AC side harmonic and phenomena accompanying DC-injection of utility-interactive PV system

The experiments investigated phenomena related to direct contact between the DC output of a PV array and the AC power from the utility grid. The results show that the DC power flows through the distribution transformers (DC-injection) saturating their magnetic circuits. The saturation of magnetic circuits makes peak currents, incorporating a large portion of even harmonics, flow through the high-voltage side of the distribution transformer, adding the level of harmonic distortion of its exciting current. With the increase of injecting DC-current to the utility grid, peak currents at the primary side of distribution transformer increases the most, and even among the same effective (rms) values, the increase of primary side current is larger than that of the secondary side current.     

考虑特高压和复杂接线的直流偏磁风险治理

准东—皖南特高压直流工程是世界上首个±1 100kV特高压输电工程,避免其可能造成的直流偏磁风险意义重大。为此,结合安徽电网规划情况,对接地极附近165km范围内的大地构造调研和现场实测反演得到等效的土壤模型,依据场路耦合理论建立安徽电网交流系统直流电流分布计算模型,计算各个变电站主变中性点电流,分析了直流偏磁对安徽省交流电网影响范围、影响程度及主要的影响因素,并探讨了换流站和特高压站变压器受直流偏磁的影响,针对各电压等级变电站提出直流偏磁抑制措施,制定治理原则,进一步探究综合治理方案,从而使治理效果、治理经济性达到较好的平衡。     

特高压直流对同塔交流线路的过电压影响分析

随着我国电力工业的发展,特高压直流输电凭借其在远距离输电上的优势而成为我国特高压发展的重要方向。局部地区电力走廊紧缺,使交直流同塔架设输电线路成为必然。当交直流导线同塔架设时,将在导线间产生很强的电磁耦合。主要研究特高压直流线路故障对同塔架设交流线路过电压的影响。根据规划中的锡盟—上海交直流同塔多回输电线路相关数据,采用电磁暂态程序建立了详细的直流换流站模型以及交直流同塔架设输电线路模型,研究了特高压直流输电线路故障对同塔架设的超高压交流线路的影响,并分析了不同故障类型、运行工况、耦合段线路长度、耦合段位置等因素对交流感应过电压的影响。结果表明,交流线路上的感应过电压幅值在交流线路绝缘水平允许范围内;直流发生接地故障时,交流线路通过耦合作用在直流故障弧道产生潜供电流。分析了交流线路不同换位方式对直流线路潜供电流的影响,并对限制措施提出了建议。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF ELECTRO-SLAG REMELTING PROCESS

Flow and heat transfer characteristics in the electro-slag remelting process (ESR) are important in manufacturing steel of good quality. An integrated numerical model is developed to compute the flow field and the temperature distribution inside ESR units with a metal pool profile which is solved simultaneously. In addition to the conservative equations of mass, momentum, energy, and turbulent properties, Maxwell's equations are employed to obtain the electromagnetic field by either AC or DC power supply. The results include the effects of power supply type, current amplitude, casting rate, and flow field patterns (laminar or turbulent) on flow and heat transfer characteristics. Different flow patterns and turbulent properties have been predicted using a pool profile close to the real one for AC and DC power supplies. The present model concludes that the casting rate and current amplitude are very effective in affecting the pool shape.     

Performance analysis of a SOFC button cell using a CFD model

In this study, a 2-D numerical model is investigated to predict and evaluate the performance of an anode-supported SOFC button cell. The flow field is calculated using 2D Navier–Stokes equations. Heat and mass transfer equations are solved to calculate species and temperature distribution in the cell body and in fuel and air channels. The electrical and electrochemical processes are simulated coupled with the heat and mass transfer model. A discretized network circuit is adopted to the cell geometry for considering the ohmic losses and joule heating of the current that passes through the cell body. The model predicts the cell output voltage, the local EMF and the state variables pressure, temperature and species concentrations. The local electrical parameters are calculated based on the local pressure, temperature and concentration of the species. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data and good agreement is observed. The simulation is carried out for different input fuel flow rates and humidification. The results show how the input fuel mass flow rate and humidification level affects the button cell SOFC performance. In addition, influences of the anode thickness on cell performance through the ohmic over potential are investigated.     

