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1.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
  相似文献   

2.
    
《Journal of dairy science》2019,102(9):7734-7746
This study investigated the ultrastructural changes underlying the undesired softening of insufficiently acidified feta cheese during cold storage. Experimental feta cheeses with a range of pH values before brining were manufactured by allowing the cheese blocks to ferment overnight at 3 temperatures (35, 20, and 3°C), which resulted in pH values of 4.80, 4.88, and 5.17, respectively. Cheese blocks were stored in pH-adjusted whey brine solutions for up to 120 d, at which point significant decreases in the cheese firmness were confirmed with compression and shear tests. Samples for transmission electron microscopy were taken during the make procedure, after overnight fermentation, and after 7 and 90 d of cold storage. Increasing the initial pH from 4.80 to 5.17 resulted in a fundamentally different ultrastructure at d 90, with the protein matrix as the continuous phase having markedly decreased density compared with the typically open porous and discontinuous protein matrix of high density in the low-pH control feta cheese. Ultrastructural changes were progressive, and the first signs were evident after only 20 h (the overnight fermentation), when fine, proteinaceous material dissociated from the edges of the casein strands into the serum phase. By d 7, the serum phase was completely filled with the loosely aggregated casein closely surrounding the spheroidal fat globules. A further breakdown of the protein matrix was observed after 90 d, with the complete loss of open porous network structure. Image analysis quantitatively confirmed the progressive and significant decrease in density of the protein matrix. In summary, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive and in-depth view of the progressive and most likely irreversible ultrastructural changes that lead to this textural defect.  相似文献   

3.
为探索冷鲜牛肉贮藏过程中线粒体功能结构的变化,采用透射电子显微镜与原子力显微镜对线粒体内、外部超微结构的检测来确定贮藏时间对肌细胞线粒体变化的影响。结果发现:在4 ℃贮藏过程中(0~21 d),Flameng线粒体评分从0.986 8升高到2.533 8,表明线粒体结构完整性逐渐降低;线粒体膜电位与线粒体呼吸控制率、ATP含量均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别达到0.936、0.926(P<0.01),说明线粒体结构与功能之间关系密切;线粒体呼吸控制率与氧合肌红蛋白相对含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.885)(P<0.01),线粒体膜电位与高铁肌红蛋白相对含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.902)(P<0.01),表明线粒体结构、功能变化与肉色稳定性有密切的关系。  相似文献   

4.
嫩度是原料肉的重要品质指标之一,与肉制品的出售价格及消费者满意程度和重复购买的意愿紧密相关。近年来,新兴的植物肉、细胞培养肉等人造肉追求模拟传统肉制品的感官体验,其中包括肉类独特的质地。本文对肉类嫩度的主要影响因素及近年来的研究进展进行综述。首先,简要介绍嫩度的定义及测定方法;其次,围绕肌节长度、结缔组织和蛋白酶解三方面重点介绍肉类嫩度的影响因素及机理;最后,简述肉类嫩度的调控方法及最新的研究进展,以期为传统肉品领域以及模拟肉、3D打印肉等相关研究开发提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
    
In this study, the relationship between sensory evaluation and several objective metrics of beef tenderness was tested. Objective metrics included shear force, sarcomere length, collagen content, myofibrillar, and sarcoplasmic protein solubility and particle size analysis. These results were compared to consumer panel scores of tenderness for the same aged beef striploin (longissimus lumborum muscle) samples. There was found to be a significant relationship between sarcomere length, shear force, and particle size with tenderness scores. Collagen content and protein solubilities were not associated to tenderness scores (p > 0.05). Sarcomere length contributions for explaining tenderness variation were overlapped by the contributions of shear force (collinearity). Independent models demonstrated that the lower 95% confidence interval of the fitted regression line exceeded 50% acceptance of tenderness when shear force values <42.6 N and when particle size values <198 μm. We can recommend these as thresholds for consumer acceptance of beef tenderness, although considerations of sample type, analytical methodology, and consumer demographics should be made prior to their adoption. This provision was based on the variation in tenderness scores evident between individual panelists and experimental striploins.  相似文献   

6.
氯化钙处理对牛肉嫩度影响的研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
对宰后8h的牛肉分别注射200、250、300mmol/LCaCl2溶液(注射量为肉重的3%),然后将处理样品在4℃下分别腌制12h、24h、48h,通过对其剪切力值的测定,研究注射氯化钙及腌制时间对牛肉嫩度的影响。结果表明,与未注CaCl2溶液组相比,注射CaCl2溶液组牛肉嫩度显著提高(P<0.05),但不同水平CaCl2溶液处理之间牛肉嫩度差异不显著(P>005);不同腌制时间对牛肉嫩度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析,200mmol/L的CaCl2溶液处理浓度、48h的腌制时间改善牛肉的嫩度是可行的。  相似文献   

