钴掺杂二氧化锡基氢气传感器气敏特性研究

氢气(H2)是溶解在变压器油中的重要故障特征气体,对油中溶解的H2气体浓度进行在线监测能实时有效反映变压器的运行状况.针对传统的二氧化锡基气体传感器检测油中溶解气体存在工作温度较高,气体响应较低的问题,提出一种用金属钴Co掺杂纳米二氧化锡SnO2基传感器检测变压器油中溶解气体的方法,介绍其制备方法研制气体传感器并测试H2气敏特性,同时基于第一性原理对其敏感机理进行了探讨.结果表明:金属Co掺杂SnO2后传感器的最佳工作温度降低至300℃,对50μL/L H2的灵敏度增到12.16,Co掺杂后SnO2的导带负移,在费米能级附近出现了新的掺杂能级,增大了SnO2表面的导电性能,H2吸附在Co-SnO2表面时,价带顶附近区域出现了新的表面态,有利于载流子在价带和导带间的转移,从而改善传感器的气敏性能.     

基于纳米结构氧化锌的水体酚类污染监测研究

利用气相传输法制备了形貌均一、尺寸适当的纳米ZnO棒,并利用其良好的生物兼容性在其表面组装了酪氨酸酶进行酚类物质水体污染的电化学检测传感研究。讨论了ZnO纳米结构制备的条件优化和用于传感的响应结果与影响因素。该传感器对邻苯二酚和苯酚具有快速的安培响应。线性范围分别为0.02 mmol/L~0.12 mmol/L和0.01 mmol/L~0.4 mmol/L,灵敏度分别为0.83μA/(mmol/L)和2.14μA/(mmol/L),检测限分别为15.57μmol/L和4μmol/L,为纳米结构ZnO在生物化学传感方面的应用展示了广阔的应用前景。     

氧化锌基乙醇气体传感器研制及特性研究

利用水热法合成了不同形貌的ZnO基纳米结构气敏材料,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)对其进行了结构表征和分析。制备成旁热式气体传感器,测试了其对乙醇(C2H5OH)的气敏特性。实验结果表明：基于ZnO纳米花制作出的传感器比纳米球状传感器对C2H5OH具有更高的灵敏度,在200oC下对50ppm的C2H5OH灵敏度为34.7,是球状ZnO基传感器的1.7倍;两种ZnO基传感器对C2H5OH均表现出较好的重复性,在最佳工作温度下对C2H5OH的响应恢复时间均在15秒以内;最后对ZnO基C2H5OH气体传感器的气敏机理进行了讨论。     

掺杂对ZnO气敏性能的影响研究

ZnO是最早发现的金属氧化物气敏材料,对其掺杂一直是研究的一个热点.采用机械球磨法制备了22种不同掺杂的纳米ZnO气敏材料,通过乙醇、丙酮、苯的测试,系统对比了掺杂元素的化学性质,如离子半径、化合价、元素周期等对ZnO气敏性能的影响.掺杂元素的离子半径为0.072～0.088 nm时,传感器对被测气体的响应比掺杂其他离子半径的高.不同周期掺杂元素对ZnO纳米气体传感器的选择性有一定的影响.     

外磁场诱导Ni-ZnO型甲醛传感器气敏性研究

结合NiO和四针状纳米ZnO的优点,提出了利用平行和垂直气敏膜的磁场诱导Ni纳米颗粒在四针状纳米ZnO气敏膜中的分布来制备甲醛气体传感器的方法.介绍了制备方法,分析了对甲醛的敏感性及其气敏性机理,测试了在不同使用方式中的稳定性.实验结果表明:平行于厚膜表面的磁诱导5%的Ni掺杂ZnO厚膜具有较好的稳定性,同时,对甲醛具有最佳的气敏性和检测的重复性,以其作为甲醛气体探测器具有很好的前景.     

