超声辅助提取技术在天然产物提取中的应用

简述超声辅助提取技术提高活性成分提取率的作用及原理,对超声辅助提取技术在天然产物有效成分(生物碱、黄酮、蒽醌、皂甙、植物油)提取方面,以及在农残分析样品提取方面的应用研究成果进行概述,并指出当前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

Extraction of bioactive compounds from purple corn using emerging technologies: A review

The increase in the use of bioactive compounds from purple corn in the food and pharmaceutical industries has led to the investigation of nonconventional extraction technologies that allow one to obtain more of these compounds. In this context, nonconventional techniques, known as emerging technologies, use more efficient processes that are safe for the environment, in addition to obtaining products with better functional characteristics as compared to those obtained by conventional technologies. This review aims to provide information on different nonconventional techniques used in the extraction of bioactive compounds from purple corn.     

Microwave‐assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)

Growing interest in plant secondary metabolites has brought with it the need for economical, rapid and efficient extraction protocols. Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract saponins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Several MAE conditions were tested, and the method proved to be superior to Soxhlet extraction with regard to amounts of solvents required, time and energy expended. The use of a butanol/H₂O mixture showed selectivity towards saponin extraction. Using TLC, two distinct saponins were observed in the various chickpea extracts. The identification of the major saponin as a DDMP‐conjugated saponin was verified using ¹H and ¹³C NMR, for the first time in chickpea. The MAE procedure most likely contributed to the conservation of the heat‐sensitive DDMP moiety. The pure chickpea saponin exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Penicillium digitatum and additional filamentous fungi. Two Fusarium strains tested were highly tolerant to the saponin. The potential for using MAE for the efficient extraction of natural products may assist in expediting the chemical analysis and characterization of the biological activities of such compounds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review

The use of bioactive compounds in different commercial sectors such as pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries signifies the need of the most appropriate and standard method to extract these active components from plant materials. Along with conventional methods, numerous new methods have been established but till now no single method is regarded as standard for extracting bioactive compounds from plants. The efficiencies of conventional and non-conventional extraction methods mostly depend on the critical input parameters; understanding the nature of plant matrix; chemistry of bioactive compounds and scientific expertise. This review is aimed to discuss different extraction techniques along with their basic mechanism for extracting bioactive compounds from medicinal plants.     

微波辅助法提取紫玉米植株花青素工艺条件优化研究

以紫玉米植株为材料,研究微波辅助法提取紫玉米花色苷的工艺条件,确定微波条件下花色苷最佳提取条件。结果表明,微波功率是影响花色苷提取的主因素,各因子对提取率的影响依次为:微波功率,微波辐射时间,提取温度,料液比;最佳条件为:微波辐射功率700w,辐射时间6min,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶20(g:mL)。与传统的浸提法相比,时间由24h缩短为7min,色素产率由12.24%增加到16.87%。微波辅助提取色素具有提取时间短、减少环境污染、节能省耗、提取率高等优点。     

微波辅助法从大豆废料中提取分离大豆皂苷的实验研究

以大豆废渣为原料,大豆皂苷产率为评价指标,进行了微波辐射下提取大豆皂苷的工艺条件研究,考察了微波功率、萃取溶剂种类、溶剂浓度、料液比、提取时间和提取级数等对大豆皂苷产率的影响,并在单因素考察基础上,通过正交实验设计得出优化工艺条件。结果表明:在微波功率270W、提取时间90s、乙醇浓度75%、料液比为1∶10的条件下得到最优工艺条件。与传统的溶剂浸提法、索氏提取法相比较,微波辅助提取具有提取时间短、效率高、节约能源、产品质量高、原料利用率高、无污染等优点,并且明显提高了大豆皂苷的含量。     

Current technologies and new insights for the recovery of high valuable compounds from fruits by-products

