catch up with the world advanced level in proper time, but also possess the enough stamina of sustainability.     

Capillary absorption in concrete and the Lucas–Washburn equation

Capillary absorption kinetics of concrete–ethylene glycol system was studied with respect to concrete matrix porosity and liquid viscosity. Porosity of specimens was altered by air-entraining agents and superplasticizers. Liquid which doesn’t react with cement gel was chosen for the experiment in order to study the reasons for deviation from Lucas–Washburn equation observed in concrete–water system. Viscosity of ethylene glycol changes from ～23 to 2 mPa s in the temperature range from 20 to 100 °C. The values of the capillary coefficient were determined at 20, 60 and 100 °C using Neutron Radiography and were found to be in the range from ～1.5 to 4.9 mm h^?1/2. The results show that the Lucas–Washburn equation in concrete–ethylene glycol system is valid only for ～25 h, which indicates that swelling and rehydration of cement gel are not the main reasons for deviation observed in concrete–water system.     

Sound Velocity Measurements in the Low and the High Field Phases of the Nuclear-Ordered bcc Solid 3He in Magnetic Fields

We have measured the temperature and magnetic-field dependences of the sound velocity for one longitudinal and two transverse waves in the low field phase (LFP) and the high field phase (HFP) of nuclear spin ordered bcc solid ³He crystals with a single magnetic domain along the melting curve. From sound velocity measurements for various crystal orientations as a function of the sound propagation direction, we determined the elastic stiffness constants, c _ij (T,B). In the LFP with tetragonal symmetry for the nuclear spin structure, we extracted six nuclear spin elastic stiffness constants Δc _ij ^ℓ (T,0.06 T) from the temperature dependence of the sound velocity at 0.06 T and Δc _ij ^ℓ (0.5 mK,B) from the magnetic-field dependence of sound velocity at 0.5 mK. In the HFP with cubic symmetry for the nuclear spin structure, we extracted three Δc _ij ^h (T,0.50 T) at 0.50 T and Δc _ij ^h (0.5 mK,B) at 0.5 mK. At the first-order magnetic phase transition from the LFP to the HFP at the lower critical field B _c1, large jumps in sound velocities were observed for various crystal directions and we extracted three . Using the thermodynamic relation between Δc _ij and the change in the internal energy for the exchange interaction in this system, ΔU _ex(T,B), Δc _ij are related to the generalized second-order Grüneisen constants Γ _ij ^X ≡∂ ²ln X/∂ ε _i ∂ ε _j as Δc _ij (T,B)=Γ _ij ^X ΔU _ex(T,B), where X represents some physical quantity which depends on the molar volume and ε _j is the j-th component of a strain tensor. In the LFP, the Δc _ij ^ℓ (T,0.06 T) were proportional to T ⁴, and Δc _ij ^ℓ (0.5 mK,B) were proportional to B ². We extracted for the spin wave velocity in the LFP, s ^ℓ , from Δc _ij ^ℓ (T,0.06 T) and for the inverse susceptibility, 1/χ ^ℓ from Δc _ij ^ℓ (0.5 mK,B). In the HFP, Δc _ij ^h (T,0.50 T) were proportional to T ⁴ and Δc _ij ^h (0.5 mK,ΔB) were proportional to ΔB(≡B−B _c1). We obtained for the spin wave velocity in the HFP, s ^h , from Δc _ij ^h (T,0.50 T) and for B _c1 from Δc _ij ^h (0.5 mK,ΔB). The values obtained for and were compared with the Multiple Spin Exchange model (MSE) with three parameters by using analytic expressions for s ^ℓ and χ ^ℓ . The three-parameter MSE does not agree with the observed Δc _ij in the LFP.      

