益生菌来自健康声明的挑战

本文介绍了全世界不同国家和地区关于健康声明应用的法律规范。健康声明必须依据科学的证据,提供这些证据需要一个漫长而昂贵的过程,而且必须解决一系列的挑战。应用体内、体外不同的方法,筛选和鉴定益生菌。体外研究一般用于筛选目的,获得被测菌株特异性功能等信息,以及评估它们的安全性。差强人意的前期筛选、有限的体外实验及不合适的动物模型经常导致体外结果和体内可行性之间相互矛盾。益生菌最终必须通过适当设计的人体临床研究得到验证。通过实验证据来鉴定益生菌和证实它们在临床试验中的效果,比其他的功能性食品更具挑战,因为这些效果是由活的微生物所介导的,并且微生物本身的状态也会影响这些效果。本文逐一回顾了益生菌健康声明的具体步骤。     

Comparison of requirements for using health claims on foods in the European Union,the USA,Canada, and Australia/New Zealand

Nutrition is recognized as one of the leading factors influencing the growing incidence of noncommunicable diseases. Despite society experiencing a global rise in obesity, specific populations remain at risk of nutrient deficiencies. The food industry can use health claims to inform consumers about the health benefits of foods through labeling and the broader promotion of specific food products. As health claims are carefully regulated in many countries, their use is limited due to considerable investments required to fulfill the regulatory requirement. Although health claims represent a driving force for innovation in the food industry, the risk of misleading of consumers need to be avoided. The health claim scientific substantiation process must be efficient and transparent in order to meet the needs of companies in the global market, but should be based on strong scientific evidence and plausible mechanisms of actions, to ensure highest level of consumer protection. The objective of this review is to compare the possibilities for using health claims on foods in the European Union, the USA, Canada, and Australia and New Zealand. In particular, we focused on differences in the classification of claims, on the scientific substantiation processes and requirements for health claims use on foods in the selected regions. Reduction of disease risk (RDR) claims are associated with relatively similar procedures and conditions for use, whereas several notable differences were identified for other types of claims. In all cases, RDR claims must be approved prior their introduction to the market, and only a few such claims have been authorized. Much greater differences were observed concerning other types of claims.     

The effects of middle infrared radiation intensity on the quality of dried tomato products

The effects of air temperature (T) (unheated and 35 °C), infrared radiation intensity (IP) (894, 1004, 1190, 1314 and 1410 Wm^?2) and air velocity (Av) (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ms^?1) on drying characteristics of tomatoes, drying time (DT), specific energy consumption (SEC) and quality parameters were investigated. DT and SEC varied between 114 and 249 min, 10.04 and 18.22 MJ kg^?1 water, respectively, and were significantly affected by process variables. Shrinkage ratio (S) and rehydration ratio (R_r) were varied between 0.129 and 0.214, 2.11 and 2.86 for all the drying conditions, respectively. Total colour change (ΔE) varied from 5.30 to 13.19. Vitamin C content decreased, while lycopene content increased with infrared drying. For optimum points, desirability of functions of all targets had satisfactory, very good and excellent desirability values and ranged between 0.54 and 0.99.     

Status and use of food products with health claim (FPHC) in the USA, Japan and France an anthropological perspective

Food Products with Health Claims (FPHC) are presented as a valuable alternative to pharmaceutical products. Their acceptance is believed to vary substantially from country to country according to the degree of understanding of the health content of the claims. The results of an anthropological fieldwork involving 144 US, Japanese and French respondents show that the status and use of FPHC are also driven by three well-established anthropological factors: the meal structure, the influence of medical discourses and the social representations of the body.In each country, FPHC rectify and integrate the ordinary food consumption. They are used to conform to norms influenced by culturally constructed food habits and ideals of health. Thus, cross-cultural differences in the adoption of FPHC are not due to an allegedly defective consumers’ perception of the claims, but rather to different ways of appropriating these products depending on cultural orientations proper to each country.     