7.
木瓜蛋白酶对牛肉干嫩化的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
木瓜蛋白酶是一种巯基蛋白酶,有较好的水解蛋白能力,在肉的嫩化、酿造、牛奶的凝固、混合面团的改性等食品加工中广泛使用.我国的牛肉干一直沿用传统的工艺,产品口感坚韧、硬度大.为了提高牛肉干的嫩度和出品率,课题采用单因素、正交的方法,以感官评价和剪切力值为指标,测定木瓜蛋白酶在不同浓度、注射量、处理时间和处理温度下对牛肉干嫩化程度的影响,结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶的使用浓度为0.5%,处理时间为3h,注射量为3%,温度为50℃时,对牛肉的嫩化效果最佳.其中,木瓜蛋白酶的浓度对牛肉干的嫩化影响最显著.  相似文献   

8.
为探究正常牛肉与DFD(dark, firm and dry)牛肉成熟过程中水分状态变化及其对保水性的影响,本实验以正常牛肉和DFD牛肉的背最长肌(M. longissimus lumborum)作为研究对象,使用低场核磁共振技术探究DFD牛肉与正常牛肉分别在成熟3、7、14 d和21 d时水分状态的变化,并通过肌节长度和细胞外空间比组织学指标分析成熟过程中DFD牛肉与正常牛肉保水性差异的原因。结果表明:成熟过程中正常牛肉和DFD牛肉保水性均呈下降趋势,其中DFD牛肉保水性显著高于正常牛肉(P<0.05),DFD牛肉中结合水、不易流动水和自由水的自由度较低,且结合水相对含量较高;DFD牛肉肌节长度显著低于正常牛肉(P<0.05),肌节内狭窄的储水空间可降低肉中水分的自由度,并且成熟过程中DFD牛肉肌细胞始终保持完整形态,细胞水分散失减少,因此DFD牛肉能够在成熟过程中保持良好的保水性。本研究结果阐述了DFD和正常牛肉成熟过程中的水分状态变化,并从不同水分状态和肌肉组织学角度揭示了DFD牛肉成熟过程中保水性较好的原因,可为提高牛肉保水性提供理论指导。  相似文献   

9.
明建  曾凯芳  李洪军 《食品科学》2009,30(5):222-226
本实验采用TA-XT2i 质构仪,研究了胰蛋白酶处理对牛肉嫩度的影响,并采用L9(34)正交试验优化出最佳嫩化工艺。结果表明:胰蛋白酶的酶活、pH 值、处理温度、处理时间对牛肉的持水力、烹饪失水率、剪切力均有显著的影响。胰蛋白酶最佳嫩化条件为:酶用量100U/g(0.04%)、处理温度37℃、pH7.0、处理时间1.5h;或酶用量150U/g(0.06%)、处理温度20℃、pH7.0、处理时间1.5h。极差分析结果显示,各因素的显著性次序为:处理温度>胰蛋白酶用量>处理时间>pH 值。  相似文献   

10.
牛肉嫩化技术的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
熊燕子 《肉类研究》2007,21(11):18-22
牛肉的品质受多方面因素的影响,其中最重要的一个因素就是嫩度.本文介绍了影响牛肉嫩度的因素,以及目前通常使用的嫩化方法,最后提出了展望.  相似文献   

11.
明建  曾凯芳  李洪军 《食品科学》2009,30(7):210-214
采用TA-XT2i质构仪,研究木瓜蛋白酶处理对牛肉嫩度的影响,对酶活力、pH值、处理温度、处理时间进行实验,并通过L9(34)正交试验选择出最佳嫩化工艺。结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶液的酶活、pH值、处理温度、处理时间对牛肉的持水力、烹饪失水率、剪切力均有显著的影响。木瓜蛋白酶最佳嫩化条件:酶用量20U/g(0.01%)、pH7.0、处理温度37℃、处理时间1.5h;或酶用量40u/g (0.02%)、pH7.0、处理温度20℃、处理时间1.5h。因素的显著性次序为:处理温度>处理时间>酶活>pH值。  相似文献   

12.
为研究不同部位牛肉对杏鲍菇牛肉菜肴品质的影响,本文选择里脊、牛腩、后腿、黄瓜条和肩肉五个部位的牛肉,采用相同工艺制作杏鲍菇牛肉菜肴,进行探究不同部位牛肉对菜肴品质的影响。本文采用了质构分析仪、电子鼻、气质联用、扫描电镜等,分别从嫩度、质构、风味以及微观结构等方面进行了探讨。在嫩度方面,牛后腿的嫩度值最大,其次是黄瓜条部位。质构方面,里脊品质最好,黄瓜条次之;在风味物质方面,通过分析检测出的挥发性风味物质,肩肉26种、黄瓜条20种、里脊16种、后腿15种、牛腩12种;电子鼻雷达图显示5个部位牛肉的敏感物质类型没有显著性差异。微观结构方面,扫描电镜显示黄瓜条和肩肉部位肌纤维空隙和断裂程度最大。黄瓜条部位在感官评分中得到85分。结果得出,采用不同的牛肉部位制作杏鲍菇牛肉菜肴,黄瓜条部位风味物质20种、嫩度和质构品质较好、感官评分最高,因此,以黄瓜条部位为原料制作的杏鲍菇牛肉菜肴品质最好。  相似文献   

