Effect of rapeseed oil on the rheological,mechanical and thermal properties of plastic lubricants

A strong difference in the physico-chemical properties of the plastic lubricants studied was found in this study through pressure drop, thermal analysis, vibration damping, texture hardness and rheological measurements. Oxidation aging of the lubricant sample containing rapeseed oil additive was proposed. Its higher thermal sensitivity was simultaneously confirmed by frequency dependent complex shear modulus of elasticity measurements as well as by rheological testing. Rapeseed oil modified lubricant showed a higher decrease in both storage and moduli losses due to a temperature increase from 16 to 26 ° C compared to the rapeseed oil free sample. Simultaneously, the flow curves were shifted to the higher shear stresses (for plastic lubricant without rapeseed oil additive) typical for rheopectic fluids. For the rapeseed oil modified lubricant, the flow curves were shifted to the lower shear stresses, indicating its thixotropic fluid behaviour. The synthetic lubricant without rapeseed oil additive exhibited higher dissipative rheological behaviour as reflected by decreasing first resonance frequency peak position compared to the rapeseed oil modified lubricant as obtained from vibration damping measurements. It was found that the synthetic lubricant exhibited better vibration damping properties and mechanical energy dissipation into heat due to its higher viscous friction than the rapeseed oil modified lubricant under experimental conditions.

     

Modelling of the lock-in thermography process through finite element method for estimating the rail squat defects

Squats are a major problem on the world railways. The non-destructive evaluation technique is becoming increasingly attractive in the detection of near surface defects on track. Non-destructive thermal evaluation is one such method of inspection technique that can be used for the detection of near surface defects. Its sub-group of lock-in thermography is under analysis. Lock-in thermography utilizes an infrared camera to detect the thermal waves and then produces a thermal image, which displays the local thermal wave variation in phase or amplitude. There are few studies into the actual experimental representation of complex subsurface defects when concerning lock-in thermography processes. While this may be less of a concern given the purpose of numerical defect characterization to reduce the need for extensive experimental pre-tests, the necessity for (artificial) representations of a defect will inevitably be required for validation. The research outlined in this paper examines the use of 3D finite element modelling (FEM) as a potential flexible tool in simulating the lock-in thermography process for detecting squats in track. In addition, lock-in analysis proved that the correct frequency range had to be selected for the material to detect the defect. As maximum positive and negative phase angles were located at “optimum” frequencies, at certain frequencies lead to minimal phase angle difference to which the defects were not detectable (blind frequency) by using the incorrect testing. The 3D finite element method has advantage for determining the “optimum” thermal excitation frequencies compare with experimental investigation. The experimental results show that 3D FEM models can be used to defect the location and the depth of squats in the railway.     

PVDF/PZT/CB高分子复合材料的介电耗能机制

应用压电导电原理,研制了一种新型减振复合材料,通过对PVDF／PZT／CB复合体系的导电性能和动态介电性能的测试分析,探讨了该复合材料的介电耗能微观机制,认为该复合材料可通过界面极化和漏电电流两种介电耗能机制来达到减振目的。     

The study of inspection on SiC coated carbon–carbon composite with subsurface defects by lock-in thermography

An investigation into the effect of size on the quantitative estimation of defect depth in a SiC coated carbon–carbon (C/C) composite has been undertaken by lock-in thermography. A dedicated 3-D thermal modeling has been introduced, and an efficient numerical algorithm based on finite-difference splitting method in time domain (FDSM-TD) is applied to solve the thermal model. The heat transfer partial differential equation (PDE) and mathematic morphological algorithms are used to filter the phase angle data noise. The diameter of a defect had an appreciable effect on the observed phase angle which consequently has significant implications with regard to estimating the defect depth. Phase angle contrast measurements for a range of defects in a 6.0 mm SiC coated C/C composite specimen indicate that an optimal excitation frequency of 0.525 Hz is available for defect detection. Results obtained with an excitation frequency of 0.525 Hz are used to discuss the limitations of determining the defect size and depth.     

