A quasi-correspondence principle for Quasi-Linear viscoelastic solids

In this paper we show that the correspondence principle that allows one to obtain solutions to boundary-initial value problems for Linear viscoelastic solids from solutions to that for a linearized elastic solid can be extended, in many circumstances, to the case of the Quasi-Linear viscoelastic solids introduced by Fung. We illustrate the ability to generalize the correspondence principle by considering a variety of problems including torsion, transverse loading of beams and several problems that involve a single non-zero stress component. This extension is however not possible for certain classes of problems and we present a specific example where the correspondence principle breaks down. The correspondence principle between Linear elasticity and Linear viscoelasticity also breaks down under certain conditions, however the correspondence between the solutions for Linear viscoelasticity and Quasi-Linear viscoelasticity is even more fragile in that it breaks down while the classical correspondence works, and hence we refer to the correspondence as a quasi-correspondence principle.     

Single edge-crack stress intensity factor solutions

Weight function arguments and a boundary collocation technique are used to re-examine the stress intensity factor solutions to several classic two-dimensional linear elastic single edge-crack configurations. Limits to applicability and the solutions to the three and four-point bend, pure bending, eccentrically loaded tension, and other boundary condition problems are extracted from the solution to the uniformly loaded single edge-cracked configuration. A simple representation of the asymptotic behavior is proposed and a common expression that captures the full range of crack length to specimen width ratio is presented.     

A Kansa-type MFS scheme for two-dimensional time fractional diffusion equations

In this paper, an efficient Kansa-type method of fundamental solutions (MFS-K) is extended to the solution of two-dimensional time fractional sub-diffusion equations. To solve initial boundary value problems for these equations, the time dependence is removed by time differencing, which converts the original problems into a sequence of boundary value problems for inhomogeneous Helmholtz-type equations. The solution of this type of elliptic boundary value problems can be approximated by fundamental solutions of the Helmholtz operator with different test frequencies. Numerical results are presented for several examples with regular and irregular geometries. The numerical verification shows that the proposed numerical scheme is accurate and computationally efficient for solving two-dimensional fractional sub-diffusion equations.     

Optical diffusion of continuous-wave, pulsed, and density waves in scattering media and comparisons with radiative transfer

We discuss several outstanding theoretical problems in optical diffusion in random media. Specifically, we discuss which of several diffusion theories most closely approximates exact solutions of the equation of transfer. We consider a plane wave impinging upon a plane-parallel slab of a random medium as a model problem to compare the diffusion theories with a numerical solution of the equation of transfer for continuous-wave, pulsed, and photon density waves. In addition, we discuss the validity of the diffusion approximation for a variety of parameter settings to ascertain the diffusion approximation's applicability to imaging biological media.     

Complex potential function in elasticity theory: shear and torsion solution through line integrals

Aim of this paper is to introduce a basis formulation framed into complex analysis valid to solve shear and torsion problems. Solution, in terms of a complex function related to the complete tangential stress field, may be evaluated performing line integrals only. This basis formulation framed into elasticity problems may be a useful support for a boundary method to verify the accuracy of an approximation of function solution. The numerical applications stress the latter point and show the validity of these formulas since exact solutions may be reached for sections where the exact solution is known.     

Perturbations about a finite elastic inflation

An exact general analytic solution for a class of boundary value problems involving perturbations about a finite inflation of a slab containing a circular hole or inclusion is obtained. The equilibrium equations for the perturbed state are derived in terms of a general strain-energy function and solved exactly for Mooney-Rivlin materials. The method is not, however, restricted to this particular class of materials. Applications are made to the case where a perturbational uniaxial tension is acting at sections far from the cavity or inclusion and to the case where a small shear is applied at the edge of the hole. The deformation, the stress field and stress concentration around the hole are investigated in detail and computational results are presented graphically.     

复合材料薄壁管中的波传播

本文以波传播的特征理论为工具, 对正交各向异性复合材料板斜绕的薄壁管在拉扭联合作用下的平面应力波进行了分析, 给出了特征波速、特征关系和通解表达式。文中还通过对一个算例和简单波解的讨论指出了复合材料波所具有的一系列不同于各向同性材料中波的性质和物理现象。      

几类边值问题的正解

本文利用存在性定理,考察了二阶常微分方程两点、三点以及m-点边值问题正解的存在性.在较弱的条件下,给出了几类边值问题至少有一个正解存在的充分性条件.所得结果改进和推广了文献中的相应结论.     

Solution of plane elasticity problems by the displacement discontinuity method. I. Infinite body solution

This paper is concerned with the development of a numerical procedure for solving complex boundary value problems in plane elastostatics. This procedure—the displacement discontinuity method—consists simply of placing N displacement discontinuities of unknown magnitude along the boundaries of the region to be analyzed, then setting up and solving a system of algebraic equations to find the discontinuity values that produce prescribed boundary tractions or displacements. The displacement discontinuity method is in some respects similar to integral equation or ‘influence function’ techniques, and contrasts with finite difference and finite element procedures in that approximations are made only on the boundary contours, and not in the field. The method is illustrated by comparing computed results with the analytical solutions of two boundary value problems: a circular disc subjected to diametral compression, and a circular hole in an infinite plate under a uniaxial stress field. In both cases the numerical results are in excellent agreement with the exact solutions.     

