Electrical Characteristics Based on Resistance and Impedance of Polish Olkuska Sheep Lambs Wool

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to determine the electrical characteristics of wool derived from Polish Olkuska breed lambs. The comparison involved the features of wool both in its natural state and washed. The lambs were bathed on the 1st and 14th days of life. Electrical features were determined on the basis of impedance (Ω) and resistance (Ω) for wool samples from 16 lambs from twin litters. The wool samples were collected from the lambs on the 14th and 35th days of life. The results of blood morphology (RBC, WBC, HGB, HCT, PLT, MCV, MCH, MCHC) were used in order to evaluate the health status of both lambs subjected to bathing and control ones. The level of resistance and impedance at low frequencies in both cases demonstrated the step changes from 0 Ω to over 100 MΩ. This shows that wool has the features of a dielectric (insulator) in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 64 kHz. At a frequency of > 64 kHz, there was a linear trend of decline in the value from about 30 kΩ to the lowest values of resistance and impedance at a frequency of 1 MHz, and these values amounted to > 7.3 kΩ and > 4 kΩ, respectively. The effect of lamb bathing on the electrical properties of wool was demonstrated. These treatments resulted in an increase in resistance of wool from 35-day-old lambs bathed on the 14th day of life compared to the control group (maximum differences at the level of 40–50%). In turn, wool of lambs bathed on the 1st day of life had lower resistance than wool from lambs in the control group, on average 10–20% lower. No significant correlations were demonstrated between bathing treatment and lamb health status, except for higher levels of leukocytes in the 14-day-old lambs subject to bathing on the 1st day of life compared to the control, which amounted to 8.76 x 10⁹/L, and 6.38 x 10⁹/L (P ≤ 0.05), respectively.     

羊毛的漆酶催化酚类化合物原位染色性能

漆酶能够在有氧条件下催化酚类化合物聚合生成有色物质，从而对羊毛纤维原位上染。不同酚类化合物苯环上酚羟基与氨基基团的位置与数目影响纤维颜色及耐水洗/摩擦色牢度。与原羊毛相比，经酶促染色的羊毛纱线断裂强力、耐磨性、耐热性能均有提升，增重明显。     

Chemical,morphological and structural characteristics of crossbred wool fibers

Abstract

Crossbreeding of a local sheep called Ghezel thick wool with Arkharmerino fine wool is one of the interest studies in the last decade to improve the local sheep’s products quality. In this study, the chemical and mechanical properties of Arkharmerino, Ghezel and their first and second-generation wool fibers were investigated. The diameter, length and tensile properties of wool fibers were studied. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum were also performed to evaluate the morphological and physical characteristics of all samples. The results showed that crossbreeding Ghezel ewes with Arkharmerino rams led to improving the wool fiber characteristics from chemical and physical properties points of view in the final application. The higher fineness, higher length, lighter color and higher tenacity were resulting from Arkharmerino–Ghezel in the second generation in comparison with Ghezel wool fibers.     

Contribution of objective and subjective attributes to the variation in the whiteness and brightness of commercial mohair sale lots

