HDPE土工膜端部张拉力的大规模实测数据分析

 垃圾填埋场边土工膜主要受到温度应力和垃圾压缩引起的张拉力的作用，为评价垃圾填埋场防渗系统中高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)土工膜的温度应力和垃圾填埋压缩引起的端部张拉力，以短纤维无纺布、HDPE土工膜组成防渗系统，进行大规模现场试验。试验结果表明：伴随环境温度的下降，HDPE土工膜中产生温度应力，当填埋高度较小时作用在HDPE土工膜端部的张拉力主要为温度应力；随着填埋高度的增加，压缩引起的HDPE土工膜端部张拉力增大。用有限元算法对压缩引起的端部张拉力进行分析，并采用温度与HDPE土工膜张拉力的关系对温度应力进行分析。计算结果与实测结果的对比情况表明，考虑填埋压缩引起的张拉力的应力松弛后计算结果更加接近实测结果。     

几种常见混凝土结构非受力裂缝原因分析与控制的探讨

1混凝土结构非受力裂缝的概述当外界对混凝土内部的影响作用超过它的抗拉强度应力时,它就可能出现裂缝。混凝土结构产生裂缝的原因很多,概括起来有二种,受力裂缝和非受力裂缝。受力裂缝主要是在外界荷载的作用下,混凝土产生的拉应变超过它自身的极限拉应变时就可能出现裂缝,一般裂缝与混凝土的主拉应力相垂直。非荷载裂缝是由于不均匀沉降、温度变化、混凝土收缩徐变、钢筋锈蚀等引起的裂缝。其实它的最终破坏机理类似于受力裂缝机理,主要是混凝土的外部或内部非荷载因素引起混凝土内部的附加应力,导致混凝土产生拉应变而出现裂缝。由于非受力荷载发生的随机性和突然性,我们无法准确判断非荷载因素的类型、作用大小和影响程度,而且很多裂缝往往是几种因素不同组合和叠加的结果。2几种产生裂缝的原因2·1不均匀沉降而产生的裂缝不均匀沉降产生的裂缝常发生在大面积或长型基础的整体结构中。由于同一基础下面的各处地基组成成分不同,导致地基沉降不均,使上部混凝土结构内部发生错拉而开裂。裂缝特点是:竖向长裂缝并伴随着许多细短裂缝的出现。例如,在混凝土砌块墙结构中,当窗间尺寸较大时,沉降差引起的窗间墙与窗下墙的应力差异使窗间墙反弯受拉(相当于反梁),当拉应力超过墙体的弯曲...     

基于超大尺寸平板载荷试验的垃圾填埋场变形特性研究

武汉园博会需在金口垃圾填埋场的垃圾土层(厚达12 m)上堆填土体(高15 m)形成博览会场址,超大的上覆荷载势必会引起整个垃圾土层的沉降,考虑到垃圾土在深度上的不均匀性,现有小尺寸的载荷试验无法真实反映整个垃圾土层的变形特性。通过开展超大尺寸平板载荷试验(6 m×6 m),对堆填土体主峰内垃圾土层的工程特性进行了试验研究,通过对荷载作用下板下沉降、地表沉降与分层沉降、板侧水平位移的全过程监测和分析,获得了垃圾土层的整体变形特性和承载破坏模式。试验结果表明场内垃圾土层在上覆荷载作用下,P-S曲线表现为弹性–弹塑性–破坏3个阶段,变形模量为5.66～6.77 MPa,极限承载力约为300 kPa,沉降变形影响范围贯穿整个垃圾层,最终表现为冲剪破坏模式。     

软土地区城市固体垃圾填埋场设计实例分析

基于软土地区某垃圾填埋场的设计，提出在软土地区设计垃圾填埋场所必须考虑的问题，并指出在软土地区，由土工膜的变形要求控制的地基不均匀沉降和消除由于软弱地基的存在而引起的边坡失稳的可能性成为垃圾填埋场设计的重要原则。     