The recovery of high valuable compounds from food waste is becoming a tighten issue in food processing. The large amount of non-edible residues produced by food industries causes pollution, difficulties in the management, and economic loss. The waste produced during the transformation of fruits includes a huge amount of materials such as peels, seeds, and bagasse, whose disposal usually represents a problem. Research over the past 20 years revealed that many food wastes could serve as a source of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants and vitamins with increasing scientific interest thanks to their beneficial effects on human health. The challenge for the recovery of these compounds is to find the most appropriate and environment friendly extraction technique able to achieve the maximum extraction yield without compromising the stability of the extracted products. Based on this scenario, the aim of the current review is twofold. The first is to give a brief overview of the most important bioactive compounds occurring in fruit wastes. The second is to describe the pro and cons of the most up-to-dated innovative and environment friendly extraction technologies that can be an alternative to the classical solvent extraction procedures for the recovery of valuable compounds from fruit processing. Furthermore, a final section will take into account published findings on the combination of some of these technologies to increase the extracts yields of bioactives.     

Recovery of phenolic compounds from peach pomace using conventional solvent extraction and different emerging techniques

The study compared high-pressure, microwave, ultrasonic, and traditional extraction techniques. The following extraction conditions were implemented: microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) at 900 W power for durations of 30, 60, and 90 s; ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) at 100% amplitude for periods of 5, 10, and 15 min; and high-pressure processing (HPP) at pressures of 400 and 500 MPa for durations of 1, 5, and 10 min. The highest yield in terms of total phenolic content (PC) was obtained in UAE with a value of 45.13 ± 1.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW). The highest PC content was determined using HPP-500 MPa for 10 min, resulting in 40 mg GAE/100 g, and MAE for 90 s, yielding 34.40 mg GAE/100 g FW. The highest value of antioxidant activity (AA) was obtained by UAE in 51.9% ± 0.71%. The PCs were identified through the utilization of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Utilizing multivariate analysis, the construction of chemometric models were executed to predict AA or total PC of the extracts, leveraging the information from IR spectra. The FTIR spectrum revealed bands associated with apigenin, and the application of HPP resulted in concentrations of 5.41 ± 0.25 mg/100 g FW for apigenin and 1.30 ± 0.15 mg/100 g FW for protocatechuic acid. Furthermore, HPLC analysis detected the presence of protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and apigenin in both green extraction methods and the classical method. Apigenin emerged as the predominant phenolic compound in peach extracts. The highest concentrations of apigenin, p-coumaric acid, and protocatechuic acid were observed under HPP treatment, measuring 5.41 ± 0.25, 0.21 ± 0.04, and 1.30 ± 0.15 mg/kg FW, respectively.     

Multiresidue determination of tetracycline antibiotics in propolis by using HPLC-UV detection with ultrasonic-assisted extraction and two-step solid phase extraction

An analytical method in propolis was developed and validated for the determination of four tetracyclines (TCs) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the first time. After extraction by ultrasound, the extracting solution was subjected to Oasis HLB and weak cation-exchange cartridge to remove water-soluble and fat-soluble flavonoids, aromatic acids, terpenoid compounds, wax, and pollen debris. The calibration curves of fortified samples showed acceptable linear response (R² > 0.99) through a range of 100–5000 ng g⁻¹ in 20 replicates of six concentrations and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to validate the regression data. The limit of quantification of four TCs were 100 and 150 ng g⁻¹, respectively. The recoveries of the four TCs for propolis samples spiked with 100–500 ng g⁻¹ were in the range of 61.9–88.5% and the RSDs were between 4.80% and 13.2%. Traces of tetracycline were found in two out of 30 analysed real samples.     

