Enhanced Grain Refinement Through Deformation Induced α Precipitation in Hot Working of α + β Titanium Alloy

This study reports a novel forging process to fabricate bulk fine‐grained (grain size ≈ 1 µm) Ti–6Al–4V alloy, in which temperatures near the β transus (T_β) and strain rates around 0.15 s^?1 are used for the deformation. The formation of fine‐grained microstructure is mainly result from the deformation‐induced precipitation of α grains from the β matrix.     

Influence of γ‐α′‐Phase Transformation in Metastable Austenitic Steels on the Mechanical Behavior During Tensile and Fatigue Loading at Ambient and Lower Temperatures

The present investigation is concerned with the three metastable austenitic steels AISI 304 (X5CrNi1810), 321 (X6CrNiTi1810), and 348 (X10CrNiNb189). In the temperature range ?60 °C ≤ T ≤ 25 °C tensile and fatigue tests were performed to characterize the mechanical and phase transformation behavior using stress‐elongation, stress–strain hysteresis, and magnetic measurements. The mechanical properties are significantly influenced by the temperature dependent deformation induced phase transformation from austenite to α′‐martensite which are combined with pronounced hardening processes. Furthermore microhardness measurements after fracture could be correlated with the results of the fatigue tests.     

Overlapping of γ′ precipitate variants in Inconel 718

In Inconel 718 alloy, different variants of γ′ precipitates often appear to intersect each other during their growth. Such apparent intersections are shown on the basis of structure factor contrast to be an overlapping effect.     

Formation of Ultrafine‐Grained Microstructure of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy by Hot Deformation of α′ Martensite Starting Microstructure

We have presented a formation of ultrafine‐grained microstructure (d_α ≈ 0.2 µm) of industrial Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by the hot compression of a sample with the acicular α′ martensite starting microstructure. The hot‐deformation behavior was different from the case of the conventional (α + β) starting microstructure, that is, the phase transformation of α′/(α + β) during hot working enhanced the microstructural conversion, especially under the conditions of a low temperature and a high‐strain rate.     

The influence of microstructure on the measurement of γ-γ′ lattice mismatch in single-crystal Ni-base superalloys

Lattice mismatch in multicomponent high refractory single-crystalline Ni-base superalloys has been measured in situ by hot-stage X-ray diffraction. Prior to X-ray examination, all samples were subjected to long-term aging treatments at 1120 °C to relieve coherency stresses. The resolution of the individual γ and γ′ peaks at high Bragg angles in the X-ray spectra and the magnitude of the misfit was found to be sensitive to the microstructure of the material. When the precipitation of coherent γ′ during cooling from the aging temperature could largely be suppressed, the corresponding matrix peaks were narrower and of higher intensity as compared with samples where cooling γ′ was present. Also, a slightly larger misfit, 0.04%, was measured in the microstructures where the cooling γ′ was not present. Procedures for deconvoluting X-ray data are outlined in detail, and the experimental results are discussed in terms of changes in phase compositions and misfit strains produced by the cooling γ′.     

铝锌镁锆合金超塑变形后位错结构与空洞长大的研究

本文对铝锌镁锆合金超塑变形后位错结构及空洞长大规律进行了研究。实验证明该合金在晶界滑移中存在位错蠕变的协调机制。在超塑变形中出现了品界位错并参与了品界滑移,它们是由晶界吸附晶格位错而形成的,或由晶界结构本身在品界滑移中形成的。各种应变速率下测定了空洞长大速率的参数η,探讨了η与 m 值的关系。     

Retransformation (α′→γ) kinetics of strain induced martensite in 304 stainless steel

Coupons of austenitic 304 stainless steel (γ) were transformed to approximately 90% martensite (α′) and 10% austenite by rolling at 77 K. Subsequently the reverse α′→γ transformation was instigated by heating the coupons to 680°C. The retransformation was monitored, in situ, by dilatometry and neutron Bragg edge diffraction (BED). Results from the two techniques show good agreement and suggest that the transformation kinetics are best described by two Avrami exponents, n=2.5 and n=0.2 respectively. A limited discussion of the lattice parameter evolution during the transformation is included. Possible mechanisms for growth dynamics and stress relaxation are discussed.     