Impact of selection of DC base values and DC link control strategies on sequential AC-DC power-flow convergence

This paper demonstrates the convergence of the integrated AC-DC power-flow algorithm as affected by the selection of different base values for the DC quantities and adoption of different control strategies for the DC link. For power-flow modeling of integrated AC-DC systems, the base values of the various DC quantities can be defined in several ways, giving rise to different sets of per-unit system equations. It is observed that different per-unit system models affect the convergence of the power-flow algorithm differently. In a similar manner, the control strategy adopted for the DC link also affects the power-flow convergence. The sequential method is used to solve the DC variables in the Newton Raphson (NR) power flow model, where AC and DC systems are solved separately and are coupled by injecting an equivalent amount of real and reactive power at the terminal AC buses. Now, for a majority of the possible control strategies, the equivalent real and reactive power injections at the concerned buses can be computed a-priori and are independent of the NR iterative loop. However, for a few of the control strategies, the equivalent reactive power injections cannot be computed a-priori and need to be computed in every NR iteration. This affects the performance of the iterative process. Two different per-unit system models and six typical control strategies are taken into consideration. This is validated by numerous case studies conducted on the IEEE 118-bus and 300-bus test systems.     

交流侧接地方式对多端柔性直流配电网保护配置的影响

  [目的]  为了提高多端环形柔性直流配电网的供电可靠性,研究了交流侧不同接地方式下的故障特征及其对保护配置的影响。  [方法]  首先确定了两电平、模块化多电平等不同类型换流设备的交直流故障等效通路,从故障过压、过流水平及故障恢复等方面分析了不同接地方式下交直流不对称故障对保护配置的影响。随后从保护原理配置、定值整定、出口方式及配合原则等方面,给出了多端环形柔性直流配电网典型保护配置方案。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件下搭建了三端柔性直流配电网的电磁暂态模型。  [结果]  仿真结果表明:当交流侧采用高电阻接地方式时,通过合理的保护配置可提高交流不对称故障时系统的稳定性、实现直流不对称故障的零停电时间故障穿越。  [结论]  研究成果为多端柔性直流配电网的接地方式设计、保护配置研究提供了一定参考。     

Triumph of AC. 2. The battle of the currents

This is the second part of a two-part article on the early development of electric power systems and the competition between advocates of direct current (DC) and of alternating current (AC) for the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy. The first part discussed the invention of the practical incandescent light; the development, chiefly by Thomas Edison, of low-voltage DC power systems; and the work of Nicola Tesla, William Stanley, George Westinghouse, and others in Europe and in North America that led to the advent of AC power systems. This second part of the article discusses what became known as "the battle of the currents.".     

Equivalent circuit representation of a vortex-induced vibration-based energy harvester using a semi-empirical lumped parameter approach

Small-scale wind energy harvesting from vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) has been introduced in recent years as a renewable power source for microelectronics and wireless sensors. Previous studies have focused on modeling and optimizing the VIV-based piezoelectric energy harvester (VIVPEH) structures and simplified the complicated interface circuits as pure resistors with an alternating current (AC) output. In practice, an AC output is required to be transformed into a direct current (DC) followed by further regulations before being used for real applications. Incorporating the rectification and regulation, traditional theoretical and numerical models will become extremely cumbersome and even impossible. To address this issue, this work proposes an equivalent circuit model (ECM) for a typical VIVPEH. The Scanlan-Ehsan aerodynamic force model is employed to describe the fluid-structure interaction. Wind tunnel experiments are carried out to validate the derived model. The performances of the VIVPEH with AC and DC interface circuits are subsequently analyzed and compared to understand the influences of these circuits on the operational wind speed bandwidth, power output, vibration amplitude, and electrical damping.     

