面向驾驶培训的汽车驾驶模拟运动模型的构建

为了提高驾驶培训中汽车驾驶模拟系统的实时性和仿真性,本文在过去主动式汽车模拟驾驶系统基础上,撇开汽车整体性能评估模型的制约,提出汽车运动仿真模型的简化条件,根据汽车发动机负载的特性和万有特性,构建了汽车运动简化模型,解决了模拟驾驶系统数据采集的实时性以及连续性难题,实验验证表明,构建的汽车驾驶模拟运动模型和仿真算法可靠...     

The influence of cruise control and adaptive cruise control on driving behaviour--a driving simulator study

Although Cruise Control (CC) is available for most cars, no studies have been found which examine how this automation system influences driving behaviour. However, a relatively large number of studies have examined Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) which compared to CC includes also a distance control. Besides positive effects with regard to a better compliance to speed limits, there are also indications of smaller distances to lead vehicles and slower responses in situations that require immediate braking. Similar effects can be expected for CC as this system takes over longitudinal control as well. To test this hypothesis, a simulator study was conducted at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Twenty-two participants drove different routes (highway and motorway) under three different conditions (assisted by ACC, CC and manual driving without any system). Different driving scenarios were examined including a secondary task condition. On the one hand, both systems lead to lower maximum velocities and less speed limit violations. There was no indication that drivers shift more of their attention towards secondary tasks when driving with CC or ACC. However, there were delayed driver reactions in critical situations, e.g., in a narrow curve or a fog bank. These results give rise to some caution regarding the safety effects of these systems, especially if in the future their range of functionality (e.g., ACC Stop-and-Go) is further increased.     

Efficient driver drowsiness detection at moderate levels of drowsiness

Previous research on driver drowsiness detection has focused primarily on lane deviation metrics and high levels of fatigue. The present research sought to develop a method for detecting driver drowsiness at more moderate levels of fatigue, well before accident risk is imminent. Eighty-seven different driver drowsiness detection metrics proposed in the literature were evaluated in two simulated shift work studies with high-fidelity simulator driving in a controlled laboratory environment. Twenty-nine participants were subjected to a night shift condition, which resulted in moderate levels of fatigue; 12 participants were in a day shift condition, which served as control. Ten simulated work days in the study design each included four 30-min driving sessions, during which participants drove a standardized scenario of rural highways. Ten straight and uneventful road segments in each driving session were designated to extract the 87 different driving metrics being evaluated. The dimensionality of the overall data set across all participants, all driving sessions and all road segments was reduced with principal component analysis, which revealed that there were two dominant dimensions: measures of steering wheel variability and measures of lateral lane position variability. The latter correlated most with an independent measure of fatigue, namely performance on a psychomotor vigilance test administered prior to each drive. We replicated our findings across eight curved road segments used for validation in each driving session. Furthermore, we showed that lateral lane position variability could be derived from measured changes in steering wheel angle through a transfer function, reflecting how steering wheel movements change vehicle heading in accordance with the forces acting on the vehicle and the road. This is important given that traditional video-based lane tracking technology is prone to data loss when lane markers are missing, when weather conditions are bad, or in darkness. Our research findings indicated that steering wheel variability provides a basis for developing a cost-effective and easy-to-install alternative technology for in-vehicle driver drowsiness detection at moderate levels of fatigue.     

Effect of different breath alcohol concentrations on driving performance in horizontal curves

Driving under the influence of alcohol on curved roadway segments has a higher risk than driving on straight segments. To explore the effect of different breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) levels on driving performance in roadway curves, a driving simulation experiment was designed to collect 25 participants’ driving performance parameters (i.e., speed and lane position) under the influence of 4 BrAC levels (0.00%, 0.03%, 0.06% and 0.09%) on 6 types of roadway curves (3 radii × 2 turning directions). Driving performance data for 22 participants were collected successfully. Then the average and standard deviation of the two parameters were analyzed, considering the entire curve and different sections of the curve, respectively.     

A driving simulator study of driver performance on deceleration lanes

Deceleration lanes are important because they help drivers transition from high-speed lanes to low-speed ramps. Although they are designed to allow vehicles to depart the freeway safely and efficiently, many studies report high accident rates on exit ramps with the highest percentage of crashes taking place in deceleration lanes.     