Colour properties are measured prior to the sale of merino wool as they are of commercial importance when greasy wool is sold and when wool is dyed. With the paucity of knowledge of the colour properties of commercial mohair, this study aimed to identify and quantify the factors affecting the brightness (Y) and yellowness (Y-Z) values of commercial lots of Australian mohair. The research database comprised 520 sale lots (>500,000 kg mohair), which had tristimulus tests, and was sold during the period 2001–2009. Mohair was subjectively classed and sale lots objectively tested using international standard methods for mean fibre diameter (MFD, μm), fibre diameter coefficient of variation (%), International Wool Testing Organization (IWTO) clean wool base (IWTO yield, %w/w), vegetable matter (VM, %w/w) and the tristimulus values X, Y and Z (T units). The tristimulus values of Australian mohair were affected by the objective measurements of MFD, VM%, the subjective classing of stain, cotting, kemp and length and by the year and selling season. Variation in Y was more easily predicted with 90.5% of variance explained by the best model compared with variation in Y-Z, where the best model explained 51.6% of the total variance. Visually assessed properties of the mohair were very important in separating mohair of different Y properties, accounting for almost 80% of the total variance, but were far less important in accounting for the variance in Y-Z, accounting for about 9–10% of the total variance. The most important effects on the Y of mohair were associated with subjectively determined fault categories determined before the sale of mohair. In particular, stain fault explained about two-thirds of the variance in brightness of mohair sale lots. Stained mohair had much lower brightness than mohair free of stain but stain fault explained very little of the variation in yellowness of mohair sale lots. The extent of the differences in tristimulus values between seasons and years were not large for Y but were more important for yellowness (Y-Z), and these effects are likely to be of commercial importance. Generally, brightness decreased and yellowness increased as MFD increased up to about 30 μm. Both cotting and kemp fault were associated with reduced brightness and increased yellowness. The effects of VM% on tristimulus values were small. IWTO yield was associated with changes in tristimulus values, but in the best model, IWTO yield was not a significant determinant. This study indicates that commercial Australian fleece (nonfaulted) mohair was essentially white. Faulted mohair on the other hand exhibited poorer colour characteristics. The mohair subjectively identified as stained prior to sale comprised all the mohair which would be regarded as not white, and this investigation indicates that the effect of staining is on the brightness of mohair rather than the Y-Z measurement. Unlike the situation with merino wool, there was little relationship between the naturally occurring contaminants, as measured by the IWTO washing yield, and either Y or Y-Z.     

Biodegradation of Wool by Bacteria and Fungi and Enhancement of Wool Quality by Biosurfactant Washing

Biodegradation of Ryeland and Shetland wool by Bacillus subtilis W3 and Streptomyces albidoflavus were investigated. The effect of treating raw wool with Rhamnolipid was also studied. It is shown that the wool surface morphology is improved with effective displacement of surface contaminants revealing a smooth outer cuticle layer after just 2 days. These results have important practical implications for the establishment of a quick and easy biodegradable process for wool scouring finishing in textile industry or for the pre-treatment of keratinous waste materials before degradation by bacteria or fungi. This methodology provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical pre-treatments.     

几种动物绒絮料的热湿舒适性比较

利用自主研发的技术制作了几种动物绒纤维絮料以及动物绒与鸭绒的混纤絮料。通过对各种絮料热湿性能的测试比较,发现兔绒、绵羊绒、驼绒絮料的导热性能相当,而牦牛绒絮料的导热性偏大。在鸭绒絮料中混入一定量的牦牛绒或绵羊绒纤维时,其隔热性能略有下降,但能有效地阻止对流散热的增大。绵羊绒、驼绒、牦牛绒絮料的吸湿性能接近,且将一定量的上述纤维混入鸭绒絮料中时会提高絮料吸湿性能,但会降低其透湿性。     

Hydrothermal Treatment of Wool Fibers with Tetrabutyl Titanate and Chitosan

In order to improve the dye depth of TiO₂-modified wool fibers, chitosan is incorporated with tetrabutyl titanate in preparing the nanosized TiO₂ particles, which are loaded on the surfaces of wool fibers, during hydrothermal process. The TiO₂ coated wool fibers are subsequently dyed with Lansol Blue 3G. The structural changes of wool fibers before and after treatments are characterized by several techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and diffuse reflectance spectrum. The properties of tensile, antibacterial activity, yellowness and whiteness indices, dye uptake, K/S value, color fastness to washing, rubbing, and artificial light are also compared. It is found that the as-prepared TiO₂ particles with pure anatase phase are easy to agglomerate because of the introduction of chitosan. Meanwhile, the aggregated particles are deposited on the surface of wool fibers via a simple hydrothermal route. Compared with the original wool fibers, the thermal behaviors of the TiO₂ coated wool fibers change slightly. The performances of UV protection, antibacterial activity, dyeing depth, and color fastness to wet rubbing and artificial light are improved to some degree. However, the tensile properties of wool fibers decrease but not too much.     

