垃圾填埋气内燃机开发的有关问题

分析了垃圾填埋气中CO2成分对垃圾填埋气内燃机有关参数的影响情况,以2190T天然气发动机为基础,采用提高压缩比、预燃室式燃烧室、进气增压等技术措施,初步开发出2190垃圾填埋气内燃机. 试验结果表明:采用以上技术措施,可有效地改善和提高垃圾填埋气内燃机的性能指标.     

Effect of aeration on fast gas pressure tests

Given the problem of the long time required for testing gas pressure, we propose a fast-test method in which we used a technique of fast borehole sealing and air replenishing. Based on the characteristics of gas emission from boreholes to be tested, we built a theoretical model for calculating parameters during the process of increasing natural pressure and aeration. Using this model, we investigated the effect of different aeration conditions on velocity of pressure tests. The result shows that: 1) aerating air into boreholes can speed up gas pressure tests and 2) the more similar the pressure of the aerated air to the original gas pressure, the smaller the gas volume absorbed by coal and the shorter the time needed in pressure test. A case study in the Lu'an mining area shows that the time needed for gas pressure test is only 4 h using our method of aeration and 29 h under conditions of increasing natural pressure, saving time by 86.2%. This case study also indicates that, by using the aeration method, only one hour is needed for gas pressure to reach a stable state, which breaks the record of the shortest time needed for gas pressure tests in China.     

吸附气体对受载含瓦斯煤渗流特性影响的试验研究

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩三轴压缩试验系统,进行了大量受载瓦斯煤的渗透特性室内试验,对比分析了CO2,CH4和N2的渗透率之间的异同.研究结果表明,在恒定瓦斯压力条件下,煤样渗透率随围压的增大而减小,均服从负指数函数变化规律;在恒定围压条件下,煤样渗透率随瓦斯压力的增加而减小,并且表现出幂函数变化规律;吸附性强弱不同的气体所表现出来的渗透性也不一样,气体吸附性越强,渗透性越弱;在轴向加载情况下,不同气体的渗透率都表现出先减小后增大的现象,并且具有一般的"V"字型变化规律.研究结果对深入认识煤层瓦斯运移规律具有一定的理论价值.     

Numerical simulation for explosion wave propagation of combustible mixture gas

A two-dimensional multi-material code was indigenously developed to investigate the effects of duct boundary conditions and ignition positions on the propagation law of explosion wave for hydrogen and methane-based combustible mixture gas. In the code,Young’s technique was employed to track the interface between the explosion products and air,and combustible function model was adopted to simulate ignition process. The code was employed to study explosion flow field inside and outside the duct and to obtain peak pressures in different boundary conditions and ignition positions. Numerical results suggest that during the propagation in a duct,for point initiation,the curvature of spherical wave front gradually decreases and evolves into plane wave. Due to the multiple reflections on the duct wall,multi-peak values appear on pressure—time curve,and peak pressure strongly relies on the duct boundary conditions and ignition position. When explosive wave reaches the exit of the duct,explosion products expand outward and forms shock wave in air. Multiple rarefaction waves also occur and propagate upstream along the duct to decrease the pressure in the duct. The results are in agreement with one-dimensional isentropic gas flow theory of the explosion products,and indicate that the ignition model and multi-material interface treatment method are feasible.     

气体释放速率对浅层气藏中气水运移的影响

为了论证在防治浅层气地质工程灾害中预先采取的有控制性排气措施的合理性和必要性,借助非饱和水气两相渗流原理,研究浅层气藏在气体释放路径下的气水运移规律.采用数值方法描述排气井不同释放速率对地下浅层气藏中气水运移的影响.结果表明:气体释放速率对气藏中的气水运移和分布形态有显著影响,释放速率越快,"水锥"效应越明显;实际工程中需结合详勘数据,选取适宜的排气速率,实施控制性放气措施,避免过早发生淹井,导致气井快速失效;在气藏中的浅层气体释放完毕后,砂土中会残留部分以气泡形式存在的气体,施工过程中需引起重视.     

半封闭受限空间煤尘与瓦斯耦合爆炸研究

煤尘参与的瓦斯爆炸事故具有很强的破坏性和伤害性,是煤矿的重大事故之一.用一端开口的半封闭管道爆炸实验装置,通过改变瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸浓度及点火条件,揭示受限空间瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸的规律.实验结果表明,封闭下的耦合体爆炸火焰传播速度较开口状态达到极值快,但极值点距点火位置较近,开口爆炸火焰传播距离是积聚耦合体长度的2倍左右;瓦斯参与的煤尘爆炸,爆炸相对强度随瓦斯浓度的增加而增加,传播距离更远;理论推导瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸超压传播距离与爆炸能量的平方根成正比,与巷道断面积的平方根成反比,研究结果为防治瓦斯爆炸、事故勘验以及阻隔爆装置的研制提供了可靠的实验数据.     