Solute diffusion in the γ′ phase of Ni based alloys

We systematically investigate the diffusion mechanisms of 3d (Ti–Cu), 4d (Zr–Ag) and 5d (Hf–Au) transition metal solutes in γ′-Ni₃Al phase using first-principles calculations. The results reveal that the diffusion of Ni-substituting solute is mainly controlled by the sublattice diffusion mechanism via Ni vacancies and the diffusion of Al-substituting solute is mostly governed by the formation of the anti-structure defects on the Ni sublattice with negligible contribution of the anti-structure bridge mechanism. The elements which occupy both the Al and Ni sites show a diffusion behavior similar to that of the Ni-substituting solutes. Our calculations show that larger atoms can move much faster than smaller atoms, which disprove the traditional view that larger atoms move slower than smaller atoms.     

Synergetic effect of Re and Ru on γ/γ′ interface strengthening of Ni-base single crystal superalloys

The synergetic effect of Re and Ru on γ/γ′ interface strengthening of Ni-base SC superalloys has been investigated by performing DMol3 calculations. Results show that the synergetic effect of Re and Ru on the interface strengthening is better than that achieved by the individual Re or Ru due to Re-d/Ru-d, Re-d/Ni-d and Ru-d/Ni-d hybridizations. The electronic mechanism underlying the synergetic effect of Re and Ru on γ/γ′ interface strengthening is related to the charge transfer of electrons and the enhancement of d-bonding hybridization among Re---Ru, Re---Ni and Ru---Ni atoms.     

Influence of applied stress on the γ′ directional coarsening in a single crystal superalloy

It was found in a commercial single crystal superalloy CMSX-4 that preferential orientation of the γ′ rafting in dendrite core was not dependent on the sign of the applied stress σ_A, but on the sign of the sum of the applied stress σ_A and a critical equivalent stress σ_c. This critical equivalent stress σ_c caused by material inhomogeneity has been predicted previously; however it was first determined experimentally to be in the range 39.8–47.2 MPa in the present study. Moreover, it qualitatively demonstrated that the critical equivalent stress σ_c played a significant role in the creep behavior of superalloys at high temperature and low stress.     

Effects of Thermally Induced Cyclic γ ↔ ε Transformation on Shape Memory Effect of a Quenched FeMnSiCrNi Alloy

The effects of thermally induced cyclic γ ? ε transformation on microstructures and shape memory effect (SME) are investigated in a quenched Fe14Mn5.5Si8.0Cr5.0Ni alloy. The results show that the annealing at 773 K remarkably improves the SME in the quenched alloy. One thermal cycling between 290 and 773 K remarkably increases the SME, but the further thermal cycling hardly improves the SME. The reason is that the amount of thermal ε martensite remarkably reduces after annealing at 773 K, but it hardly changes with the further increase of thermal cycling between 290 and 773 K. The pre‐existing thermal ε martensite not only prevents the occurrence of stress‐induced ε martensitic transformation but also promotes the formation of α′ martensite.     

Microstructural stability of the directionally solidified γ′-base superalloy IC6

The microstructural stability of an Ni---Al---Mo directionally solidified γ′-base superalloy, IC6, was investigated and the effect on microstructure and tensile properties at room temperature and 760°C of high temperature aging at 900–1100°C for up to 200 h was studied. The experimental results show that the tensile strength decreases with aging time and that aging at 1000°C has the strongest effect on tensile properties. This is attributed to the precipitation of large amounts of the δ-NiMo phase. Microstructural changes during high temperature creep tests were also examined and are different from those observed during aging at the same temperature but without any applied stress.     

Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of Two-Phase Alloy of Ni3Al＋NiAl

Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) of two-phase alloy of Ni_3Al+NiAl was in situ investigated using a WOL (wedgeopening-loading) constant deflection specimen in an optical microscopy and using a notched tensile specimen in scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the threshold stress intensity of HIC was K_(IH)=15.7 MPa·m~(1/2),and (da/dt)Ⅱ=0.019 mm/h. For the uncharged specimen, microcrack initiated and propagated preferentially withinthe NiAl phase, resulting in cleavage fracture, but for the precharged specimen with hydrogen concentration of24.7×10~(-4)%, hydrogen-induced crack initiated and propagated preferentially along the Ni_3Al/NiAl interfaces, result-ing in interphase fracture.