Increased efficiency of wool growth and live weight gain in Merino sheep fed transgenic lupin seed containing sunflower albumin

The aim of this experiment was to assess, using sheep, the nutritive value of lupin seed transgenically modified to contain sunflower seed albumin. Eighty Merino wether sheep of mean live weight 32.3 kg were divided into two groups and fed 796 g dry matter (DM) day⁻¹ of a cereal hay‐based diet containing 350 g kg⁻¹ of either the transgenic or parent (unmodified) lupin seed for 6 weeks. Measurements were made of wool growth and live weight gain. After 6 weeks, half the sheep in each group were selected for a urine and faeces balance study in which organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N) and urinary purine metabolites were measured. Blood samples were taken from all sheep at the beginning and end of treatment and analysed for amino acids and plasma metabolites. A comprehensive chemical analysis of the grains showed that there was little difference between them in terms of most nutritional components, but the transgenic lupin seed contained a 2.3‐fold higher methionine concentration and 1.3‐fold higher cysteine than did the parent. There were no significant differences between grains in OM digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis or in sacco degradability of dry matter. Sheep fed the transgenic lupin grain had an 8% higher rate of wool growth (P < 0.01) and 7% higher live weight gain (P < 0.05) than sheep fed the parent grain. The sulphur (S) concentration of wool and the cysteine concentration of plasma were also higher in the sheep fed the transgenic lupin by 2.7% and 11.5% respectively (P < 0.05). Plasma methionine was increased by 10%, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.1). Plasma urea N was lower in the sheep fed the transgenic grain than those fed the parent grain (6.5 vs 6.8 mmol l⁻¹, P < 0.05). The results show that genetic modification of a feed grain can improve its nutritive value for ruminants. The size and nature of the responses were consistent with the transgenic lupins providing more methionine to the tissues, a first‐limiting amino acid for sheep. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preparation and properties of nano-SiO2-coated wool fibers

Nano-SiO₂-coated wool fibers were prepared by coating nano SiO₂ onto wool fibers pretreated by low-temperature plasma (LTP) irradiation. The morphologies and structures of coated wool fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fourier transformation infrared spectrometry. The results show that after LTP irradiation, the surface structure of wool fibers was changed and new chemical bonds were formed; nano-SiO₂ combined well with the wool fibers and formed a functional layer on the surface of wool fibers. Compared with parent wool, the coated wool fibers had better thermal stability, breaking strength, elongation, and frictional property.     

7—YIELD-TESTING OF GREASY-WOOL CORE SAMPLES: PART I: AN IMPROVED SAMPLE WASHER OF NOVEL DESIGN

The increasing volume of yield-testing of greasy wool indicates the need for equipment that has a greater rate of handling samples and is more automatic than that employed in methods in current use. New washer equipment has been developed in which samples are washed by being dispersed and circulated around a long pipe by a special pump; the arrangement ensures thorough treatment of the whole sample and facilitates complete collection after washing. Released dirt is removed continuously from the system during washing. After being washed, the sample is discharged directly into a can, dewatered by suction, and dried in the same can by forced convection of hot air. Experimental prototypes have been built and have been extensively tested in a commercial testing laboratory.

When the washer is used in a conventional yield-testing arrangement with one operator, samples can be handled at a rate of 20 samples/hr, and the total time required to process a sample to obtain a washing-yield value is about 25 min. It is intended that the rate of testing will be 30 samples/hr when the equipment is used as a section of a Wool-base Analyser.     

Efficient mothproofing of wool through natural dyeing with walnut hull and henna against Dermestes maculatus

There is a growing need for eco-friendly mothproofing property owing to stringent environmental regulations. One type of insects responsible for critical damage of the usual protein wool fabric is the hide beetle Dermestes maculatus. In this research, efficient mothproofing procedure is introduced through natural dyeing of protein wool fabric with walnut hull and henna as environmental friendly dyes. The wool fabrics were first mordanted with aluminum sulfate and then dyed with walnut hull and henna dyes. The mothproofing properties of control, walnut hull, and henna-dyed wool samples were evaluated statistically. Mothproofing was assessed through the study of damages on wool surface by the larvae of hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus, as feeding protein fibers and wool weight loss (%) were measured. The damage intensity of wool fabric surface was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy images. The analysis of variance was utilized to obtain the optimum conditions for mothproofing. Further, reflectance and absorbance of wool samples were reported. Finally, the experimental results indicated highest protection against Dermestes maculatus on the both walnut hull and henna-dyed protein wool.     