An Efficiency Study of Transient Wave Generation in a Thermoelastic Layer with a Pulsed Laser

The efficiency of transient wave generation in a thermoelastic silicon layer excited by a pulsed laser is considered. First a principle-based transfer matrix formulation with relaxation effect, also referred to as the generalized dynamic theory of linear thermoelasticity, is used in obtaining transfer functions between the input heat field and the elements of the thermoelastic state vector. The second sound effect, through this relaxation time term, is included to eliminate the thermal wave travelling with infinite velocity as predicted by the diffusion heat transfer model. By employing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, the transient response of a silicon thermoelastic layer under a thermal excitation (by a pulsed laser) is investigated to quantify the conversion efficiency from thermal to mechanical energy. The transient acceleration, stress, heat, temperature, and mechanical power flux responses are presented. The pulse duration of the laser excitation is submicrosecond level and, consequently, a large number of modes of motion are excited. Rigid body singularities are eliminated by considering the higher order time derivatives of the state variables. A layer made of bulk silicon under this laser excitation is considered and it is found that the amplitude ratio of the applied heat field to the propagating heat flux at the data points is in the order of 10°. The ratio of the applied power (heat flux) to the generated mechanical power flux is in the order of 10°. The resulting rigid body motion of the layer due to the laser excitation is excluded in calculating the mechanical power.     

Research on Debonding Defects in Thermal Barrier Coatings Structure by Thermal-Wave Radar Imaging (TWRI)

In this paper, thermal-wave radar imaging (TWRI) is introduced to detect debonding defects in SiC-coated Ni-based superalloy plates. Linear frequency modulation signal (chirp) is used as the excitation signal which has a large time–bandwidth product. Artificial debonding defects in SiC coating are excited by the laser beam with the light intensity modulated by a chirp signal. Cross-correlation algorithm and chirp lock-in algorithm are introduced to extract the thermal-wave signal characteristic. The comparative experiment between TWRI reflection mode and transmission mode was carried out. Experiments are conducted to investigate the influence of laser power density, chirp period, and excitation frequency. Experimental results illustrate that chirp lock-in phase has a better detection capability than other characteristic parameters. TWRI can effectively detect simulated debonding defects of SiC-coated Ni-based superalloy plates.     

非线性能量阱振动抑制效果理论分析与试验研究

针对潜艇机械设备周期性运转产生的宽频线谱难以消除问题,开展了简谐激励下非线性能量阱振动抑制效果与结构参数优化研究。建立机械设备耦合非线性能量阱的动力学模型,利用增量谐波平衡法、弧长延拓法以及Floquet理论分析了系统周期解及其稳定性;以系统振动能量为评价准则,探讨了阻尼、质量比和刚度3个参数对非线性能量阱振动抑制效果的影响规律;进一步,在质量比ε=0.05时,通过局部优化得到了非线性能量阱阻尼与刚度区间,并对振动抑制效果鲁棒性进行了研究。理论研究表明：增量谐波平衡法、弧长延拓法以及Floquet理论三者相结合,与Runge-Kutta法计算结果吻合良好,能够有效构建耦合系统周期解完整图像;弱阻尼是非线性能量阱具备良好吸振效果的先决条件,对于参数优化后的非线性能量阱,在外界激励频率±20%以及激励幅值±50%变化范围内都具备良好的振动抑制效果,鲁棒性较佳。设计了一种可垂向承载的柔性铰链型非线性能量阱原理样机,并开展了台架试验,验证了理论研究成果的正确性。     

Dynamic effects during vibrothermographic NDE of composites

Vibrothermography is an NDE technique whereby a structure is excited with mechanical vibrations and the temperature profile on the surface is mapped by real-time video thermography. Damage in the structure is frequently more efficient at converting the input mechanical energy to heat than are undamaged regions of the structure. Hence damage appears on the thermal map as warmer regions. While using this technique to investigate manufacturing defects in tensile coupons made from sheet moulding compound and panels of graphite epoxy damaged by impact loadings, a dependence of the temperature patterns upon the frequency of the mechanical excitation was observed. This paper attempts to model this frequency dependent behaviour and to verify the model by experiment.     

温度对橡胶隔振器力学性能的影响

在隔振器的设计选用中,有必要考虑温度对分动箱隔振器的力学性能影响。开发一套安装橡胶隔振器的试验夹具,把夹具和隔振器都安装在带有温控箱的疲劳试验机上,直接测试隔振器在不同温度下的力学性能。开展3个环境温度下的试验,研究环境温度和橡胶垫振动中的温升对隔振器的动刚度和阻尼系数的影响。结果表明温度对隔振器力学性能有较大影响,温度的升高,分动箱隔振器的动刚度和阻尼系数逐渐减小。该方法可广泛应用于测试不同温度下各类橡胶隔振器的力学性能。     

Phenomenological study of elastic and anelastic properties of dental alloys

Measurements of Young's modulus, mechanical damping, stress and unit damping energy have been made as a function of temperature on five dental amalgams with the PUCOT (piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique). In Dispersalloy amalgam the mechanical damping changed by a factor of 4.3 and Young's modulus was reduced by 0.5% as the temperature increased from 20 to 80° C. The effective activation energy for the change in damping was 0.42 eV. For the five amalgams the curves of unit damping energy against stress, damping against modulus, and (damping/modulus) against modulus had a variety of forms: one, two, three or four straight lines, with or without hysteresis effects. All the curves for Tytin amalgam showed a sharp change near 68° C. The data are examined phenomenologically to show that they lend themselves well to the detection and monitoring of transformations taking place in dental alloys.     