垃圾填埋场防渗衬垫特性的离心模型试验与数值分析研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾体和防渗土工膜的受力变形特性是普遍关心的问题,在现场试验尚无法获得满意的监测结果时,利用离心模型试验和有限元数值分析进行探讨性研究也是可以尝试的途径。通过离心模型试验研究和有限元计算,模拟了垃圾填埋场中填埋垃圾大变形条件下土工防渗膜的变形性状,在模型比率80的条件下,可以找到相应的模型材料来模拟实际工程中的土工膜;选用的防渗膜模拟材料和木屑土能较好地模拟垃圾填埋场中材料;邓肯-张模型和Goodman接触面模型能模拟垃圾土和土工膜以及界面的工作状态;土工膜中最大拉应力靠近坡肩,可达到极限抗拉强度的1/1.5倍;考虑到HDPE膜的抗拉安全,最大设计坡长应加以控制。     

相邻荷载对既有基础的沉降影响分析

在既有建筑物附近新建房屋或者大量堆载,其产生的附加荷载将引起既有建筑物基础不均匀沉降、倾斜甚至开裂。现行《建筑地基基础设计规范》中给出的角点法只能计算新建基础区域内的沉降,而无法计算新建基础区域以外的地基沉降。文中依据弹性理论给出了建筑地基基础附加应力计算公式,依据分层总和法给出了任意土层的地基沉降计算公式,该公式可以计算所有区域的地面变形(沉降),并根据该沉降计算公式编制了简单实用的MATLAB分析程序。通过两个实例,分析了附加荷载对毗邻基础的沉降影响。     

填埋场斜坡上土工膜受力特性的离心模型试验研究

由于垃圾土沉降大,斜坡上土工膜易受到较大下拽力而破损,影响衬垫系统防渗功能。通过离心模型试验对填埋场斜坡上土工膜在垃圾土重力和沉降作用下的拉力和应变进行了研究,并通过FLAC数值对比分析,可获得如下结论：试验采用的模型垃圾土能很好地模拟现场垃圾土,模型土最大沉降量可达土层厚度的20%;土工膜存在中性点,以中性点为界土工膜可分为受拉区和受压区,中性点的位置与坡度和沉降有关,从坡顶到中性点拉应变逐渐变小,从中性点到坡脚压应变先增大后减小;坡度和沉降是影响土工膜拉力发展的重要因素,坡度或沉降越大,拉力越大,沉降是通过改变界面强度的发挥程度来影响土工膜拉力的发展;当采用单糙面土工膜（上光下糙）时,外部作用力很难向土工膜下界面传递,土工膜锚固端拉力几乎为零。     

准好氧和厌氧填埋陈腐垃圾的稳定化特性

比较了5 a填埋龄准好氧和厌氧填埋体陈腐垃圾的挥发性固体(VS)、有机碳(TOC)和腐殖质等降解及稳定化指标。结果表明,陈腐垃圾中VS和TOC含量较新鲜垃圾显著降低,准好氧填埋体陈腐垃圾的VS和TOC含量低于厌氧填埋体1%~2%,但差异不显著;准好氧填埋体的表面沉降量显著高于厌氧填埋体(P0.05),存在一定的负相关关系。渗滤液和清水回灌引起陈腐垃圾VS含量的差异不明显,但造成了填埋体表面明显的不均匀沉降。准好氧填埋体陈腐垃圾的BDM值与厌氧填埋体相近,且随距离导气管距离和填埋深度的增加逐渐升高,距离导气管距离越大,层间BDM值差异越大。此外,准好氧和厌氧填埋体陈腐垃圾的腐殖质提取率与HA/FA差异不明显。     

高速铁路软土路基沉降计算方法探讨

根据某高速铁路试验段搅拌桩复合地基和真空预压软土地基路堤,在预压期及轨道结构荷载作用下的实测沉降数据,探讨了路堤荷载的实用简化方法、预压荷载及轨道结构荷载作用下复合地基下卧层不同沉降计算方法以及真空预压地基再加载条件下模量的取值范围。分析结果表明:路堤荷载按高度进行等效,与实际情况更接近;利用实测数据反算了真空预压处理过的软土地基再加载条件下,沉降计算中模量的取值为原压缩模量的2.5~3.2倍;在预压荷载作用下采用Boussinesq法计算的下卧层沉降较采用应力扩散角法计算的下卧层沉降小,采用后者计算的复合地基总沉降与实测数据更接近;在计算轨道结构荷载引起的沉降时,分别采用附加应力从路基面和地基面扩散两种方式进行计算时,所得结果差异较大,前者的计算结果与实测沉降更接近。     