First Application of Mix Metallic Salt Mordant Combinations to Develop Newer Shades on Wool with Bixa orellana Natural Dye Using Reflectance Spectroscopy

Annatto colorants derived from Bixa orellana L. seeds have been extensively used in a wide range of food commodities such as dairy products, flour confectionery, fish, soft drinks, meat products, snack foods, and dry mixes. To exploit its use as a colorant for textiles, this research study investigates for the first time pre-mordanting of wool with bi and tri metal salt combinations using aluminum potassium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and stannous chloride mordants in order to develop natural and beautiful shades on wool with variation in hue and tone. The dyeing was carried by exhaustion method and dyed samples were analyzed using a Reflective Spectrophotometer in terms of CIELAB (L*, a*and b*) and K/S values and washing and light fastnesses were investigated according to I.S.O. standard recommendations. In the dyeing experiments, wool samples pre-mordanted with Fe + Sn displayed highest color strength followed by Fe + Al and Al + Sn combinations. The results showed that overall 36 different shades having good to very good fastness properties were produced by the use of different metallic salt combinations in the natural dyeing of wool using annatto dye.     

Residue behaviour of six pesticides in button crimini during home canning

The effect of home canning (including washing, boiling, cooling, adding solution and sterilisation) on residue levels of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, abamectin, pyriproxyfen and β-cypermethrin and chlorothalonilin on button crimini was assessed. Residues of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, abamectin and pyriproxyfen were measured by UPLC-MS/MS; the residues of β-cypermethrin and chlorothalonil were measured by GC. Results showed that washing resulted in a 3.8% reduction of the initial residue level of imidacloprid (p ≤ 0.05). From washing to sterilisation the processing effect was significant compared with raw crimini (p ≤ 0.05), but processing through cooling and adding solution had no effect. For diflubenzuron, from raw crimini to sterilisation the processing effect was significant by comparison with the initial level (p ≤ 0.05); the processing effect was not obvious between two sequential steps, and the sequential steps have list: washing and boiling, boiling and cooling, boiling and adding of solution, cooling and adding solution. The changes in abamectin levels were also significant from raw crimini to sterilisation compared with raw crimini (p ≤ 0.05), but the changes were not obvious from boiling to adding solution and amongst them. For pyriproxyfen, washing resulted in a 39% reduction, but changes were not obvious from washing to sterilisation, p ≤ 0.05 between two consecutive steps. The whole procedure could significantly decrease residues of β-cypermethrin (p ≤ 0.05); washing could significantly reduce residues of β-cypermethrin; the effects of last procedures were complicated, and p ≤ 0.05 between two consecutive steps. Washing resulted in an 80% reduction of chlorothalonil; after washing there were no detectable residues. After the whole process, the processing factors for imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, abamectin, pyriproxyfen, β-cypermethrin and chlorothalonil were 0.40, 0.22, 0.04, 0.85, 0.28 and 0, respectively.     

Investigation of effects of protease enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis 168 E6-5 and commercial enzyme on physical properties of woolen fabric

Abstract

Wool is one of the most important fibers in textile industry, and has been commonly used for producing value added products due to its properties of lightness, warmth, softness, and smoothness. However, the special scale structure in wool cuticle can cause felting shrinkage of wool fabrics. Proteases have been widely used to modify the surface of wool to prevent wool felting, due to their ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in wool scales. Although the treatment of wool with proteases was considered as an environmentally friendly technique to provide wool fabrics with shrink resistance properties, proteases exhibited low efficacy in removing the cuticle scales because of the highly cross-linked barriers. In this study, wool fabric was treated with protease enzyme obtained from novel isolated bacteria and commercial protease enzyme, and the results were compared. The tear strength, pilling changes in ΔE values, whiteness and yellowness values of wool were controlled. Results showed that treatment with Bacillus subtilis 168 E6-5 protease enzyme yielded improvements in the physical properties of wool fabric compared with commercial enzyme.     