臭氧、1-MCP和乙烯吸收剂组合处理对番茄保鲜效果的影响

研究不同保鲜剂组合处理对番茄保鲜效果的影响。分别进行以下处理:乙烯吸收剂和臭氧组合处理,1-MCP和臭氧组合处理,乙烯吸收剂(EA)和1-MCP及臭氧组合处理,以不进行三者处理为对照。臭氧间隔处理浓度为17.14 mg/m³,时间15 min,用微孔膜包装,每袋7.5 kg,于(10±1) ℃下贮藏。并通过测定番茄硬度、呼吸速率、营养成分、代谢产物、酶活性和香气含量等指标来确定处理番茄的最佳的保鲜剂组合。结果表明:与其它处理相比,采用O₃+EA+1-MCP处理可较好地保持番茄硬度,抑制呼吸,减缓可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、维生素C和番茄红素含量的降低,抑制丙二醛的积累、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶的活性,保持番茄的香气含量。O₃+EA+1-MCP处理对番茄具有良好的保鲜效果。     

Partial dehydration of cherry tomato at different temperature, and nutritional quality of the products

This study concerns the partial dehydration of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum, var. Shiren) to obtain a product with 25% initial water content. Two kinds of dried tomatoes were obtained using a forced air oven at 40, 60 and 80 °C for different lengths of treatment. The first type was dehydrated after immersion of the fresh tomatoes in an aqueous solution of citric acid, sodium and calcium chloride (10:10:24 g/l); the second was obtained with no pre-treatment. The products were characterised by measuring their CIE L*a*b* colour parameters and levels of l-ascorbic acid, lycopene and β-carotene to evaluate thermal damage during processing under the different conditions. Moreover, water activity and the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were also determined as an index of sugar heat degradation. Treatment with a dipping solution protected both the nutritional and chemical qualities of the partially dried cherry tomatoes. Temperature was directly related to browning, ascorbic acid loss and HMF formation, while no clear influence could be found for carotenoid degradation.     

Effect of thermal processing on the degradation, isomerization, and bioaccessibility of lycopene in tomato pulp

Thermal processing affects the nutritional value of food products. The nutritional value is not only determined by the content but also by the bioaccessibility of nutrients. The present study was performed to gain detailed insight into the influence of thermal processing on the degradation, isomerization, and bioaccessibility of lycopene isomers in tomato pulp, without adding any other ingredient. The bioaccessibility, which is defined as the fraction of the nutrient that can be released from the food matrix, was measured using an in vitro method. The results demonstrated the rather high thermal stability of lycopene. Although a treatment at 140 °C induced isomerization, the contribution of cis-lycopene to the total lycopene content remained small. Results also confirmed that thermal processing as such can improve the in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene in tomato pulp, but the improvement was only significant upon treatments at temperatures of 130 and 140 °C. At such intense process conditions, one should be aware of the negative effect on other quality and nutrient parameters. Possibilities of thermal processing as such to improve the nutritional value of tomato pulp (without the addition of other ingredients) thus looks rather limited.     

International Perspectives on Substantiating the Efficacy of Herbal Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Through Evidence on Traditional Use

The efficacy of botanicals in medicines can be substantiated with evidence on traditional use, whereas in foodstuffs, this is often not possible. In Europe, for example, the evaluation and subsequent authorization of health claims on herbal dietary supplements (HDS) have been put on hold by the European Commission. This study aims to analyze the role of evidence on traditional use in international legal frameworks of foods and pharmaceuticals. Both legal sources as well as scientific studies offering insights into these regulatory frameworks were included into the analysis. The international approach toward evidence on traditional use for substantiating efficacy of botanicals varies highly. For herbal medicines, substantiating efficacy with evidence on traditional use is possible in all studied jurisdictions, except for Japan and the United States. HDS efficacy can only be substantiated with evidence on traditional use in India and New Zealand, although the enforcing authorities do not describe which data are required. Australia and Canada regulate botanicals in a separate “borderline” category from foods and pharmaceuticals. Both jurisdictions allow for substantiating efficacy with evidence on traditional use. This study's second objective was to assess the applicability of the international approaches in the European legal framework, in light of the ongoing political debate regarding the use of traditional evidence. Implementation of the analyzed international approaches would require major revisions of the current European legal framework. This review of international approaches might, however, aid in deciding upon future approaches for substantiating health claims with evidence on traditional use.     