Thermal Buckling Analysis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Through a Nonlocal Shell Theory Incorporating Interatomic Potentials

Described in the current study is the thermal buckling behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (WCNTs) via a nonlocal atomistic-based shell model. The model including the effects of small-scale length and the van der Waals (vdW) forces between adjacent nanotubes is established through the incorporation of the interatomic potential into the nonlocal Flügge shell theory. This model links the strain energy density induced in the continuum to Eringen's nonlocal constitutive relations. The set of coupled field equations are analytically solved for two types of temperature distribution. The present model is of a distinguishing feature which is its independence from the widely scattered values of Young's modulus and the effective wall thickness of carbon nanotubes.     

Highly efficient maximum power point tracking using DC–DC coupled inductor single-ended primary inductance converter for photovoltaic power systems

Solar photovoltaics (PVs) have nonlinear voltage–current characteristics, with a distinct maximum power point (MPP) depending on factors such as solar irradiance and operating temperature. To extract maximum power from the PV array at any environmental condition, DC–DC converters are usually used as MPP trackers. This paper presents the performance analysis of a coupled inductor single-ended primary inductance converter for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a PV system. A detailed model of the system has been designed and developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The performance evaluation has been conducted on the basis of stability, current ripple reduction and efficiency at different operating conditions. Simulation results show considerable ripple reduction in the input and output currents of the converter. Both the MPPT and converter efficiencies are significantly improved. The obtained simulation results validate the effectiveness and suitability of the converter model in MPPT and show reasonable agreement with the theoretical analysis.     

变频器对船舶电网电流谐波影响及抑制方案

针对变频调速推进系统对船舶电网电流谐波的影响,通过改变变频器输出功率和输出频率,观察变频器交流侧电网电流谐波的变化规律,详细分析了变频器在交流电网侧产生的间谐波。结果表明,变频器输出功率、输出频率降低,交流电网侧电流谐波畸变率增大;间谐波主要分布于低频段,间谐波频率越低,谐波幅值越大。由此提出了基于无源滤波器、直流侧电容和高通滤波器综合滤波方案,并利用Matlab建立仿真模型进行分析,有效验证了方案的可行性。     

真空钎焊炉加热体的数值模拟

通过建立基于ANSYS平台的真空钎焊炉加热体的三维有限元模型,采用热电耦合单元,模拟出了该加热体将电流转换为焦耳热并通过辐射传热将热量传递给周围环境的过程中加热体自身温度场、电压、电流密度等的分布情况。同时通过提取ANSYS后处理数据得到了该过程中的总体焦耳热生成及辐射热损失。     

An alternating current heating method for lithium‐ion batteries from subzero temperatures

An alternating current (AC) heating method for lithium‐ion batteries is proposed in the paper. Effects of current frequency, amplitudes and waveforms on the temperature evolution and battery performance degradation are respectively investigated. First, a thermal model is established to depict the heat generation rate and temperature status, whose parameters are calibrated from the AC impedance measurements under different current amplitudes and considering battery safe operating voltage limits. Further experiments with different current amplitudes, frequencies and waveforms on the 18650 batteries are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the AC heating. The experimental data recorded by appropriate measurement instrument are of great consistence with simulation results from the thermal model. At high frequency, the temperature rises prominently as the current increases, and high frequency serves as a good innovation to reduce the battery degradation. However, efficient temperature rise can be obtained from high impedance at low frequencies. Typically, 600 s is needed to heat up the battery from ?24 °C to 7.79 °C with sinusoidal waveform and approximately from ?24 °C to 25.6 °C with rectangular pulse waveform at 10A and 30 Hz. The model and experiments presented have shown potential value in battery thermal management studies for electric vehicle (EV)/hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications at subzero temperatures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑高山影响的UHVDC单极大地运行感应电势分析

特高压直流输电系统单极—大地回路运行时,会使附近交流电网遭受直流偏磁危害,地表电位的准确求解是预防和治理直流偏磁危害的重要环节。针对高山对感应电势的影响,首先建立了考虑高山影响的复合土壤结构模型,并运用镜像法与行波法推导出感应电势的计算公式,分析了大地参数对感应电势分布的影响,发现高山的存在抬高了高山与直流接地极之间的感应电势,增大了高山两侧的感应电势差。进而以±800kV天中特高压直流输电工程为例,在Matlab中搭建模型计算哈密地区交流电网中直流电流分布情况。结果表明,各变电站接地极的直流电流仿真值与实测值相符。     