A boundary element solution to elasto-plastic torsion of solids of revolution

A boundary element method for the solution of problems of elastic and elasto-plastic torsion of solids of revolution is proposed. The displacement and stress field produced by a circumferential ring load in an infinite elastic body are derived and used as the fundamental solution to establish the governing integral equations. For the elasto-plastic case, linear boundary elements and bilinear quadrilateral internal cells are used for discretization of these equations. In order to carry out Gaussian integrations along boundary elements and over internal cells, a method ensuring sufficient accuracy for the calculation of singular integrals is proposed. Numerical results for several problems are given.     

一类三阶两点边值问题单调迭代正解的存在性

本文利用锥上的不动点理论和单调迭代的方法研究了一类三阶两点边值问题单调迭代正解的存在性,得到了正解存在的充分条件,同时也给出了解的相应迭代序列来逼近解,并且给出了应用实例.值得一提的是,本文所讨论的边值问题中,非线性项显含未知函数的一阶和二阶导数.     

Dual boundary element analysis using complex variables for potential problems with or without a degenerate boundary

The dual boundary element method in the real domain proposed by Hong and Chen in 1988 is extended to the complex variable dual boundary element method. This novel method can simplify the calculation for a hypersingular integral, and an exact integration for the influence coefficients is obtained. In addition, the Hadamard integral formula is obtained by taking the derivative of the Cauchy integral formula. The two equations (the Cauchy and Hadamard integral formula) constitute the basis for the complex variable dual boundary integral equations. After discretizing the two equations, the complex variable dual boundary element method is implemented. In determining the influence coefficients, the residue for a single-order pole in the Cauchy formula is extended to one of higher order in the Hadamard formula. In addition, the use of a simple solution and equilibrium condition is employed to check the influence matrices. To extract the finite part in the Hadamard formula, the extended residue theorem is employed. The role of the Hadamard integral formula is examined for the boundary value problems with a degenerate boundary. Finally, some numerical examples, including the potential flow with a sheet pile and the torsion problem for a cracked bar, are considered to verify the validity of the proposed formulation. The results are compared with those of real dual BEM and analytical solutions where available. A good agreement is obtained.     

The Composite Eshelby Tensors and their applications to homogenization

Summary In recent studies, the exact solutions of the Eshelby tensors for a spherical inclusion in a finite, spherical domain have been obtained for both the Dirichlet- and Neumann boundary value problems, and they have been further applied to the homogenization of composite materials [15], [16]. The present work is an extension to a more general boundary condition, which allows for the continuity of both the displacement and traction field across the interface between RVE (representative volume element) and surrounding composite. A new class of Eshelby tensors is obtained, which depend explicitly on the material properties of the composite, and are therefore termed “the Composite Eshelby Tensors”. These include the Dirichlet- and the Neumann-Eshelby tensors as special cases. We apply the new Eshelby tensors to the homogenization of composite materials, and it is shown that several classical homogenization methods can be unified under a novel method termed the “Dual Eigenstrain Method”. We further propose a modified Hashin-Shtrikman variational principle, and show that the corresponding modified Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, like the Composite Eshelby Tensors, depend explicitly on the composite properties.     

Generalizations of the Navier–Stokes fluid from a new perspective

In this paper we study incompressible fluids described by constitutive equations from a different perspective, than that usually adopted, namely that of expressing kinematical quantities in terms of the stress. Such a representation is the appropriate way to express fluids like the classical Bingham fluid or fluids whose material moduli depend on the pressure. We consider models wherein the symmetric part of the velocity gradient is given by a “power-law” of the stress. This stress power-law model automatically satisfies the constraint of incompressibility without our having to introduce a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the constraint. The model also includes the classical incompressible Navier–Stokes model as a special subclass. We compare the stress power-law model with the classical power-law models and we show that the stress power-law model can, for certain parameter values, exhibit qualitatively different response characteristics than the classical power-law models and—on the other hand—it can be, for certain parameter values, used as a substitute for the classical power-law models. Using a stress power-law model we study several steady flow problems and obtain exact analytical solutions, and we argue that the possibility to obtain an exact analytical solution suggests, among others, that using these models provides an interesting alternative to the classical power-law models for which reasonable exact analytical solutions cannot be obtained. Finally, we discuss the issue of the choice of boundary conditions, and we show that the choice of boundary conditions has, at least for one of the problems that we study, a profound impact on the solvability of the boundary value problem.     