Occurrence and human health risks of twenty-eight common antibiotics in wild freshwater products from the Xiangjiang River and comparison with the farmed samples from local markets

ABSTRACT

The occurrence of 28 common antibiotics in wild and farmed aquatic products from different species was comprehensively investigated in the present study. The results showed that a larger number of antibiotics could be detected quantitatively in wild samples, while the farmed samples had higher concentrations. Twenty, 17, and 14 target compounds were found in the muscles of wild molluscs, wild fish and farmed fish with total concentrations of 2.02–16.4 ng g^–1, 0.51–11.9 ng g^–1, and <LOD – 144 ng g^–1, respectively. Quinolones could be frequently detected in all investigated samples with higher concentrations, while sulphonamides were only detected more frequently in wild molluscs. For wild samples, sulfamethoxazole, sulphamethazine, clarithromycin, and ciprofloxacin are the main antibiotics that were detected in molluscs and fish with different residues. However, there was almost no significant residue difference among different wild fish. Compared with other studies in China or overseas, antibiotic residues in the investigated fish were almost always at a relative low level. Monte Carlo simulation showed that the farmed fish posed higher health risks than the wild fish, while the proportion of the consumers with chronic toxic risk (HI) of farmed fish higher than 0.05 (a distinct risk) was only 1.15 %.     

上海市2011~2015年保健食品中铅、砷、汞污染 状况分析及评价

目的 采用新、旧两版GB 16740标准对上海市保健食品中铅、砷、汞残留量进行分析与评价, 了解重金属污染状况及评价标准改变带来的变化。方法 采用国家标准规定的检测方法, 对2011~2015年上海市收检的保健食品进行铅、砷和汞残留量测定, 并使用SPSS 19.0对测定结果进行统计分析。结果 上海市2011~2015年共检测保健食品7306份, 按旧版GB 16740评价, 总合格率为96.17%, 铅、砷和汞残留量总超标率分别为3.09%、1.46%和0.22%; 按新版GB 16740评价, 总合格率为98.06%, 铅、砷和汞残留量总超标率分别为1.28%、0.94%和0.22%, 超标样品中胶囊剂和茶剂居多。结论 上海市保健食品中铅、砷、汞污染水平总体较低, 新版的评价标准改变了原标准中根据剂型判断结果的模式, 使得结果评价更为合理。     

Variation of the chemical composition of tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) according to resistance against the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)

BACKGROUND: Tomato producers are looking for alternatives to protect their crops against the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), including replacement of cultivars with other more resistant ones. Major chemical components, sugars, mineral composition, organic acids, lycopene, total phenols and hydroxycinnamic acids were determined in six tomato cultivars, three of them (Boludo, Dorothy and Tyna) resistant, and the other three (Daniela, Dominique and Thomas), non‐resistant against TYLCV. RESULTS: The Daniela cultivar showed the greatest difference with respect to the others, mostly due to the higher content of soluble solids. The major significant differences between the mean values according to the cultivar and resistance against the TYLCV were observed for total soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid, total phenols and hydroxycinnamic acids. High coefficients of correlation were found between glucose and fructose, and among ferulic, caffeic and p‐coumaric acids. CONCLUSION: Linear discriminant analysis made it possible to differentiate tomato samples according to the cultivar. A clear varietal influence on the chemical composition was observed; however, resistance or non‐resistance against TYLCV does not seem to influence the chemical composition. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Genetic parameters for body weight from birth to calving and associations between weights with test-day,health, and female fertility traits