RLC电路弹簧耦合系统的级数解

为了研究RLC电路弹簧耦合系统的非线性振动，用统一的能量法考虑机电耦合系统的电场能、磁场能和机械能，应用拉格朗日-麦克斯韦方程建立起一个受到简谐激励的RLC电路弹簧耦合系统的数学模型，该机电耦合系统具有平方非线性。根据线性振动理论对系统运动微分方程组进行分析，得到了一个受简谐激励的Mathieu方程，通过积分变换，得到了Mathieu方程的级数形式解。分别用龙格库塔法和级数法计算了在无外激励的情况下，有阻尼和无阻尼时系统分别对应的时间响应，通过Matlab软件进行模拟分析，发现二者得到的响应曲线吻合，证明了级数法对分析类似系统是个很有效的手段。     

非均匀来流下深海立管涡激振动响应研究

针对顶端张紧式深海立管的特点，采用简化后的振动模型，结合刚性圆柱体自激振荡与受追振荡实验数据，建立了深海立管在非均匀来流下涡激振动响应的简化分析模型。各阶模态的响应位移通过平衡涡激锁定区域内柱体的输入能量与非锁定区内流体阻尼的耗散能量计算得到。该模型能充分体现涡激振动现象中频锁范围、附加质量以及非线性流体阻尼等本质特点，且形式简洁，计算方便。通过与实验结果的对比显示，该模型是可行的。     

Study on the Detection of CFRP Material with Subsurface Defects Using Barker-Coded Thermal Wave Imaging (BC-TWI) as a Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) Tool

In this paper, a Barker-coded thermal wave imaging approach is reported on the detection of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate with subsurface defects, using an integrated Barker code sequence and sinusoidal carrier-modulated laser as the excitation source. Artificial flat bottom holes as subsurface defects are prepared for the experimental investigation. Cross-correlation (CC) algorithm is applied for extracting characteristics of thermal wave signal and forming the corresponding peak delay time and phase images. The effects of Barker code sequence length and carrier-modulated frequency are investigated, which are both most important factors on the detectability of BC-TWI method. The results of the experiments show 5-bit Barker code and 0.1 Hz carrier frequency are the most suitable selection for enhancing inspection capability and obtaining the highest image SNR for a given CFRP laminate material. Furthermore, a comparative experiment is carried out between BC-TWI and lock-in thermography (LIT) method by taking the defect contrast and SNR into account. The results indicate that the BC-TWI CC phase image has higher contrast and SNR than the LIT phase image.     

UV excitation thermal lens microscope for sensitive and nonlabeled detection of nonfluorescent molecules

An ultrasensitive and nonlabeled detection method of nonfluorescent molecules on a microchip was developed by realizing a thermal lens microscope (TLM) with a 266-nm UV pulsed laser as an excitation light source (UV-TLM). Pulsed laser sources have advantages over continuous-wave laser sources in more compact size and better wavelength tuning, which are important for microchip-based analytical systems. Their disadvantage is difficulty in applying a lock-in amplifier due to the high (>10(4)) duty ratio of pulse oscillation. To overcome this problem, we realized a quasi-continuous-wave excitation by modulating the pulse trains at approximately 1 kHz and detecting the synchronous signal with a lock-in amplifier. The optimum pulse repetition frequency was obtained at 80 kHz, which was reasonable considering thermal equilibrium time. Furthermore, a permissible flow velocity in the range of 6.6-19.8 mm/s was found to avoid sensitivity decrease due to photochemical reactions and thermal energy dissipation. Under these conditions, we detected adenine aqueous solutions on a fused-silica microchip without labeling and obtained a sensitivity that was 350 times higher than that in a spectrophotometric method. The sensitivity was enough for detection on a microchip with an optical path length that was 2-3 orders shorter than that in conventional cuvettes. Finally, the UV-TLM method was applied to liquid chromatography detection. Fluorene and pyrene were separated in a microcolumn and detected in a capillary (50-microm inner diameter) with 150 times higher sensitivity than a spectrophotometric method. Our method provides highly sensitive and widely applicable detections for various analytical procedures and chemical syntheses on microchips.     