Crack analysis using an enriched MFS domain decomposition technique

In this paper we consider the application of the method of fundamental solutions to solve crack problems. These problems present difficulties, which are not only related to the intrinsic singular nature of the problem, instead they are mainly related to the impossibility in choosing appropriate point sources to write the solution as a whole. In this paper we present: (1) a domain decomposition technique that allows to express a piecewise approximation of the solution using a method of fundamental solutions applied to each subdomain; (2) an enriched approximation whereby singular functions (fully representing the singular behaviour around the cracks or other sources of boundary singularities) are used. An application of the proposed techniques to the torsion of cracked components is carried out.     

Using fundamental solutions in the scaled boundary finite element method to solve problems with concentrated loads

This paper introduces a new technique for solving concentrated load problems in the scaled boundary finite element method (FEM). By employing fundamental solutions for the displacements and the stresses, the solution is computed as summation of a fundamental solution part and a regular part. The singularity at the point of load application is modelled exactly by the fundamental solution, and only the regular part, which enforces the boundary conditions of the domain onto the fundamental solution, needs to be approximated in the solution space of the scaled boundary FEM. Examples are provided illustrating that the new approach is much simpler to implement and more accurate than the method currently used for solving concentrated load problems with the scaled boundary method. In each illustration, solution convergence is examined. The relative error is described in terms of the scalar energy norm of the stress field. Mesh refinement is performed using p-refinement with high order element based on the Lobatto shape functions. The proposed technique is described for two-dimensional problems in this paper, but extension to any linear problem, for which fundamental solutions exist, is straightforward.     

Boundary integral methods in low frequency acoustics

Abstract

This expository paper is concerned with the direct integral formulations for boundary value problems of the Helmholtz equation. We discuss unique solvability for the corresponding boundary integral equations and its relations to the interior eigenvalue problems of the Laplacian. Based on the integral representations, we study the asymptotic behaviors of the solutions to the boundary value problems when the wave number tends to zero. We arrive at the asymptotic expansions for the solutions, and show that in all the cases, the leading terms in the expansions are always the corresponding potentials for the Laplacian. Our integral equation procedures developed here are general enough and can be adapted for treating similar low frequency scattering problems.     

Compensation of torsional vibrations in rods by piezoelectric actuation

In this paper, the piezoelectric compensation of torsional vibrations in rods caused by external excitations is studied. As an illustrative example, a laminated rod containing piezoelectric shear actuators is assumed to be fixed at the one end, and the other end is subjected to a torsional couple; additionally, a distributed torsional couple per unit length is acting. In such a system, cross-sectional warping is known to be present. The consideration of piezoelectric eigenstrains requires an extension of Saint Venant’s theory of torsion, which is achieved by introducing an additional warping function. Using D’Alembert’s principle, the boundary value problems for Saint Venant’s warping function, the additional warping function and the torsional angle are obtained. From the latter boundary value problems, the distribution of piezoelectric actuation is derived in order to completely compensate the external excitations, i.e. an analytical solution of the corresponding shape control problem is obtained. Finally, the results are verified by means of three-dimensional finite element computations.     

A combined scheme of generalized finite difference method and Krylov deferred correction technique for highly accurate solution of transient heat conduction problems

This paper presents a numerical framework for the highly accurate solutions of transient heat conduction problems. The numerical framework discretizes the temporal direction of the problems by introducing the Krylov deferred correction (KDC) approach, which is arbitrarily high order of accuracy while remaining the computational complexity same as in the time-marching of first-order methods. The discretization by employing the KDC method yields a boundary value problem of the inhomogeneous modified Helmholtz equation at each time step. The meshless generalized finite difference method (GFDM) or meshless finite difference method (MFDM), a meshless method, is then applied to the solution of resulting boundary value problems at each time step. Six numerical experiments in one-, two-, and three-dimensional cases show that the proposed hybrid KDC-GFDM scheme allows big time step size for a long-time dynamic simulation and has a great potential for the problems with complex boundaries. In addition, some comparisons are also presented between the present method, the COMSOL software, and the GFDM with implicit Euler method.     

One-dimensional temperature profile prediction in multi-layered rigid pavement systems using a separation of variables method

This paper presents an analytical solution for prediction of the one-dimensional (1D) time-dependent temperature profile in a multi-layered rigid pavement system. Temperature at any depth in a rigid pavement system can be estimated by using the proposed solution with limited input data, such as pavement layer thicknesses, material thermal properties, measured air temperatures and solar radiation intensities. This temperature prediction problem is modelled as a boundary value problem governed by the classic heat conduction equations, and the air temperatures and solar radiation intensities are considered in the surface boundary condition. Interpolatory trigonometric polynomials, based on the discrete least squares approximation method, are used to fit the measured air temperatures and solar radiation intensities during the time period of interest. The solution technique employs the complex variable approach along with the separation of variables method. A FORTRAN program was coded to implement the proposed 1D analytical solution. Field model validation demonstrates that the proposed solution generates reasonable temperature profile in the concrete slab for a four-layered rigid pavement system during two different time periods of the year.