Increase or decrease in stability after nucleotomy? Conflicting in vitro and in vivo results in the sheep model

Nucleotomy is a common surgical procedure to treat disc herniations. The potential occurrence of segmental instability after surgery, however, is suspected to necessitate re-operation and fusion. Although in vitro studies support the theory of destabilization after nucleotomy, a prior, in-house animal study contrarily revealed an increase in stability after surgery. To identify which structural compartment of the motion segment is decisive for increased stability after nucleotomy in vivo, the flexibilities of ovine motion segments were measured after different stepwise reductions at the anterior and posterior spinal column. Different test groups were used in which nucleotomy had been performed during surgery in vivo and under isolated in vitro conditions, respectively. In accordance with expectations, in vitro nucleotomy on ovine motion segments significantly increased flexibility. By contrast, nucleotomy significantly decreased flexibility 12 weeks after surgery. After removal of the posterior structures, however, the differences in flexibility diminished. The present results thus suggest that it might not exclusively be the trauma to the intervertebral disc during surgery which is decisive for post-operative stability, but rather adaptive mechanisms in the posterior structures. Therefore, care should be taken to minimize the damage to the posterior structures in the course of the surgical approach, which more likely compromises stability.     

Experimental Investigation of the Current Density and the Heat‐Flux Density in the Cathode Arc Spot

New experimental data on the effective thermal density of a current in the nonstationary arc spot on the copper cathode of an electricarc heater of a gas and its dependence on the magnetic field have been obtained by thermophysical methods. Results of the investigation can be used for thermal calculations of electrodes for the purpose of increasing their service life.     

Polarization and efficiency of a concave multilayer grating in the 135-250-Å region and in normal-incidence and SeyaNamioka mounts

A molybdenum/silicon multilayer coating was applied to a holographic ion-etched blazed grating substrate that had 2400 grooves/mm and a radius of curvature of 2.2 m. Scanning probe microscopy yielded the same surface microroughness (5 ? rms) before and after deposition of the multilayer. The efficiency and polarization performance of the grating was measured by synchrotron radiation in the 135-250-? wavelength region. In the second grating order and the second Bragg order of the multilayer coating, the peak normal-incidence efficiency was 7.5% at a wavelength of 147 ?, representing a groove efficiency of 27%. At an angle of incidence of 35°, the polarization performance of the grating was 95%-100% in the 210-250-? wavelength region. In a Seya-Namioka spectrometer mount at an angle of incidence of 30°-40°, the grating is a nearly perfect polarizing optical element in the wavelength bands between 125 and 300 ?, which are covered by the multilayer coating.     

Nucleation in Metallic Melt on the Ground and under Elevated Gravity

The expressions for nucleation rate in metallic melt on the ground and under elevated gravity have been derived theoretically and the effects of gravity and elevated gravity on nucleation rate have been discussed. A comparison of nucleation rate under microgravity with those on the ground and under elevated gravity has also been made     

Glucose in the dialysate: Historical perspective and possible implications?

Hemodialysate solutions often contain high concentrations of glucose (up to 200 mg/dL). The historical reasons for the addition of glucose to the dialysate included: (1) aid in performance of ultrafiltration and (2) minimization of nutritional (caloric) losses during dialysis. However, recent experimental evidence supports the fact that exposure to high levels of glucose may be pro-inflammatory. Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with dialysis and its linkage to chronic inflammation, the routine use of glucose in the dialysate may warrant reexamination. This review examines the utility of glucose in the dialysate and discusses the potential implications on chronic inflammation in patients with end-stage renal disease. While there is currently no evidence for a casual relationship between dialysate glucose concentration and the chronic inflammation seen in ESRD, this possibility is explored.     

A Heat Flux and Erosion Experiment in the Scrape-off Layer of the HL-1 Tokamak

Under Ohmic heating (OH) discharges with a movable graphite limiter a heat flux and erosion experiment was carried out with a double-strip graphite probe located at the scrape-off layer in HL-1 tokamak. The typical parameters of OH discharges Were 2T of B_t, 120kA of I_p, 4E19m~(-3) of n_e and 1 sec of t_p. The integrated temperature rise of 150℃at the graphite strip located at a position of 2.5 cm outside the last closed flux surface and faced to the ion drift side was measured during an OH shot, and the relative integrated heat flux of 150 Wcm~(-2) deposited to the graphite strip was estimated. After 74 shots of OH discharge,the total mass erosion rate was 2.4% on the ion drift side and 4.95% on the electron drift side of the double strip graphite probe.Surface analysis of the exposured double strip probe showed that the deposited metal impurities of Ni, Cr and Fe in the SOL were reduced qreatly than while a SS movable limiter was used, and consequently the improved hydrogen plasma performance was found in OH discharges.