Differentiating risky and aggressive driving: Further support of the internal validity of the Dula Dangerous Driving Index

The Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) is a cross-cultural validated instrument that measures simultaneously various manifestations of behaviours, cognitions, and affects associated with dangerous driving. The aims of the study were to translate the DDDI into French and then to verify the validity and reliability of the French version of the scale by means of observed behaviours on a driving simulator, and of self-reported measures of driving behaviours, personality and sociodemographic characteristics. A first sample of 395 drivers completed self-reported questionnaires and a second sample of 75 male drivers also completed tasks on a driving simulator. A confirmatory factorial analysis supported the internal validity of the scale. Findings also show that the French version of the DDDI yields good internal consistency, concomitant and convergent validity for each subscale (risky driving, negative cognitive/emotional driving and aggressive driving) and total score. The scale was useful to differentiate sociodemographic and psychological profiles associated with each subscale.     

驾驶行为量表(中国版)的制订及信效度检验

目的检验中文版驾驶行为量表(Driving Behavior Scale,DBS)在国内驾驶员群体中的信度、效度和适用性。方法采用中文版驾驶行为量表对360名驾驶员进行了测量,获得328份有效问卷,通过项目分析和因素分析,形成最终中文版量表。结果量表共有21个题目,分为3个维度:过度的安全/谨慎行为、驾驶功能缺陷和敌意/攻击行为。累计方差解释率为62.48%。量表的内部一致性系数为0.86,各个因素的内部一致性系数在0.81-0.93之间,P均0.001。修订后中文版驾驶行为量表各维度与驾驶安全态度量表各维度之间显著相关。这说明该量表的相容效度良好。结论最终中文版驾驶行为量表信效度良好,能够可靠而有效的测量国内焦虑驾驶行为。     

Multi-sensor selection optimization and driver warning decision for dynamical virtual driving simulator

This article presents a framework for the design and development of a multi-sensor selection optimization mechanism for a driver assistance simulation system. The multi-sensor selection mechanism is formulated as an optimization problem and solved by integer linear programming. Both static and dynamic driving scenarios are considered in the formulation; where a static scenario denotes an off-line multi-sensor selection problem and a dynamic scenario denotes an online driving condition transformation problem. The objective function for determining an optimal set of sensors is in terms of guaranteed coverage, energy, bandwidth, and reliability of sensors. For different driving conditions, and driver commands, a selection algorithm is developed for identifying the environment around the vehicle and warning the driver. The selection algorithm and multiple-vehicle driving examples are successfully implemented in a virtual driving simulator.     

Commentary training improves responsiveness to hazards in a driving simulator

Can commentary driving produce safer drivers? Producing a verbal commentary of potential hazards during driving has long been considered by the police to improve hazard perception skills. In this study we investigated whether learner drivers would benefit from being trained to produce a commentary drive. All learners were initially assessed on a virtual route in a driving simulator that contained 9 hazards. One group of drivers was then trained in commentary driving, and their subsequent simulated driving behaviour was compared to a control group. The results showed that the trained group had fewer crashes, reduced their speed sooner on approach to hazards, and applied pressure to the brakes sooner than untrained drivers. Conversely the untrained drivers’ behaviour on approach to hazards was symptomatic of being surprised at the appearance of the hazards. The benefit of training was found to be greater for certain types of hazard than others.     

利用数学模型实现动态测试系统目标模拟器的校准

某型导弹动态测试系统在交付验收试运行中出现长弹道仿真的命中率低下问题,因此要对目标模拟器摆镜的驱动能力进行校准验证。本文通过对产品结构原理和测试方法的分析,建立了比例导引数学模型,然后用数学仿真的方法,对目标模拟器摆镜的驱动能力进行了校准验证,解决了动态测试专用设备驱动能力校准的技术难题。     

On-road experiment to assess drivers’ detection of roadside targets as a function of headlight system,target placement,and target reflectance