A data set including 57,868 records for calf birth weight (CABW) and 9,462 records for weight at first insemination (IBW) were used for the estimation of direct and maternal genetic effects in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Furthermore, CABW and IBW were correlated with test-day production records and health traits in first-lactation cows, and with nonreturn rates in heifers. Health traits considered overall disease categories from the International Committee for Animal Recording diagnosis key, including the general disease status, diarrhea, respiratory diseases, mastitis, claw disorders, female fertility disorders, and metabolic disorders. For single-trait measurements of CABW and IBW, animal models with maternal genetic effects were applied. The direct heritability was 0.47 for CABW and 0.20 for IBW, and the direct genetic correlation between CABW and IBW was 0.31. A moderate maternal heritability (0.19) was identified for CABW, but the maternal genetic effect was close to zero for IBW. The correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects was antagonistic for CABW (?0.39) and for IBW (?0.24). In bivariate animal models, only weak genetic and phenotypic correlations were identified between CABW and IBW with either test-day production or health traits in early lactation. Apart from metabolic disorders, there was a general tendency for increasing disease susceptibilities with increasing CABW. The genetic correlation between IBW and nonreturn rates in heifers after 56 d and after 90 d was slightly positive (0.18), but close to zero when correlating nonreturn rates with CABW. For the longitudinal BW structure from birth to the age of 24 mo, random regression models with the time-dependent covariate “age in months” were applied. Evaluation criteria (Bayesian information criterion and residual variances) suggested Legendre polynomials of order 3 to modeling the longitudinal body weight (BW) structure. Direct heritabilities around birth and insemination dates were slightly larger than estimates for CABW and IBW from the single-trait models, but maternal heritabilities were exactly the same from both models. Genetic correlations between BW were close to 1 for neighboring age classes, but decreased with increasing time spans. The genetic correlation between BW at d 0 (birth date) and at 24 mo was even negative (?0.20). Random regression model estimates confirmed the antagonistic relationship between direct and maternal genetic effects, especially during calfhood. This study based on a large data set in dairy cattle confirmed genetic parameters and (co)variance components for BW as identified in beef cattle populations. However, BW records from an early stage of life were inappropriate early predictors for dairy cow health and productivity.     

发酵乳制品与中老年人群健康相关性研究进展：来自队列研究的证据

发酵乳制品因发酵而发生结构和质地改变,并产生独特营养物质,且具有特殊的风味和营养特点,对中老年人健康具有较多健康益处。基于全球队列研究的相关证据,本文综述了发酵乳制品摄入与中老年人群超重/肥胖、心脑血管疾病、糖尿病前期和糖尿病、认知、肿瘤发生间的相关性,以及发酵乳制品潜在健康作用机制的研究进展。     

2016~2017年北京市售保健食品中重金属监测结果分析与评价

目的 分析保健食品中重金属污染状况, 评价北京市售保健食品重金属铅、总砷、总汞的总体水平。方法 采用国家标准方法, 对2016~2017年北京市售的1397批保健食品进行铅、总砷、总汞含量测定, 采用Excel和SPSS 19.0进行数据统计, 依据GB 16740-2014和产品质量标准判定, 结合产品规格与食用方法, 计算产品中重金属每周摄入量, 用于安全评价。结果 共检测1397批产品, 总合格率为98.5%。铅、总砷、总汞合格率分别为98.9%、99.5%和99.8%; 检出率分别为95.2%、85.5%和50.4%; 5种剂型保健食品中, 3种重金属元素含量均以茶剂最高, 其差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001); 1批胶囊剂中汞含量超标, 但基本存在于胶囊壳中。筛选出39批婴幼儿保健食品, 重金属含量均符合产品质量标准与国家标准要求。产品铅、总砷、总汞每周摄入量均符合粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)联合法典委员会要求。结论 2016~2017年北京市售保健食品中重金属整体监测情况良好, 且无蓄积中毒的风险; 茶剂产品的重金属含量较高, 但考虑其冲泡方式的特殊性, 实际重金属摄入量较低; 另发现个别胶囊壳中汞含量超标, 建议加强保健食品辅料、包材中重金属污染情况监测。     

Dung treated by high-temperature composting is an optimal bedding material for suckling calves according to analyses of microbial composition,growth performance,health status,and behavior