天然气压缩机组用燃气发动机故障诊断技术分析

针对天然气压缩机组用燃气发动机检测信号干扰耦合给故障检测带来困难的问题,采用一种基于曲轴转角动作事件与分频段故障信号检测相结合的诊断方法,通过在曲轴飞轮上固定安装磁电式速度传感器,建立基于曲轴转角的动作事件关系,把故障诊断与基于曲轴转角的动作事件结合起来判断故障类型.以某站ZTY310MH压缩机组用燃气发动机性能检测为例,测得缸内燃烧不充分并有弱点火及爆燃现象,点火角度不合适及缸内积碳是造成发动机做功性能低劣的原因.结果表明:通过故障检测可及早发现和排除故障,减少安全隐患和停机时间,对提高发动机工作性能具有重要意义.     

瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰厚度的实验室测定及其分析

实验探讨了瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰厚度变化特性及障碍物、膜片位置和压力等的影响。结果表明,障碍物和膜片对瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰厚度具有重要影响。当有障碍物存在时,瓦斯爆炸过程中产生的火焰厚度常常会小于无障碍物存在时所产生的火焰厚度;膜片距离源较近时,火焰厚度明显增大,火焰厚度越大,在其传播过程中对传播途径上的可燃物的点燃作用越大。研究结果对指导现场防治瓦斯爆炸、减轻瓦斯爆炸灾害具有一定的指导意义。     

室内燃气事故产生的原因分析

分析了天然气以及室内燃气事故的特点。研究了在室内有限空间内发生常规泄漏量的天然气泄漏时,采用导出的泄漏数学模型对胶管脱落造成的泄漏进行模拟,并得出其泄漏浓度随时间的变化规律。分析了点火时间对室内燃气事故的影响,提出了控制消除引火源、防止形成爆炸性混合物以及燃气设施的优化配置等相应预防措施。     

受限空间瓦斯爆炸火焰与毒气传播研究

为揭示瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰、毒气及压力三者间相互关系,采用一端封闭的爆炸试验装置,通过改变瓦斯聚集长度和点火强度,研究了瓦斯爆轰及爆燃状态下火焰、毒气及压力传播变化规律.结果表明,管道内瓦斯爆燃状态下火焰的传播速度远小于爆轰状态下的传播速度,变化趋势呈线性;瓦斯爆炸火焰传播速度的大小直接影响爆轰的形成以及爆炸强度和爆炸传播距离;爆燃状态下火焰和毒气传播的距离基本相当,均为原始瓦斯聚集总长度的2倍左右;爆轰状态下火焰和毒气传播的距离基本相当,均大于原始瓦斯聚集长度,但传播距离不确定.     

发动机运转参数对均质充量压缩燃烧着火时刻的影响

为研究发动机运转参数对均质充量压缩燃烧（HCCI）着火时刻的影响机理，笔者采用了一个两区准维模型（分为绝热中间层区和热边界层区）对四冲程HCCI发动机压缩阶段的温度时间函数进行模拟，在此基础上进行了仿真计算，并研究了初始混合气温度、废气再循环（EGR）率、混合气浓度等运转参数对HCCI燃烧着火时刻的影响．结果显示，随着混合气初始温度的提高和废气再循环（EGR）率的增加，HCCI燃烧的着火时刻提前；而当混合气由稀变浓时，着火时刻推迟。     

Undesorbable residual gas in coal seams and its influence on gas drainage

The definition of ‘‘residual gas" can be found in different scenarios, such as the ‘‘fast" and ‘‘slow" desorption methods of measuring gas content and the sorption hysteresis test and gas management of coal mines, however, its meaning varies a lot in different contexts. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the existence of truly undesorbable residual gas in coal seam conditions and its impacts on sorption model and gas drainage efficiency. We believe the undesorbable residual gas does exist due to the observation of the extended slow desorption test and the sorption hysteresis test. The origin of undesorbable residual gas may be because of the inaccessible(closed or semi-closed) pores. Some gas molecules produced during coalification are stored in these inaccessible pores, since the coal is relatively intact in the coal seam condition, these gas molecules cannot escape during natural desorption and then create the undesorbable residual gas. Based on the existing adsorption models, we propose the improved desorption versions by taking into consideration the role of residual gas. By numerically simulating a gas drainage case, the gas contents after different drainage times are studied to understand the influence of residual gas content on gas drainage. The results indicate that the influence starts to be obvious even when the total gas content is at a high level, and the impact becomes more and more apparent with increasing drainage time. Our study shows that the existence of residual gas will impede the gas drainage and the total amount of recoverable coal seam methane may be less than expected.     

基于不同直径的高压管道瓦斯泄放自燃实验研究

为了探讨高压瓦斯在泄露过程中的危险性,采用自行设计和搭建的高压瓦斯泄放自燃实验平台,研究了初始压力、下游释放管道直径对高压瓦斯泄漏到空气中时发生自燃的影响.实验观察到2种不同的结果,即成功自燃、未成功自燃.研究结果表明,自燃现象的发生受下游释放管道的直径、长度以及爆破片的破裂方式等方面的影响;在相同实验条件下,使用直径较小的管道要比使用直径较大的管道更容易发生自燃现象.通过降低瓦斯源的初始压力,以及选择合理的泄压方式可以降低高压瓦斯泄漏过程中发生自燃的可能性.     