Green Extraction Methods for Polyphenols from Plant Matrices and Their Byproducts: A Review

Polyphenols as phytochemicals have gained significant importance owing to several associated health benefits with regard to lifestyle diseases and oxidative stress. To date, the development of a single standard method for efficient and rapid extraction of polyphenols from plant matrices has remained a challenge due to the inherent limitations of various conventional extraction methods. The exploitation of polyphenols as bioactive compounds at various commercial levels has motivated scientists to explore more eco‐friendly, efficient, and cost‐effective extraction techniques, based on a green extraction approach. The current review aims to provide updated technical information about extraction mechanisms, their advantages and disadvantages, and factors affecting efficiencies, and also presents a comparative overview of applications of the following modern green extraction techniques—supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and pressurized hot water extraction—as alternatives to conventional extraction methods for polyphenol extraction. These techniques are proving to be promising for the extraction of thermolabile phenolic compounds due to their advantages over conventional, time‐consuming, and laborious extraction techniques, such as reduced solvent use and time and energy consumption and higher recovery rates with lower operational costs. The growing interest in plant‐derived polyphenols prompts continual search for green and economically feasible modern extraction techniques. Modern green extraction techniques represent promising approaches by virtue of overcoming current limitations to the exploitation of polyphenols as bioactive compounds to explore their wide‐reaching applications on an industrial scale and in emerging global markets. Future research is needed in order to remove the technical barriers to scale‐up the processes for industrial needs by increasing our understanding and improving the design of modern extraction operations.     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取核桃叶多酚的工艺研究

首次以陇南核桃叶为原料,运用超声波辅助提取技术对核桃叶中的多酚类物质进行提取,在温度为40℃,超声功率为110W的条件下,考察了料液比、超声时间、乙醇浓度对多酚提取率的影响,并利用响应面法优化了提取工艺,得出最佳工艺参数为:料液比为1∶10,超声提取时间为10min,乙醇浓度为70%,在最佳提取工艺的条件下,核桃多酚的含量可达到4.04mg/g,为核桃叶多酚的进一步开发提供了依据。     

超声辅助提取功劳木中盐酸小檗碱工艺研究

为了优化功劳木中盐酸小檗碱的超声波辅助提取工艺,采用单因子实验和L9(34)正交实验设计,研究了超声时间、超声功率、乙醇浓度、提取温度、液料比、筛分目数对功劳木中盐酸小檗碱提取的影响。结果表明,影响盐酸小檗碱得率的主次因素为乙醇浓度,液料比,超声时间,超声功率;经正交实验确定功劳木盐酸小檗碱最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度80%,超声提取时间为30min,超声功率选择为500W,液料比为9,经5次平行实验验证,该实验工艺稳定可靠,与对照实验相比,盐酸小檗碱得率可提高56.1%。     

MAE-GC/MS法测定食品中B(α)P

建立了测定食品中苯并芘(B(α)P)含量的MAE-GC/MS法。样品经微波辅助萃取技术前处理,DB-5MS弹性石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)分离,以B(α)P m/z=252为选择离子,串连四极杆选择离子检测模式检测,再以9-苯基蒽为内标,采用内标法定量。结果显示,B(α)P的检出限为0.01μg/kg,标准曲线线性范围为0~10μg/m L,相关系数为1.000,方法回收率达97%~103%;精密度良好:日内RSD0.5%,日间RSD1%;准确度良好:以阴性样品为基底物质,在0.1 m L甲醇苯并芘成分分析国家标准物质(GBW08702)的加标水平上,测定值在其标准值范围内。表明:该法前处理简单,回收率高,检出限、线性范围、准确度、精密度结果均满足要求,可用于测定食品中的B(α)P含量。     

Response surface methodology as a tool to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a widely used mathematical and statistical technique for modeling and optimizing the process for the extraction of bioactive compounds. This review explains the optimization approach through the use of experimental design and empirical models for response prediction and the utilization of the desirability function for multiple response optimization. This paper also reviews recent studies on the application of RSM to optimize bioactive compound extraction processes such as conventional solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Finally, the challenges associated with the use of RSM and the efforts made to improve RSM in the extraction process are also highlighted. Overall, this review informs many aspects of RSM that are occasionally ignored or insufficiently discussed with regard to the optimization of bioactive compound extraction processes, and it summarizes significant applications where RSM proved suitable. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Update on potential of edible mushrooms: high-value compounds,extraction strategies and bioactive properties