浅谈房屋裂缝的产生及防治

一．地基不均匀沉降引起的墙体裂缝 1 产生原因 房屋的全部荷载最终通过基础传给地基．而地基在荷载作用下，其应力是随深度而扩散的．深度大．扩散愈大，同一深处中间最大．向两端逐渐减少。正是由于土壤的这种应力扩散作用，即使地基地层非常均匀．房屋地基应力分布仍然是不均匀的．从而使房屋地基产生不均匀沉降，即房屋中部沉降多．两端沉降少．形成微向下凹的盆状曲面沉降分布，     

Magnitude and significance of tensile strains in geomembrane landfill liners

The implications of the tensile stress/strain developed in high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMB) is explored in the context of a reduction in stress crack resistance due to ageing in contact with leachate in a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. The experimental evidence of GMB cracking and ultimately failure when subject to excessive tensile strains is discussed to highlight the need to limit the maximum tensile strain sustained by an HDPE GMB to an acceptable level if good long-term performance is to be ensured. The effect of both local GMB indentations induced by gravel in an overlying drainage layer or an underlying clay liner on tensile strain is reviewed. In addition, the tensile strains caused by down-drag in the GMB on side slopes with settlement of the waste is examined. The key research related to tensile strains developed in GMBs from these sources is reviewed and new data presented. It is shown that an appropriate protection layer over the GMB can limit local GMB tensile strains to less than 3% and that the selection of a suitable slope inclination and stiffness of a geotextile reinforcement layer can limit the GMB strains due to down-drag to less than 2% and geotextile strains to less than 4% after long-term waste settlement.     

Numerical study of strain development in high-density polyethylene geomembrane liner system in landfills using a new constitutive model for municipal solid waste

Tensile strain development in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) liner systems in landfills was numerically investigated. A new constitutive model for municipal solid waste (MSW) that incorporates both mechanical creep and biodegradation was employed in the analyses. The MSW constitutive model is a Cam-Clay type of plasticity model and was implemented in the finite difference computer program FLAC?. The influence of the friction angle of the liner system interfaces, the biodegradation of MSW, and the MSW filling rate on tensile strains were investigated. Several design alternatives to reduce the maximum tensile strain under both short- and long-term waste settlement were evaluated. Results of the analyses indicate that landfill geometry, interface friction angles, and short- and long-term waste settlement are key factors in the development of tensile strains. The results show that long-term waste settlement can induce additional tensile strains after waste placement is complete. Using a HDPE GMB with a friction angle on its upper interface that is lower than the friction angle on the underlying interface, increasing the number of benches, and reducing the slope inclination are shown to mitigate the maximum tensile strain caused by waste placement and waste settlement.     

Prediction of the Performance of a Geogrid-Reinforced Slope Founded on Solid Waste

An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the integrity of a geogrid-reinforced steep slope subjected to significant differential settlements and seismic loading. The reinforced soil structure under investigation was constructed in 1987 in order to enhance the stability of steep landfill slopes at the Operating Industries, Inc. (Oil) Superfund site, a hazardous waste site in southern California. The site is in an area of high seismicity. The 4.60 m high, 460 m long ge-ogrid-reinforced structure was founded, along most of its length, on concrete piers located towards the front of the structure. However, as the back of the reinforced slope was founded on waste, the structure experienced more than 600 mm of differential settlements ten years after its construction. A geogrid experimental testing program was implemented to evaluate the performance of the reinforcements when loaded rapidly after a period of constant load. A finite element numerical simulation was performed to assess the integrity of the geogrid reinforcements when subjected to 30 years of additional differential settlements followed by the design earthquake. The maximum geogrid strains predicted for a sequence of expected static and extreme seismic loadings were found to be well below the geogrid allowable strain values, indicating that the integrity of the structure should be maintained even when subjected to large differential settlements and severe earthquake loads. The numerical results show that the critical reinforced zone (i.e., the reinforcement layers that are strained the most) that corresponds to different loading mechanisms (construction, differential settlement, seismic loading) occurs at different elevations within the reinforced soil structure.     