基于锁相红外热成像理论的复合材料网格加筋结构的无损检测

基于锁相红外热成像理论, 对复合材料网格加筋结构的几类典型缺陷进行无损检测, 采用法国Cedip公司开发的锁相红外热成像系统对检测结果进行分析。讨论了加载频率、 输出电压偏移量对检测的影响。结果表明, 相位图比幅值图含有更多的缺陷信息。不同的加载频率会产生不同的检测结果, 选择恰当的加载频率是检测的关键; 增加输出电压偏移量有利于检测。该方法可用于对复合材料未知缺陷的检测。      

热环境对基础激励作用下纤维增强树脂基复合薄板振动特性的影响

采用理论与实际相结合的方式,研究了热环境对纤维增强树脂基复合薄板振动特性的影响。首先,建立了基础激励作用下纤维增强树脂基复合薄板在热环境中的解析模型,推导获得了固有频率、模态振型、振动响应及阻尼比的解析表达式,并给出了热环境下复合薄板振动特性的求解流程。然后,搭建了热环境下该类型复合薄板结构的振动测试系统,并以TC500碳纤维/树脂薄板为研究对象进行了实际测试。以相应的测试结果为例,研究发现,当温度从20℃上升到200℃时,复合薄板的模态振型基本不发生改变,固有频率降低幅度在2.3%~36.6%之间,振动响应幅值增大范围约为15.3%~58.4%,且阻尼性能也呈现增大的趋势,例如相对于常温下的阻尼结果,当温度上升到200℃时,其前6阶模态阻尼比的增大程度在13.9%~56.4%之间。另外,经过对比理论和测试获得的不同温度下的固有频率、模态振型、振动响应及阻尼结果可知,两者吻合较好,进而验证了解析分析方法及其结果的正确性。      

车辆通过连续减速带时的非线性振动特性分析

在7自由度线性系统的基础上考虑悬架弹簧、阻尼和轮胎的非线性,以高速路段的连续减速带作为整车激励,通过对力学模型进行分析并运用拉格朗日法建立系统微分方程。通过MATLAB仿真软件对整车7自由度非线性振动模型的微分方程进行仿真,得到阻尼非线性系数和激励频率的分岔图,发现在一定区域内系统出现复杂的非线性振动,并通过时间历程图、相位图、Poincare截面图和PSP峰值图深入研究系统的周期、拟周期和混沌运动,揭示出阻尼非线性系数和激励频率对系统振动的影响,最后通过拟合即时速度从变速的角度揭示减速车辆通过连续减速带时的振动情况。     

一种新型电涡流阻尼器及阻尼性能研究

基于电涡流原理提出一种新型的可用于航天器振动被动抑制的电涡流阻尼器。首先,依托数值仿真建立阻尼器的磁场和力学有限元分析模型,对阻尼器的性能进行分析计算。其次,在振动测试实验台上进行阻尼特性测试,获得了小位移0.1 mm、大位移1 mm下的1 Hz～50 Hz频率范围内正弦激励作用工况下的阻尼系数。然后根据Bouc-Wen滞回模型建立了阻尼器的力学模型,研究了负载、阻尼器结构、交变洛仑兹力之间的关系。研究结果表明这种新型的电涡流阻尼器在外载激励作用下能够输出与仿真结果较为接近的阻尼力,且阻尼系数随激励频率变化具有明显的规律性,根据仿真和实验结果建立的阻尼力力学模型可以很好地用于电涡流阻尼器的力学特性仿真分析。     

基于热成像的薄片材料热扩散率快速无损检测

针对传统热扩散率测量方法对热激励、边界和试样尺寸有严格要求等苛刻条件,提出一种适用于薄片材料的热扩散率测量新方法。该方法采用热成像技术采集受激光激励引起的材料表面温度场变化数据,将其通过曲线拟合对导热微分方程中的微分项进行估测,求取微分方程解析解转化为对代数方程求解以确定热扩散率值,因而无需严格控制边界条件、初始条件和热激励。通过仿真分析验证了理论模型的合理性,并对H62黄铜和304不锈钢材料进行了实测,对比文献参考值表明测量偏差均在6.0%以内,测量重复性为4.3%,可满足快速无损的测量要求。     

纳米晶体铁的低温热容和热稳定性

用等离子体法制备的纳米晶体铁由XRD和SEM等方法测定其晶粒尺寸的平均值为87nm，用绝热量热方法在79－371K温区精确测定了其低温热容，测量结果比大晶粒Fe的热容值有明显的增强，在80－300K温区之间增强热容为8％－14％，差示扫描量热（DSC）在温区的研究结果则表明，纳米晶体Fe在400－700K温区有一个宽的放热峰，对应于非平衡晶格缺陷所引起的焓释放，850K观察到一个放热峰，是纳米晶体铁从α相向α＋γ相转变所引起的。