基于混合电场线性叠加原理的换流变压器内部电场分布规律研究

换流变压器是特高压直流输电系统中的关键设备,其阀侧承受着交直流复合电压.研究热老化对交直流电压在油纸绝缘内分布的影响,可为换流变压器油纸选型提供理论借鉴.选取了换流变压器常用的绝缘油和绝缘纸作为研究对象,并对2种不同油纸组合展开加速热老化试验,测量并分析试验过程中绝缘油和绝缘纸的介电常数和电阻率的变化规律,在此基础上通...     

Improved particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic system connected to the grid with low voltage ride through capability

Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system encounters different types of abnormalities during grid faults; the grid side inverter is subjected to three serious problems which are excessive DC link voltage, high AC currents and loss of grid-voltage synchronization. This high DC link voltage may damage the inverter. Also, the voltage sags will force the PV system to be disconnected from the grid according to grid code. This paper presents a novel control strategy of the two-stage three-phase PV system to improve the Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability according to the grid connection requirement. The non-linear control technique using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) of a PV system connected to the grid through an isolated high frequency DC–DC full bridge converter and a three-phase three level neutral point clamped DC-AC converter (3LNPC²) with output power control under severe faults of grid voltage. The paper, also discusses the transient behavior and the performance limit for LVRT by using a DC-Chopper circuit. The model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The proposed control succeeded to track MPP, achieved LVRT requirements and improving the quality of DC link voltage. The paper shows superiority of IPSO than Incremental Conductance (IC) method during MPPT mode of PV system.     

Current mapping of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with a segmented current collector during the gas starvation and shutdown processes

Current distribution during the gas starvation and shutdown processes is investigated in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with an active area of 184 cm². The cell features a segmented cathode current collector. The response characteristics of the segmented single cell under different degrees of hydrogen and air starvation are explored. The current responses of the segment cells at different positions under a dummy load in the shutdown process are reported for various operating conditions, such as different dummy loads, cell temperatures, and gas humidities under no back pressure. The results show that applying a dummy load during the cell shutdown process can quickly reduce the cell potential and thereby avoid the performance degradation caused by high potentials. The currents of all the segment cells decrease with time, but the rate of decrease varies with the segment cell positions. The rate for the segment cells near the gas outlet is much higher than that of the segment cells near the gas inlet. The current of the segment cells decreases much more quickly at a lower gas humidity and high temperature. This study provides insights in the development of mitigation strategies for the degradation caused by starvation and shutdown process.     

大型变速恒频风力发电机组建模与仿真

基于SIMULND技术,利用双馈感应发电机、风力机、电压型变流器、电压型逆变器的数学模型建立了相应的仿真模型;并对定子侧直接与50Hz电网连接,转子侧连接AC/DC/AC变流器的典型变速恒频风力发电系统进行了仿真验证.几个单独的风力发电系统子系统可以通过级联的方式构成大型风力发电场来模拟整个电网的运行情况.仿真结果表明,DFIG仿真模型的正确性和验证大型风电场的有效性.     

Analysis of variable-frequency currents superimposed on DC currentsin asynchronous HVDC links in stressing turbine-generator-exciter shafts

The paper makes an indepth analysis of the excitation of shaft torsional vibrations in steam turbine-generator-exciter shafts by variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on DC currents in asynchronous links using the finite element and reduced models of the machine shafts. Frequencies at which sympathetic shaft torsional vibrations would be excited by modulation product harmonics in 50 Hz/50 Hz and 50 Hz/60 Hz asynchronous links as a function of deviation in system frequency are illustrated. It is shown that amplitude of shaft torque due to steady resonant torque excitation is a function of initial rate of increase of vibrations at adjacent cells, the time constant for decay of the vibration, and stiffness between adjacent shaft cells