HDPE土工膜在填埋场中的应用技术与施工工艺

本文分析了HDPE,即高密度级乙烯土工膜的特征,通过对比分析,结合国家对于填埋场中防渗材料的相关规定,深入介绍了HDPE土工膜在填埋场中的应用技术相关的施工注意事项。其中,HDPE 土工膜的选材及施工技术质量控制,对于保证防渗层使用可靠性具有极大的意义。     

Tension in geomembranes on landfill slopes under static and earthquake loading—Centrifuge study

Geomembranes are some of the most commonly used geosynthetics in landfill liner systems. Geomembranes may experience harsh environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures or earthquake loading. Earthquake loading can be an extreme loading case for landfills located in seismic regions. This study, based on dynamic centrifuge testing, investigates the effects of simulated earthquake loading on the tension experienced by the geomembrane on a landfill slope. The landfill modelled in the dynamic centrifuge tests was a 7 m high municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill with a single geomembrane-clay liner system (45° side slope and 10 m slope length). Results show that moderate earthquake loading (base acceleration between 0.1 and 0.3 g) can result in a permanent increase in geomembrane tension of 5–25%.     

Oberflächenabdichtungen aus PE‐HD‐Dichtungsbahnen für Altdeponien

Surface lining with HDPE geomembranes of old municipal waste landfills. Until mid‐2005 approximately 250 old municipal waste landfills have to be closed, because they failed to meet the requirements according to the state of landfill engineering. After closure, a containment and remediation concept has to be put into action. At landfill sites with appropriate conditions (e.g. base liner and waste water collection system), one may try to stabilize the waste body by forcing up through water infiltration the anaerobic biochemical reaction within the waste body or by aerobic stabilization techniques. However, engineered capping systems are an indispensable tool in the containment strategy for waste disposal. Reliable, highly effective and long lasting liner systems can be installed even under the special conditions on the surface of old landfills. In particular, selected HDPE geomembranes are highly suited for these conditions. However, approval of geomembrane products for this application is essential, since geomembranes made of different HDPE resins as well as differently produced out of the same HDPE resin may extremely differ in their long‐term and installation properties.     

垃圾填埋场沉降变形条件下气-水-固耦合动力学模型研究

基于多孔介质流气–水–固耦合和微生物降解理论,建立描述这一复杂动力学行为的二维气–水–固耦合数学模型,并给出耦合模型的数值格式。通过数值仿真实现垃圾填埋体的变形沉降及气体产生和迁移演化过程的可视化,得到气体压力及产气量随填埋年份的变化规律。数值计算结果表明:填埋体内总应力及孔隙度的改变与垃圾降解变化规律一致;抽气过程使场内气体压力得到释放;由于沉降作用填埋场内水相饱和度有增大的趋势,其中底部变化较顶部明显;此外,气井产量的变化与气体迁移单相模型的计算结果基本吻合,验证耦合模型的可靠性,其研究成果为垃圾填埋场沉降控制与气体资源化利用提供技术支持和理论依据。     

HDPE土工膜在北京六里屯垃圾卫生填埋场工程中的应用

以北京市六里屯垃圾填埋场工程为例，介绍了HDPE土工膜在垃圾填埋场工程中的应用，主要包括垫衬系统的设计和安装。     

建筑物不均匀震陷机理的振动台实验研究

设计实现了结构-地基相互作用的振动台实验,研究了不均匀震陷机理。实验中结构和地基土均匀分布,输入单方向水平加速度时程,得到了结构和土体中加速度、动应力和不均匀震陷的分布并总结了其规律。实验表明:(1)结构基底地震动与自由场相比相差很大,对称位置的竖向加速度和动应力呈反对称分布;(2)反对称的竖向动应力使建筑物产生不均匀震陷。因此,地震波的不规则性对不均匀震陷所起的作用是重要的和不容忽视的。