表面改性四针状纳米ZnO结构与气敏性能研究

将4种质量分数(5%,10%,20%,30%)的Co(CH3COO)24H2O混合到四针状纳米ZnO原料里,采用超声化学浸泡法制备出表面改性四针状纳米ZnO颗粒。通过XRD和TEM分析了表面改性四针状纳米ZnO结构的物相和形貌特征。随着Co(CH3COO)24H2O质量分数增大,Co3O4相明显出现,Co3O4相沉积在ZnO表面上。研究表明:以表面改性四针状纳米ZnO粉末为原料制备的厚膜气敏元件,与纯ZnO气敏元件相比,Co(CH3COO)24H2O质量分数为5%的气敏元件对酒精和甲醇有较高的灵敏度,并讨论了表面改性对气敏性能的影响。     

类积木状ZnO气体传感器的制备及其气敏特性研究

采用水热法合成了类积木状ZnO纳米结构,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对制备的ZnO纳米结构的物相、化学组分及微观形貌进行了表征与分析。对基于ZnO纳米结构的气体传感器进行甲烷气敏特性测试,测试结果表明:该传感器的最佳工作电压为5 V,在该电压下对体积分数为200×10-6甲烷气体的灵敏度可高达55.4%,最低检测限为1×10-6。     

铁酸锌气体传感器的制备及丙酮气敏特性的研究

采用水热法制备得到铁酸锌(ZnFe2O4)纳米球和纳米片状中空球粉末,利用X射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对样品进行了物相分析和形貌观察.利用测试平台检测了两种纳米材料对丙酮的气敏特性,利用铁酸锌纳米片状中空球制备的传感器对丙酮的气敏特性比纳米球更好,在检测范围内(0.8×10-6～500×10-6)表现出更高的灵敏度和较短的响应恢复时间,并具有较好的线性、稳定性和选择性.     

具有纳米结构的海胆形氧化锌的制备及其酒敏性能

以Zn(Ac)2.2H2O为原料,NH3.H2O为络合剂,在NaBH4辅助下140℃水热反应2 h制备出海胆形ZnO颗粒。采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对产物进行表征。海胆形ZnO颗粒的直径约为3μm～17μm,它是由直径约为100 nm,长度约为500 nm～3μm的ZnO纳米棒自组装而成。研究了NaBH4物质的量,反应温度和时间对产物形貌的影响,结果表明,NaBH4在海胆形ZnO颗粒的形成过程中起着关键作用,提出了可能的生长机理。气敏测试结果表明,海胆形ZnO纳米颗粒在350℃对低浓度的乙醇气体具有快速敏感的传感性能。     

PdO修饰的SnO2纳米球的制备及其气敏特性研究

通过溶剂热法和退火处理制备了不同浓度(0 mol％,2 mol％,5 mol％,10 mol％)PdO修饰的SnO2纳米球.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试手段对材料的物相、元素种类和形貌进行了表征,并制成气敏元件,对氢气(H2)进行气敏测试.实验结果表明:5 mol％PdO修饰的SnO2纳米球气体传感器最佳工作温度为175℃,其对100×10-6氢气灵敏度达到19,是纯的SnO2纳米球的灵敏度的3倍.最后,对PdO修饰氧化锡纳米球气体传感器气敏机理进行了分析讨论.     

Fabrication of gas sensing devices with ZnO nanostructure by the low-temperature oxidation of zinc particles

A method for low-temperature synthesis of a mixture of high-density ZnO nanoflakes and nanowires was developed to produce low-cost and high-efficiency gas sensors with ZnO nanostructures. ZnO nanoflakes and nanowires were grown on glass substrates by the RF sputter deposition of Zn particles and localized oxidation at a low temperature of 300 °C. The synthesized ZnO nanoflakes and nanowires were polycrystalline and had nanometer dimensions, as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) measuring. A gas sensor based on the mixture of ZnO nanoflakes/nanowires responded rapidly and sensitively to ethanol. The sensing properties of the ZnO nanostructure sensor were approximately 72% for 50 ppm ethanol gas at an operating temperature of 100 °C. The response to 10 ppm of ethanol gas was 42% at the same temperature.     

Highly sensitive NO2 sensor based on square-like tungsten oxide prepared with hydrothermal treatment

The square-like WO₃ nanosheets were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of irregular WO₃ nanosheets prepared through acidification of Na₂WO₄·2H₂O. The obtained square-like and irregular WO₃ nanosheets were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The gas sensing properties of sensors based on as-prepared samples were investigated. The results indicated that both samples exhibited high response to NO₂. The sensor based on square-like WO₃ nanosheets exhibited remarkably enhanced response and faster response/recovery time for NO₂ compared with that based on irregular nanosheets. Especially, the sensor based on square-like WO₃ nanosheets could detect NO₂ down to 40 ppb, which covered environmental standard. A possible reason for the influence of unique structure on the sensing properties of sensors based on square-like WO₃ was proposed.     