A rapid and accurate direct measurement method of underground coal seam gas content based on dynamic diffusion theory

Coal seam gas content is frequently measured in quantity during underground coal mining operation and coalbed methane (CBM) exploration as a significant basic parameter. Due to the calculation error of lost gas and residual gas in the direct method, the efficiency and accuracy of the current methods are not inadequate to the large area multi-point measurement of coal seam gas content. This paper firstly deduces a simplified theoretical dynamic model for calculating lost gas based on gas dynamic diffusion theory. Secondly, the effects of various factors on gas dynamic diffusion from coal particle are experimentally studied. And sampling procedure of representative coal particle is improved. Thirdly, a new estimation method of residual gas content based on excess adsorption and competitive adsorption theory is proposed. The results showed that the maximum error of calculating the losing gas content by using the new simplified model is only 4%. Considering the influence of particle size on gas diffusion law, the particle size of the collected coal sample is below 0.25 mm, which improves the measurement speed and reflects the safety representativeness of the sample. The determination time of gas content reduced from 36 to 3 h/piece. Moreover, the absolute error is 0.15–0.50 m³/t, and the relative error is within 5%. A new engineering method for determining the coal seam gas content is developed according to the above research.     

Quick determination of gas pressure before uncovering coal in cross-cuts and shafts

The determination of gas pressure before uncovering coal in cross-cuts and in shafts is one of the important steps in predicting coal and gas outbursts. However, the time spent for testing gas pressure is, at present, very long, seriously affecting the application of outburst prediction techniques in opening coal seams in cross-cuts and shafts. In order to reduce the time needed in gas pressure tests and to improve the accuracy of tests, we analyzed the process of gas pressure tests and examined the effect of the length of boreholes in coal seams in tests. The result shows that 1) the shorter the borehole, the easier the real pressure value of gas can be obtained and 2) the main factors affecting the time spent in gas pressure tests are the length of the borehole in coal seams,the gas emission time after the borehole has been formed and the quality of the borehole-sealing. The longer the length of the borehole, the longer the gas emission time and the larger the pressure-relief circle formed around the borehole, the longer the time needed for pressure tests. By controlling the length of the borehole in a test case in the Huainan mining area, and adopting a quick sealing technique using a sticky liquid method, the sealing quality was clearly improved and the gas emission time as well as the amount of gas discharged greatly decreased. Before the method described, the time required for the gas pressure to increase during the pressure test process, was more than 10 days. With our new method the required time is only 5 hours. In addition, the accuracy of the gas pressure test is greatly improved.     

甲烷空气混合气在定容燃烧弹内的射流引燃

提出一种适用于气体燃料燃烧的横隔板式定容燃烧弹系统,在此系统中进行了甲烷空气射流引燃的实验研究.通过对压力曲线及火焰传播纹影图片进行分析,探究孔径、初始压力和当量比等初始条件对射流引燃过程的影响.研究结果表明,一定范围内,增大孔径可以提高甲烷燃烧速率;随着当量比的增加,压力峰值升高并且对应出现时刻提前;在不同当量比和孔径下,初始压力增大,压力峰值随之增加.     

低瓦斯煤层工作面瓦斯涌出量预测与防治

利用瓦斯地质数学模型法建立了工作面瓦斯涌出量数学模型,预测了未采区工作面瓦斯涌出量.瓦斯涌出量等值线大体上沿北东方向展布,并具有随煤层埋深增加而增大的总体趋势.依据工作面瓦斯涌出量构成及瓦斯涌出量预测结果,提出了工作面瓦斯治理的两套措施,即采空区瓦斯抽放和下行风加专用排瓦斯巷.     

甲烷HCCI燃烧反应机理简化与分析

通过分析系统温度变化与主要中间产物生成率,以敏感度分析为基础对GRI-MECH3.0机理进行简化,最后得出一个包含25种组分、36个反应的简化机理。此简化机理适用于天然气HCCI模式燃烧着火相位研究,与详细机理在着火点预测上吻合良好。经验证,在较广的初始压力、温度、转速、压缩比、空燃比变动范围内可以保证与详细机理相近的精度。同时在简化过程中梳理出着火延迟期的关键反应。     

一种点火系统的实验和数值计算

目的使火炮发射药床同步均匀点火,降低火炮膛内压力波. 方法研制一种能快速传火的火炮新型中心点火管,进行新点火管的静态实验,测量点火管上不同位置的压力,建立点火管的准一维两相流模型,并进行数值计算. 结果实验结果表明新点火管传火速度快,压力分布均匀.数值计算结果同静态实验结果相符合. 结论新型中心点火管具有很高的传火速度,能够对火炮发射药床进行同步点火.     

煤层气勘探中地质录井技术

煤层气勘探岩芯录井至关重要,可通过利用泥浆录井过程中岩性特征、气测异常和工程参数卡准煤芯位置的3种技术方法以及利用气体参照法、钻井液热真空蒸馏法等现场计算煤层气量的新方法来综合判定煤层气。