The traditional and growing importance of mushrooms due to their rich composition in nutritive and bioactive compounds converts the whole feedstock and their fractions into versatile attractive ingredients for food and nutraceuticals. The processing conditions are critically relevant to selectively recover high-valuable compounds in a sustainable way. This short review, covering scientific papers published in the last 2 years, offers an updated vision of the study and applications of edible mushroom bioactive compounds, covering aspects in relation to the novelties in the cultivation, isolation, identification, characterisation of chemical and biological properties, extraction technologies and purification, as well as food applications, particularly in novel foods.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanin of extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry

Anthocyanins (Acys) are naturally occurring compounds that impart color to fruit, vegetables, and plants. The extraction of Acys from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. var. Heritage) by microwave-assisted process (MAP) was studied. A central composite rotate design (CCRD) was used to obtain the optimal conditions of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and the effects of operating conditions such as the ratio of solvents to materials, microwave power and extraction time on the extraction yield of Acys were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions of MAE were ratio of solvents to materials 4:1 (ml/g), extraction time 12 min, and microwave power 366 W. Under these conditions 43.42 mg of Acys from 100 g of fresh fruits (T _Acy, expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside), approximately 98.33% of the total red pigments, could be obtained by MAE. The Acys compositions of extracts were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), 12 kinds of Acys had been detected and 8 kinds of Acys were characterized. Result indicated that cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2 ^G -glucosylrutinoside), cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside, cyanidin-3-(2 ^G -glucosylrutinoside), and cyanidin-3-rutinoside were main components in extracts. In addition, in comparison with the conventional solvent extraction, MAE is more efficient and rapid to extract Acys from red raspberry, due to the strong disruption of fruit tissue structure under microwave irradiation, which had been observed with the scanning electron microscopepy (SEM). However, the Acys compositions in extracts by both the methods were similar, which were investigated using HPLC profile.     

Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cookies: A comparative study of ultrasound and microwave-assisted procedures

The chromatographic determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cookies has been improved in order to obtain a fast method with a low limit of detection through the combination of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), oil saponification and solid-phase extraction clean-up before the injection of purified extracts in a C18 201TP52 (5 µm, 250 ×?2.1 mm) column. Using acetonitrile–water as mobile phase, with a 50% to 95% w/w acetonitrile gradient for a fixed flow of 0.250 ml min^?1, 15 PAHs were separated in 45 min. The column temperature was maintained at 15°C; and fluorimetric detection was made at a fixed excitation wavelength of 264 nm and emission measurements at the best wavelength for each analyte, from 352 nm for 11H-benzo[b]fluorene to 500 nm for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene. Recoveries for all 15 PAHs varied between 96 ±?4 and 105% ±?4%; and the limits of detection ranged from 0.015 ng g^?1 for chrysene to 0.7 ng g^?1 for phenantrene. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional Soxhlet extraction during 8-h refluxing with toluene, demonstrating that the methodology proposed is appropriate to quantify PAHs in cookies. Furthermore, the microwave-assisted method was faster and used less solvent than the conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods. The extraction time was reduced to 9 min compared with the 8 h required for Soxhlet extraction and 60 min required for ultrasound-assisted treatment, and the solvent consumption has been reduced to 25 ml compared with the 155 and 90 ml required using Soxhlet and ultrasound, respectively.     

Maillard模式反应牛肉香精挥发性风味成分分析

应用同时蒸馏萃取（SDE）和固相微萃取（SPME）两种预处理方法，GC-MS分析Maillard模式反应牛肉香精的挥发性风味成分，共分离鉴定出87种挥发性化合物，其中2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇、四氢-2-甲基-3（2H）-呋喃酮、双二（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）二硫醚、3-甲基-2-乙酰基噻吩等为特征型牛肉香味化合物。两种提取方法互为补充，较为全面的反映了牛肉香精的风味轮廓组成。