对超低浓度甲烷具有高气敏性的自组装型SnO2纳米棒气敏传感器

通过热蒸发SnO2和活性炭的混合粉末的自组装方式直接在Cr-Au梳状交叉电极上制备了一层SnO2纳米棒气敏层,从而研制出了SnO2纳米棒气敏传感器,经测试,发现此传感器对于浓度范围为2～5ppm的甲烷具有非常好的探测灵敏度,继而从气敏机制、自组装制备方式、SnO2纳米棒的比表面特性及SnO2纳米棒的尺度低于得拜长度等角度解释了此传感器对甲烷具有高气敏性的原因。     

Fabrication and gas-sensing properties of hierarchically porous ZnO architectures

Hierarchically three-dimensional (3D) porous ZnO architectures are synthesized by a template-free, economical aqueous solution method combined with subsequent calcination. First, the precursors of interlaced and monodisperse basic zinc nitrate (BZN) nanosheets are prepared. Then calcination of the precursors produces hierarchically 3D porous ZnO architectures composed of interlaced ZnO nanosheets with high porosity resulting from the thermal decomposition of the precursors. The products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential thermalgravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N₂ adsorption-desorption analyses. The BET surface area of the hierarchically porous ZnO nanostructures was calculated to be 12.8 m² g⁻¹. Compared with ZnO rods, the as-prepared porous ZnO nanosheets exhibit a good response and reversibility to some organic gases, such as ethanol and acetone. The responses to 100 ppm ethanol and acetone are 24.3 and 31.6, respectively, at a working temperature of 320 °C. These results show that the porous ZnO architectures are highly promising for gas sensor applications, as the gas diffusion and mass transportation in sensing materials are significantly enhanced by their unique structures. Moreover, it is believed that this solution-based approach can be extended to fabricate other porous metal oxide materials with a unique morphology or shape.     

Gas sensing properties at room temperature of a quartz crystal microbalance coated with ZnO nanorods

Gas sensors based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) coated with ZnO nanorods were developed for detection of NH₃ at room temperature. Vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods were synthesized by a novel wet chemical route at a low temperature of 90 °C, which was used to grow the ZnO nanorods directly on the QCM for the gas sensor application. The morphology of the ZnO nanorods was examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The diameter and length of the nanorods were 100 nm and 3 μm, respectively. The QCM coated with the ZnO nanorods gas sensor showed excellent performance to NH₃ gas. The frequency shift (Δf) to 50 ppm NH₃ at room temperature was about 9.1 Hz. It was found that the response and recovery times were varied with the ammonia concentration. The fabricated gas sensors showed good reproducibility and high stability. Moreover, the sensor showed a high selectivity to ammoniac gas over liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and carbon dioxide (CO₂).     

基于最近邻域法的气体传感器模式识别技术研究

提出将气体传感器阵列检测与最近邻域法相结合的方法实现气体的模式识别。设计了用该方法进行气体识别的实验系统。该方法具有实验次数少,且识别准确度高的优点。实验以3只金属氧化物半导体气体传感器组成的阵列为例,详细讨论了该方法的实验过程与识别结果。通过对CH4,H,CO 3种气体进行识别实验,结果表明:该方法的正确识别率达到100%,具有很高的实用价值。     

Mg2+离子表面修饰ZnO传感器阵列的乙醚敏感机理研究

为研究金属离子对金属氧化物半导体的表面敏化作用,以均匀沉淀法制备了ZnO纳米颗粒,并通过金属离子表面微滴注以及二次退火的方法制备出金属离子表面修饰的平面型ZnO气体传感器阵列。并以乙醚蒸汽为目标气体,进行气敏性能测试。发现大部分传感器对乙醚响应性很好,并且经过表面修饰,ZnO的乙醚敏感性能大多得到提升。特别地,Mg2+表面修饰的ZnO膜层展现了最优的气敏性能。X射线光电子能谱和光致发光谱证实,经过Mg2+表面修饰之后,氧空位缺陷浓度明显增加,并且表面羟基基团的数量显著减少,二者的协同作用构成了Mg2+表面修饰ZnO的敏化机制。