Adaptive headlights swivel with steering input to keep the beams on the roadway as drivers negotiate curves. To assess the effects of this feature on driver’s visual performance, a field experiment was conducted at night on a rural, unlit, and unlined two-lane road during which 20 adult participant drivers searched a set of 60 targets. High- (n = 30) and low- (n = 30) reflectance targets were evenly distributed on straight road sections and on the inside or outside of curves. Participants completed three target detection trials: once with adaptive high-intensity discharge (HID) headlights, once with fixed HID headlights, and once with fixed halogen headlights. Results indicated the adaptive HID headlights helped drivers detect targets that were most difficult to see (low reflectance) at the points in curves found by other researchers to be most crucial for successful navigation (inside apex). For targets placed on straight stretches of road or on the outside of curves, the adaptive feature provided no significant improvement in target detection. However, the pattern of results indicate that HID lamps whether fixed or adaptive improved target detection somewhat, suggesting that part of the real world crash reduction measured for this adaptive system (Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), 2012a) may be due to the differences in the light source (HID vs. halogen). Depending on the scenario, the estimated benefits to driver response time associated with the tested adaptive (swiveling HID) headlights ranged from 200 to 380 ms compared with the fixed headlight systems tested.     

车联网信息对驾驶员视觉注意与行为的影响

目的探讨不同驾驶情景下车联网信息呈现形式及复杂度对驾驶过程和绩效的影响。方法采用3(信息复杂度:无、简单、复杂)*2(信息通道:视、听)*3(驾驶场景:纵向、横向、转角)多因素混合设计,以驾驶员视觉注意指标、驾驶行为指标为因变量,共招募60名驾驶员,分两组。结果 (1)车联网信息以听觉通道呈现会增加行车稳定性及方向盘控制稳定性,且不会损害驾驶员的视觉注意行为,视觉则相反;(2)信息简单也会增加行车稳定性及方向盘控制稳定性。结论横向与纵向路径以听觉呈现简单信息有利于促进安全驾驶行为,转角路径中应避免车联网信息。     

基于驾驶模拟实验的驾驶员气质与驾驶行为关系研究

目的本文研究驾驶员气质差异与驾驶行为之间的关系。方法随机抽取21名驾驶员参与驾驶模拟实验,获取受试者的气质与驾驶行为数据,再利用统计分析软件对实验数据进行统计分析。结果不同气质类型驾驶员的驾驶行为存在着明显的差异,胆汁质驾驶员的操纵行为安全性较差,有事故倾向性特征;粘液质驾驶员的操纵行为安全性较好,是四类驾驶员中最适合做驾驶员的气质类型。结论通过驾驶员气质测评可以预测驾驶员的驾驶操纵行为,评价驾驶员的安全驾驶水平,可为驾驶员的甄选、培训提供一定的依据。     

The Prosocial and Aggressive Driving Inventory (PADI): A self-report measure of safe and unsafe driving behaviors

Surveys of 1217 undergraduate students supported the reliability (inter-item and test–retest) and validity of the Prosocial and Aggressive Driving Inventory (PADI). Principal component analyses on the PADI items yielded two scales: Prosocial Driving (17 items) and Aggressive Driving (12 items). Prosocial Driving was associated with fewer reported traffic accidents and violations, with participants who were older and female, and with lower Boredom Susceptibility and Hostility scores, and higher scores on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Neuroticism. Aggressive Driving was associated with more frequent traffic violations, with female participants, and with higher scores on Competitiveness, Sensation Seeking, Hostility, and Extraversion, and lower scores on Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness. The theoretical and practical implications of the PADI's dual focus on safe and unsafe driving are discussed.     

Simulation: its application in the nuclear power industry

The complexity and the inherent hazards associated with nuclear power stations demand sophisticated analytical techniques for their design and engineering. Simulation is a powerful technique, which is being extensively used in the nuclear power industry. Its application covers design of control and safety systems, transient analysis, analysis of unusual occurrences in the existing plant, incorporation of modifications, accident analysis, safety evaluation and design of full scale training simulators. This paper highlights some of the work carried out in this field in the Reactor Group of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Some of the design features of the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Unit I (RAPS I) full scale Training Simulator being developed at the BARC have also been indicated.