机洗对精纺羊毛机织面料刺痒感的影响

文章通过对经防缩整理、毛涤混纺和普通全毛三大类共14种精纺羊毛机织面料进行家庭机洗,并在一定的温湿度条件下对洗涤前后的面料进行前臂试验以评价其刺痒感的变化。测试结果表明：水洗前后毛涤混纺面料的刺痒感呈现了显著性的差异,水洗后的刺痒感明显比水洗前增强;而经防缩整理和普通全毛的面料在洗涤前后的刺痒感则没有明显差异。     

牛皮浸灰过程毛纤维的变化

采用热台显微镜对牛皮浸灰过程中毛纤维的表面形态及耐热性能进行了研究。结果表明,随浸灰时间的增加,毛纤维的表面破坏明显严重,纤维的干热收缩温度基本相同,但最终收缩率降低,热稳定性提高。     

Gel-forming ability of small scale mud carp (Cirrhiana microlepis) unwashed and washed mince as related to endogenous proteinases and transglutaminase activities

Gel-forming ability of small scale mud carp (Cirrhiana microlepis) mince and washed mince was investigated with respect to their proteinase and transglutaminase (TGase) activities. Proteinases in sarcoplasmic fluid showed the optimum activity at 65 °C and pH 9, whereas autolytic activity was maximum at 70 °C and pH 10, indicating the presence of heat-stable alkaline proteinases. When mince was washed with three volumes of water twice, TGase and proteinases were mainly removed in the first washing cycle, resulting in a decreased autolytic activity of washed mince. Breaking force of the single washed mince gels was greater than the twice washed mince and the unwashed mince gels (p<0.05). Pre-incubation of mince pastes at 40 °C for 1 h prior to cooking (90 °C/30 min) increased breaking force of all samples, particularly the single washed mince (p<0.05). This coincided with an increase of higher molecular weight polymers observed on SDS-PAGE. Washing did not completely eliminate proteinases as it was evident by an increased trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble oligopeptides of washed gels pre-incubated at 55 °C. Whiteness values of washed mince gels were greater than that of mince gels.     

洗涤时间对毛/涤织物起毛起球性能的影响

文章研究了不同的洗涤时间对不同比例的毛/涤机织物起毛起球性能的影响。洗涤后的织物进行了起毛起球性能测试与起球个数的统计分析。结果发现,织物经不同时间洗涤后,抗起毛起球性能随着洗涤时间的增加有着不同程度的恶化。毛/涤织物的混纺比例和织物的经纬密是影响织物抗起球性能的主要因素。对于纯毛织物,经纬密度小的织物,随着洗涤时间的延长,织物的起球个数增加;对于毛/涤织物,毛含量高的织物,随着洗涤时间的增加,织物的起球个数减少。     

Laccase-catalyzed in-situ dyeing of wool fabric

Compared to the traditional dyeing processes using synthetic dyes, biological dyeing method has a bright future in the textile industry due to their advantages of environmentally-friendly and milder processing conditions. Biological dyeing involves the catalysis of phenolic monomers by oxidoreductases, such as laccase, to form the colorful polymers used for dyeing. In this study, wool fabrics were treated with laccase/phenol via a one- or two-step treatment, and polymers synthesized in-situ were used to dye wool fabrics. The K/S values of the wool fabrics were evaluated under different treatment conditions, including the dosages of laccase and dye precursor, temperature, pH, mediator type, and mechanical agitation. The surface of wool fibers was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the dyeing effect of the wool fabric samples using the single step processing method of in-situ color synthesis and fabric dyeing was better than those dyed using the two-step methods of color synthesis and fabric dyeing under the same conditions. The color depth of the dyed wool fabrics increased gradually with increasing concentration of laccase, and also depended on other process parameters, such as dosage of catechol, temperature, and pH. Moreover, addition of mediators and adjustment of mechanical agitation also improved the color depth of the wool fabrics which were dyed in-situ.