Bedding materials are important for suckling buffalo calves. Treated dung has been used as a bedding material for dairy cows but the lack of an appropriate safety assessment limits its application. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of treated dung (TD) as a bedding material for suckling calves by comparing TD with rice husk (RH) and rice straw (RS) bedding materials. The TD was prepared through high-temperature composting by Bacillus subtilis. Thirty-three newborn suckling buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis, 40.06 ± 5.79 kg) were randomly divided into 3 bedding material groups (TD, RH, and RS) and bedded with 1 of the 3 bedding materials for 60 d. We compared cost, moisture content, bacterial counts, and microbial composition of the 3 bedding materials, and investigated growth performance, health status, behavior, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters of bedded calves. The results showed that TD contained the fewest gram-negative bacteria and coliforms on d 1 and 30 and the lowest relative abundance of Staphylococcus throughout the experiment. The RH and TD bedding materials had the lowest cost. Calves in the TD and RS groups showed a higher dry matter intake, and final body weight and average daily gain in the TD and RS groups tended to be higher than in the RH group. Calves in the TD and RS groups had a lower disease incidence (diarrhea and fever), fewer antibiotic treatments, and lower fecal score than calves in the RH group. Higher contents of IgG, IgA, and IgM were observed in calves of the TD and RS groups than in calves of the RH group on d 10, indicating higher immune ability in TD and RS groups. Furthermore, TD bedding increased the butyric acid content in the calf's rumen, whereas RS bedding increased the acetate content, which might be attributed to the longer time and higher frequency of eating bedding material in the RS group. Considering all of the above indicators, we concluded that TD is the optimal bedding material for calves based on economics, bacterial count, microbial diversity, growth performance, and health status. Our findings provide a valuable reference for bedding material choice and calf farming.     

Tropane alkaloid contamination of agricultural commodities and food products in relation to consumer health: Learnings from the 2019 Uganda food aid outbreak

Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are secondary plant metabolites derived mainly from Solanaceae plant families, with the most virulent invasive species being Datura stramonium. Datura stramonium commonly grows in cereal fields and produce TAs (e.g., hyoscyamine and scopolamine) which may accidentally contaminate cereals (and cereal-based foods) at occasionally high levels. Dietary exposure to TAs can be toxic and depending on the dose ingested can cause outcomes ranging from anticholinergic effects to acute poisoning and death. In 2019, 315 adults became ill and another five adults died in Uganda following consumption of a “Super Cereal” (a fortified blended food) that was later confirmed to be contaminated by TAs—a scenario which provoked this holistic review on TAs in foodstuffs. Thus, this article provides information on the history, development, occurrences, exposures, and human legislative and health benchmarks for TAs. It describes control strategies for reducing TA contamination of agricultural commodities and resultant health implications following consumption of TA contaminated foodstuffs. Adequate application of food safety control measures (including maximum limits) and good practices, from the start of cereal cultivation through to the final stages of manufacturing of food products can aid in the reduction of seeing toxic plants including D. stramonium in cereal fields.     

Monitoring by LC-MS/MS of 48 compounds of sildenafil,tadalafil, vardenafil and their analogues in illicit health food products in the Korean market advertised as enhancing male sexual performance

More than 46 phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor analogues have been found to be present as illegal adulterants in various forms of health food products (powder, tablet, capsule, etc.), thereby placing the health of consumers at risk through product intake. In this study, 164 samples advertised to be effective at enhancing male sexual performance were collected over a 4-year period (2009–2012) from the Korean on-line or off-line market and screened. An LC-MS/MS method was employed to screen for the presence of 48 compounds including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and their analogues. Method validation established LOQs (0.30–10.00 ng ml^?1 or ng g^?1) and recoveries (spiked in liquid sample, 84–112%; spiked in solid sample, 83–110%). Most of the illicit products screened were adulterated with 14 of the PDE5 derivatives under examination, including considerable amounts of sildenafil and tadalafil; of the 48 compounds, tadalafil was the most frequent adulterant (42.6%), followed by sildenafil (27.9%). Specifically, tadalafil concentration ranges (mg g^?1) in the samples collected over the 4-year period were determined as follows: 2.91–52.20 (2009), 4.50–108.10 (2010), 0.37–101.40 (2011), and 0.08–138.69 mg g^?1 (2012). The concentration ranges (mg g^?1) of sildenafil were also at high levels: 4.90–117.96 (2009), 1.30–369.93 (2010), 0.03–241.77 (2011), and 18.34–297.91 mg g^?1 (2012). The results of screening for PDE5 inhibitor pharmaceuticals as adulterants in illicit health food products are of great significance with respect to the protection of public health and consumer safety.     