13.
The Time-Intensity technique for measuring tenderness of bovine psoas major, longissimus dorsi, semitendinosus and shank was assessed. From the Time-Intensity curve, the Duration and area parameters (Increase and Decrease Area and Area Under the Curve) were most useful for sample separation. Using various Time-Intensity curve parameters, panelists were classified according to their perception of tenderness, with two clusters identified. A comparison of line scale results of force to chew and time to chew to the Time-Intensity results showed that comparable tenderness measurements were obtained by the two tests.  相似文献   

14.
以金钱腱为原料,通过正交优化试验研究滚揉腌制工艺、预煮工艺、蒸煮工艺对五香金钱腱产品总体品质的影响,对成品进行扫描电镜观察肌纤维和结缔组织的状态,通过剪切力评价牛肉嫩度,以色差评定肉的颜色,最后以出品率和感官指标为目标值,采用正交试验优化得到最佳加工工艺,即滚揉90 min、预煮9 min,97℃蒸煮3.50 h,此条件下加工的五香金钱腱产品品质最佳。  相似文献   

15.
Strip loins were removed from 10 bulls and 10 steers ~14 mo old and from 10 cows ≥ 44 mo. Samples were removed at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days postmortem. Shear-force values were measured. Sensory evaluation was done by a 15-member trained panel. Animal age and postmortem aging time had more influence on tenderness attributes than did sex of the animal. Increased postmortem aging time improved tenderness attributes regardless of sex or age.  相似文献   

16.
病原真菌通常会产生侵染垫、附着胞和吸器等侵染结构来完成对寄主的侵染。通过电镜观察不同时间不同病原菌对哈密瓜的侵染状况。试验结果表明,病原菌会导致哈密瓜细胞结构变化,例如细胞壁变薄,叶绿体解体,细胞结构遭到破坏,出现空泡化等一系列发病特征。研究结果为哈密瓜病原菌侵染过程,以及哈密瓜侵染性病害的防治提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

17.
为了更快捷地甄选高品质牛肉,通过测定排酸24~48h育肥公牛和淘汰母牛部位肉的色差,探索用牛肉颜色预测牛肉嫩度的方法。实验表明,公牛和母牛的肉色及嫩度差异显著(p<0.05)。公牛和母牛以及公牛前、中、后躯的预测模型均显著(p<0.05)。各模型经过24个部位肉验证,所得剪切力值与实测值差异不显著(p<0.05),说明各模型在嫩度预测上具有较高的参考价值。  相似文献   

18.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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19.
  总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
ABSTRACT:  Aging is the practice of holding meat at low temperatures to improve tenderness that is the most important sensory attribute affecting consumer acceptability of beef. Because of the inconsistencies in measured tenderness changes during aging, we attempted to look at the relationship between aging and initial tenderness irrespective of animal age, genetics, or nutritional status. Cattle were selected to represent a full range of quality grades from Utility to Prime. Steaks from these cattle were aged in vacuum bags for 0, 7, or 14 d and tenderness characteristics were assessed. Steaks were cut from the frozen loin sections, thawed, and cooked on open hearth grills to 70 °C. Sensory evaluation was completed by a 6-member trained sensory evaluation panel and Warner-Bratzler shear was determined. The average shear values decreased with aging time across most grade categories; however, improvement was not uniform. Steaks from Utility grade cattle improved the most while steaks of other grades improved less. Shear values overlapped a great deal across all grades and to gain a better understanding of changes with aging, steaks were grouped based on initial shear value differences of 1 kg. Shear value of the toughest steaks decreased the most during aging (−36%), while those with the lowest shear values increased (16%). The same pattern emerged when steaks were grouped by initial tenderness. These results suggest that initially tough steaks will benefit from aging while very tender steaks may be adversely affected.  相似文献   

20.
    
The present study aims to study the antibacterial activity of food-grade lipidic nanoemulsion (noncationized/cationized) against Bacillus subtilis (BS). Bactericidal activity was ascertained by studying the morphological transitions on BS using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological changes were witnessed by cell wall breakage, oozing out of cellular contents, loss of cell turgidity and contour. Furthermore, aggregation of cationic nanoemulsion (CaNM) was preferentially observed at apical side of BS construing comparatively more electrostatic attraction between electronegative apical side and CaNM. Resistance response of BS exhibited by apical cell-wall thickening was not able to protect the bacteria due to leakage of cellular content. AFM corroborated its importance in bacteriology, wherein the fragmented cell wall can be “piece-by-piece” identified and sutured back to its appropriate vacant places, thereby, completing the cell wall contour of the ghost cell. Such postmortem analysis of bacterial cell using AFM studies can throw light toward mechanism of cell fragmentation of bacterial cells. SEM study also demonstrated the deformed, fragmented, and amorphous nature of BS construing the bactericidal effect of prepared nanoemulsion.  相似文献   

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