1996—2022年我国含益生元保健食品批准情况、添加频次、功能及适宜人群调查分析

目的 系统调查我国已批准含益生元保健食品的产品信息,为相关法规制定和产品生产提供基础数据。方法 调查1996—2022年我国含益生元保健食品的审批信息,包含保健食品配料表、功能声称、适宜人群等信息,建立产品信息库,统计分析各益生元原料添加频次、产品功能声称、适宜人群分布情况。结果 1996—2022年共批准含益生元保健食品504个,多以复配方式添加,但使用原料主要集中于低聚果糖（44.44%）、异麦芽低聚糖（22.02%）和低聚木糖（19.05%）;功能声称较单一,以“增强免疫力”“通便”和“调节肠道菌群”的产品居多,分别占38.20%、32.60%和14.60%;产品中常见的适宜人群依次是免疫力低下者、便秘者和胃肠功能紊乱者。结论 我国含益生元保健食品未来有很大的发展空间,需要更新相关政策法规,指导生产企业及时跟进,促进我国含益生元保健食品的健康发展。     

Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products,SmartCare in milk replacer and Original XPC in calf starter,on the performance and health of preweaned Holstein calves challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium

This study was designed to investigate the effects of supplementing SmartCare (SC; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) in milk replacer and Original XPC (XPC; Diamond V) in calf starter on performance and health of preweaned calves following an oral challenge with Salmonella enterica. The study was performed in two 35-d periods with 30 Holstein bull calves (2 ± 1 d of age) per period. In each period, calves were blocked by location in the barn and randomly assigned to treatments that included control, base milk replacer and calf starter with no added Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products; SC, milk replacer with 1 g of SC/calf per day and base calf starter; and SC+XPC, milk replacer with 1 g of SC/calf per day and calf starter with 0.5% XPC on a dry matter basis. Calves were fed 350 g of milk replacer solids at 14% dry matter twice daily at 0700 and 1700 h. Calf starter and water were offered ad libitum and intakes were recorded daily. Calves were challenged with 108 cfu of sulfamethazine-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium orally on d 14 of the study. Fecal Salmonella shedding was determined on d 14 to 21 (daily), 24, 28, and 35 using selective media. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 28, and 35 and analyzed for hematology; plasma were analyzed for haptoglobin concentrations. All data were reported as CON, SC, and SC+XPC, respectively. Calf starter intake was increased from d 22 to 35 among SC+XPC calves and from d 29 to 35 among SC calves. The SC+XPC calves had a lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (0.81, 0.83, and 0.69 ± 0.051) throughout the study. The SC+XPC calves also had lower hematocrits (35.1, 35.3, and 33.4 ± 0.54%) and hemoglobin concentrations (10.8, 10.6, and 10.1 ± 0.16 mg/dL) throughout the study. We found a tendency for calves fed SC and SC+XPC to have more solid fecal scores during the week after the challenge. We observed no treatment or treatment × time differences on plasma haptoglobin concentrations (63, 48, and 60 ± 0.5 μg/mL). No treatment differences were observed in the fecal shedding of the Salmonella; however, we noted a tendency for a treatment difference in the percentage of calves positive for Salmonella present in the ileal tissue at d 21 after the challenge (25, 50, and 60%). Supplementing preweaned Holstein calves with both SC in milk replacer and XPC in calf starter improved starter intake and improved fecal consistency immediately after a mild Salmonella enterica challenge, but more data are needed to further understand how these yeast fermentation products influence the immune responses to Salmonella enterica.